Nokia

About: Nokia is a company organization based out in Espoo, Finland. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Signal & Mobile station. The organization has 16625 authors who have published 28347 publications receiving 695725 citations. The organization is also known as: Nokia Oyj & Oy Nokia Ab.

Load balancing in wireless communication network

Abstract: For load balancing in a wireless communication network comprising at least one subscriber terminal (T1, T2, T2) and a plurality of access points (AP1, AP2, AP3), a load control device (21; 110) is used which is located outside of said subscriber terminal, wherein said load control device is adapted to process information related to a load in said wireless communication network and to instruct roaming of said subscriber terminal from an associated access point to another one of said plurality of access points. Access point status information (APST) determined in said plurality of access points (S10; S110) is received and communication status information related to said plurality of access points (S20; S120) is determined. The subscriber terminal processes (S20; S120) these information into roaming support information (RSUP), which are in turn processed (S40; S160) in said load control device an access point related load based roaming analysis. On this basis, it is decided (S50; S170) by the load control device, whether said subscriber terminal is to be associated with another one of said plurality of access points.

System and method for authentication in a mobile communications system

Abstract: The present invention provides an authentication method and apparatus for authenticating an identity of a subscriber attached to a network According to the invention, in a network terminal, a subscriber identity module is used so that a response is obtained as a result of a challenge given to the identity module as input A special security server in the network is also used so that when a terminal attaches to the network, a message of a new user is transmitted to the security server Subscriber authentication information corresponding to the new user is fetched from the mobile communications system to the network, wherein the authentication information includes at least a challenge and a response Authentication is performed based on the authentication information obtained from the mobile communications system by transmitting the challenge to the terminal through the network, by checking at the terminal that the challenging is unique from challenges used in previous authentication exchanges, by generating, if the challenge is unique, a response from the challenge in the identity module of the terminal and by comparing the generated response with the response received from the mobile communications system

Handover between wireless telecommunication networks/systems

Abstract: A method and a wireless telecommunication system of performing network-assisted handover of calls between a serving network and another wireless network that employs communication protocols different from those of the serving network. A message is sent from a mobile station of a user to the serving wireless network, which includes an indication that the mobile station is capable of communicating with the neighboring wireless network. Information relating to the communication characteristics of the neighboring wireless network is also sent from the serving wireless network to the mobile station. Using the information relating to the communication characteristics of the neighboring wireless network, the mobile station receives radio signals from the neighboring wireless network. The quality of the radio signals between the mobile station and the neighboring wireless network is measured. The serving wireless network sends a message to the neighboring wireless network to request a handover of the communication transaction when the quality of the radio signals between the neighboring wireless network and the mobile station meets a predetermined minimum threshold. Then a handover of the communication transaction from the serving wireless network to the neighboring wireless network is executed after the neighboring wireless network has established a communication channel for the mobile station pursuant to the handover request.

Control of a card interface

Abstract: An apparatus for a device, particularly a telephone, using a memory card or a smart card inserted into the device including means for checking the identification data of the card and for activating the desired function of the apparatus after the verification of the data. The apparatus may include a memory unit in which the verified identification data read in from the card is recorded and used to compare subsequent identification data read in from a card. Alternatively, the apparatus may compare identification data read in from a card against verification data permanently stored in the apparatus. The apparatus also includes a timer and a comparison means which, on the basis of the output signal of the timer, compare the identification data of the card with either identification permanently stored in the apparatus or verified data previously read in from a card that is recorded in the memory unit, and thus terminate operation if the compared identification data are not identical.

Soft X-ray microscopy with a cryo scanning transmission X-ray microscope: I. Instrumentation, imaging and spectroscopy.

Abstract: We have developed a cryo scanning transmission X-ray microscope which uses soft X-rays from the National Synchrotron Light Source The system is capable of imaging frozen hydrated specimens with a thickness of up to 10 microm at temperatures of around 100 K We show images and spectra from frozen hydrated eukaryotic cells, and a demonstration that biological specimens do not suffer mass loss or morphological changes at radiation doses up to about 1010 Gray This makes possible studies where multiple images of the same specimen area are needed, such as tomography (Wang et al (2000) Soft X-ray microscopy with a cryo scanning transmission X-ray microscope: II Tomography J Microsc 197, 80-93) or spectroscopic analysis