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Showing papers by "North Carolina State University published in 1983"


Book
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The animal rights movement is committed to a number of goals, including the total abolition of the use of animals in science; the total dissolution of commercial animal agriculture; and the total elimination of commercial and sport hunting and trapping as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: I regard myself as an advocate of animal rights—as part of the animal rights movement. That movement, as I conceive it, is committed to a number of goals, including: the total abolition of the use of animals in science; the total dissolution of commercial animal agriculture; the total elimination of commercial and sport hunting and trapping.

2,028 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1983-Genetics
TL;DR: Simulations of a monoecious population mating at random showed that a weighted ratio of single-locus estimators performed better than an unweighted average or a least squares estimator in the drift situation.
Abstract: A distance measure for populations diverging by drift only is based on the coancestry coefficient θ, and three estimators of the distance D = - ln (1 - θ) are constructed for multiallelic, multilocus data. Simulations of a monoecious population mating at random showed that a weighted ratio of single-locus estimators performed better than an unweighted average or a least squares estimator. Jackknifing over loci provided satisfactory variance estimates of distance values. In the drift situation, in which mutation is excluded, the weighted estimator of D appears to be a better measure of distance than others that have appeared in the literature.

1,776 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The o-phthaldialdehyde Spectrophotometric (OPS) as discussed by the authors was developed and characterized for measurement of proteolysis of milk proteins in buffered solutions or in milk.

1,363 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as discussed by the authors consist of three or more fused benzene rings in linear, angular, or cluster arrangements, which can be substituted by a variety of substituents.
Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) consist of three or more fused benzene rings in linear, angular, or cluster arrangements. Substitution of carbon in the benzene ring with nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, or other elements creates heterocyclic aromatic compounds (Blumer 1976). Excluding diphenyl types there are some 70 possible isomers of 4-6 fused rings. Additionally these isomers may be substituted by a variety of substituents (Erskine and Whitehead 1975). The aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocycles, unsubstituted and substituted, are referred to alternatively as polynuclear aromatics (PNAs), polycyclic aromatic compounds (PCAs), and polycyclic organic matter (POM) (NAS 1972, U.S. EPA 1975 b).

459 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Clinical problems at parturition and postpartum lowered reproductive performance in both breeds and there was a slight antagonism between milk yield and reproductive performance (days open) in Jerseys but not in Holsteins.

413 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, ground pork shoulders were combined with 50/50 pork trimmings to achieve fat levels of 20.0, 23.3, 26.6, and 30.0%.
Abstract: Ground pork shoulders were combined with 50/50 pork trimmings to achieve fat levels of 20.0, 23.3, 26.6, and 30.0%. Salt/phosphate (NaCl/PO4) combinations of 0/0, 1/0, 1/0.25 and 2%/0.5% were blended with each fat level. Each treatment combination was stored at 3°C for 7 days in air-permeable film (AP), 21 days in vacuum pouches (VP) and at −23°C for 90 days in double-wrapped (DW) freezer paper. Fat level did not affect pH, expressed moisture (EM), peroxide value (PV), 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values or cooking losses. Patties with 30.0% fat were jucier and required less energy to compress. A combination of 1%NaCl/0.25%PC4 reduced cooking losses, enhanced sensory properties and moderated the oxidation effects of NaCl up to 60 days of frozen storage. The NaCl treatment accelerated lipid oxidation most during all storage conditions while the control remained the least oxidized.

402 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A broad class of permutation tests for association between distance matrices is described, and examples of specific test statistics are given, illustrating test properties with real and simulated data.
Abstract: -Systematists and geneticists often wish to compare two pair-wise distance or similarity matrices based on different characters. Conventional correlation tests are not appropriate in such situations because of dependencies among the entries in each matrix. A broad class of permutation tests for association between distance matrices is described. Specific members of the class are discussed and compared using real and simulated data. Statistics resembling Kendall's tau and Spearman's rho are found to have desirable power and invariance properties. [Distance matrices; permutation tests; Mantel test; Spearman's rho; Kendall's tau.] Biologists frequently summarize multivariate data from groups or individuals by computing some measure of generalized distance or similarity between each two groups or individuals. Distances based on genetic, geographic, morphological, and linguistic traits appear in the literature (e.g., Howells, 1966). The problem then becomes the comparison of two pair-wise distance or similarity matrices based on different characters for the same groups or individuals. Problems requiring the comparison of two pair-wise matrices also arise in taxonomic studies. Here each matrix may contain cophenetic values (Sokal and Rohlf, 1962) computed from a dendrogram. Two dendrograms to be compared may be based on different suites of characters or produced by different researchers from different sets of data. Some authors (Howells, 1966; McKechnie et al., 1975; Guries and Ledig, 1982) simply calculate and test for significance the sample correlation coefficient (r) between the pairwise distances. The normality assumption required to test the significance of r is suspect for many distance measures (e.g., see Friedlaender et al., 1971). This difficulty could be overcome by using a distribution-free test for independence. More problematic, however, are dependencies among the pair-wise distances in each matrix which violate the assumptions of normal theory or distribution-free tests. Valid permutation tests for association between distance matrices have been proposed by authors in other fields (Mantel, 1967; Hubert, 1978a), but have been little used by systematists or geneticists (but see Douglas and Endler, 1982). In this paper, I describe the general strategy for constructing such tests and give examples of specific test statistics, illustrating test properties with real and simulated data. Although I use the term "distance matrix" throughout the paper, the matrices to be compared may be similarity or dissimilarity matrices. The two matrices must be obtained from different sets of data for the permutation strategy described here to be appropriate, a point discussed by Hubert and Baker (1977), Hubert (1978a), and Sokal (1979). In particular, these permutation tests cannot be used to compare a matrix representing a dendrogram with the original similarity matrix from which the dendrogram was constructed. Neither should the tests be used to compare two dendrograms constructed by different methods from the same data. In these two situations, the hypothesis of independence between the two matrices is clearly untenable. Note that the test statistics described in this paper can be used as descriptive measures of association in these situations; it is the hypothesis-testing procedure that is inappropriate. TESTS FOR ASSOCIATION Permutation Strategy Let n be the number of "points" (groups or individuals) between which distances have

296 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, velocity profiles, bathymetry, and surface sediment characteristics across eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadows yielded information on community development processes and functional attributes of this ecosystem.
Abstract: Measurements of velocity profiles, bathymetry, and surface sediment characteristics across eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadows yielded information on community development processes and functional attributes of this ecosystem. Height/length ratios of the meadows were positively correlated with tidal current velocity. Low, medium, and high current regimes were separated by surface current velocities of approximately 50 and 90 cm s−1. Z. marina can tolerate approximately 120–150 cm/sec current velocities in the areas studied. Per cent silt-clay and organic matter content of the surface sediments are negatively associated with shear velocity, suggesting that meadows in high current areas are sources while meadows in low current areas are sinks of autochthonous detritus. Current velocity maintains seagrass meadows at different equilibrium levels (relative climaxes). We theorize these different equilibrium levels provide unequal habitat utilization potentials for the associated faunal community.

283 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used the Rosenfeld-Ashcroft procedure of modeling the bridge function in the reference hypernetted-chain integral equation with its hard-sphere values, and choose the sphere diameter so that the free energy of the system is minimized.
Abstract: We use the Rosenfeld-Ashcroft procedure of modeling the bridge function in the reference---hypernetted-chain integral equation with its hard-sphere values, and choose the sphere diameter so that the free energy of the system is minimized. The resulting integral equation is solved for both the long-range Coulomb potential and the short-range Lennard-Jones potential. The results are in excellent agreement with Monte Carlo data for the thermodynamics and structure of both systems. The method provides an entirely first-principles approach to the theory of the structure and thermodynamics of simple classical liquids.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the mineralogy, chemistry, and physics of variable charge minerals and soil organic matter are described in the tropical soil systems of North Carolina State University (NCSU).
Abstract: This book is the culmination of an effort started in 1974 when the senior author started assembling information for a tropical soils course that he taught while on sabbatical leave at North Carolina State University. The literature cited throughout the book was current when the book went to press. Soil systems contain mineral and organic materials that have constant or permanent surface charges, such as montmorillonite, or constant surface potentials, usually referred to as variable charge materials. Most soil systems contain some of both kinds. In the tropics, most of the minerals with permanent charge have been severely weathered. Consequently, the surface charge of the remaining material results from adsorption of potential determining ions. This book treats the mineralogy, chemistry, and physics of the variable charge minerals and soil organic matter.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Jolly-Seber estimators are shown to be superior even in the case of heterogeneity and trap-happy response, the two sources of unequal capture probability most likely to occur in small mammal studies.
Abstract: Estimators of population size and survival rate based on the Jolly-Seber capture-recapture model and the “enumeration method” are described. Enumeration estimators are shown to estimate complicated functions of capture and survival probabilities and, in the case of the population size estimator, population size. Frequently-listed reasons for preferring enumeration estimators are discussed and the Jolly-Seber estimators are shown to be superior even in the case of heterogeneity and trap-happy response, the two sources of unequal capture probability most likely to occur in small mammal studies. New developments in probabilistic capture-recapture models are described, and these models are recommended for future small mammal capture-recapture studies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, pyropheophytins a and b were determined as predominant chlorophyll derivatives in heat processed spinach and the suggested mechanism for the decomposition of chlorophyll during heat processing of vegetables was suggested.
Abstract: Pyropheophytins a and b were determined as predominant chlorophyll derivatives in heat processed spinach. Chlorophylls a, b, pheophytins a, b and pyropheophytins a, b were quantitated in fresh, blanched and heat processed spinach at 116, 121 and 126°C. First order degradation rate constants were determined to calculate activation energies of 25.2 and 22.5 Kcal/mole for chlorophylls a and b and 20.7 and 15.7 Kcal/mole for pheophytins a and b, respectively. Based on the results, the suggested mechanism for the decomposition of chlorophyll during heat processing of vegetables is: Chlorophyll Pheophytin Pyropheophytin. Pyropheophytins a and b were major chlorophyll degradation products found in all commercially canned vegetable products surveyed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two graph theoretic models are introduced that provide a uniform procedure for analyzing 2n-input/2n-output Multistage Interconnection Networks (MIN's), implemented with 2- input/2-output Switching Elements (SE's) and satisfying a characteristics called the "buddy property."
Abstract: This paper introduces two graph theoretic models that provide a uniform procedure for analyzing 2n-input/2n-output Multistage Interconnection Networks (MIN's), implemented with 2-input/2-output Switching Elements (SE's) and satisfying a characteristics called the "buddy property." These models show that all such n-stage MIN's are topologically equivalent and hence prove that one MIN can be implemented from integrated circuits designed for another MIN. The proposed techniques also allow identical modeling and comparison of permutation capabilities of n-stage MIN's and other link-controlled networks like augmented data manipulator and SW Banyan Network and hence, allows comparison of their permutation. In the case of any conflict in the MIN, an upper bound for the required number of passes has been obtained.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1983-Geology
TL;DR: In this article, Radionuclide profiles of 234 Th and 210 Pb within the seabed can be used to determine 100-day deposition rates and 100-yr accumulation rates, respectively.
Abstract: A fundamental understanding of how sedimentary strata form requires distinction between deposition and accumulation of particles. Deposition refers to the temporary emplacement of particles on the seabed. Accumulation is the net sum of many episodes of sediment deposition and removal. The difference between rates of deposition and accumulation affects the ability of an environment to record sedimentary events. Radionuclide profiles of 234 Th and 210 Pb within the seabed can be used to determine 100-day deposition rates and 100-yr accumulation rates, respectively. On the continental shelf near the mouth of the Yangtze River, short-term deposition rates are about 4.4 cm/month, whereas accumulation rates integrated over a century are an order of magnitude less, about 5.4 cm/yr.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the two-and three-point matrix probability functions for a two-phase random and homogeneous system of impenetrable spheres were examined and an exact analytical expression for the two point matrix function S2 through second order in the number density of particles was given.
Abstract: We examine the two‐ and three‐point matrix probability functions for a two‐phase random and homogeneous system of impenetrable spheres. For such a system, we give an exact analytical expression for the two‐point matrix function S2 through second order in the number density of particles. Moreover, the two‐point matrix function is evaluated, for the first time, for a very wide range of densities. We also discuss the evaluation of the three‐point matrix function S3 for an impenetrable‐sphere system and provide new expressions that may be used to estimate it.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: This review attempts to organize and summarize clutch size theories as they emerge in modified form from recent research and evaluate their ability to explain observed patterns in clutch size variation.
Abstract: The evolution and regulation of clutch size has long been a central issue in ornithology. Early ornithologists realized that females of each species of bird lay a characteristic number of eggs, and we have been trying to determine ever since why this is so. In pursuit of the answer to this seemingly simple question, ornithologists have not only accumulated a wealth of egg data, but also have made important contributions to such diverse topics as life-history strategies, population regulation and group selection. Yet how clutch size is determined remains a controversial issue. The consensus that was once sought in the form of a central theory (Lack, 1968; Cody, 1966; Klomp, 1970; von Haartman, 1971) has disappeared in a sea of specific hypotheses. In this review we attempt to organize and summarize clutch size theories as they emerge in modified form from recent research and evaluate their ability to explain observed patterns in clutch size variation. We concentrate on the literature and concepts published since the review of Klomp (1970), but we incorporate earlier work when necessary.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although HO radicals were produced, no breakage of Daucus carota protoplast plasma membranes was observed nor were differences in membrane fluidity observed as determined by 5-doxyl stearic acid.
Abstract: Defining the reactants is a critical step towards elucidating the mechanism of ozone toxicity to biomembranes. To document ozone-induced HO·radicals, the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide was used and the resulting spin adduct was monitored with electron spin resonance spectroscopy. Chelexed potassium phosphate buffer (10 millimolar and 0.2 molar) at pH 7.2 and 7.8 was exposed to ozone (1-40 microliters per liter) by directing a stream of ozone over the surface for 60 seconds. Under these conditions, no HO· was detected. Using 0.5 × 10−4 molar caffeic acid in phosphate buffer, strong DMPO·OH electron spin resonance signals were obtained, indicating HO· production. Air controls yielded no signal. High pH (7.8) enhanced signal strength. Furthermore, with sorbitol (0.4 osmolal final concentration), a net HO· signal loss of 28% was observed, while a carbon-centered sorbitol radical adduct appeared. Although HO· radicals were produced, no breakage of Daucus carota protoplast plasma membranes was observed nor were differences in membrane fluidity observed as determined by 5-doxyl stearic acid.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an alternative charging scheme for an exponential service case with pre-emptive LIFO service is presented which confirms that differences between individual and social optima occur precisely because individuals fail to consider the inconvenience that they cause to others.
Abstract: Customers arrive at a service area according to a Poisson process. An arriving customer must choose one of K servers without observing present congestion levels. The only available information about the kth server is the service time distribution with expected duration µk-1 and the cost per unit time of waiting at the kth server hk. Although service distributions may differ from server to server and need not be exponential, it is assumed that they share the same coefficient of variation. Individuals acting in self-interest induce an arrival rate pattern λ??1, λ??2, ', λ??k. In contrast, the social optimum is the arrival rate pattern λ1*, λ2*, ', λk* which minimizes long-run average cost per unit time for the entire system. The main result is that λ??k's and λ??k*'s differ systematically. Individuals overload the servers with the smallest hk/µk values. For an exponential service case with pre-emptive LIFO service an alternative charging scheme is presented which confirms that differences between individual and social optima occur precisely because individuals fail to consider the inconvenience that they cause to others.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: First lactations from a total of 5802 cows in the North Carolina Institutional Breeding project from 1950 to 1980 were used and heritabilities and variance of sires increased for days open and yield traits from the 1950's to 1980.

Journal ArticleDOI
22 Apr 1983-Science
TL;DR: The effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide on corn, soybeans, loblolly pine, and sweetgum were studied in the field during a growing season and net photosynthesis increased with increasing carbon dioxide concentration in soybeans andsweetgum, but was unaffected in corn.
Abstract: The effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide on corn, soybeans, loblolly pine, and sweetgum were studied in the field during a growing season. The plants were exposed to a range of concentrations of carbon dioxide day and night in open-topped, flow-through chambers. At a mean daytime carbon dioxide concentration of 910 parts per million, increases in total biomass ranged from 157 to 186 percent of the control values. Seed yield and wood volume increased and there were changes in plant anatomy and form. Net photosynthesis increased with increasing carbon dioxide concentration in soybeans and sweetgum, but was unaffected in corn. Water use efficiency also increased in corn, soybeans, and sweetgum.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that cercosporin, when activated by light in the presence of oxygen, is able to generate both singlet oxygen and superoxide ions.
Abstract: Cercosporin, a toxin produced by members of the fungal genus Cercospora, is a photosensitizing compound which rapidly kills plant cells in the light. We have found that cercosporin, when activated by light in the presence of oxygen, is able to generate both singlet oxygen and superoxide ions. Cercosporin, when illuminated in the presence of O2, reacted with cholesterol to form the 5α-hydroperoxide of cholesterol which is only produced by reaction with singlet oxygen. Cercosporin, in the presence of light, O2, and a reducing substrate, was also able to reduce p-nitro blue tetrazolium chloride, a compound readily reduced by superoxide. Superoxide dismutase, a scavenger of superoxide, inhibited this reaction. Production of both singlet oxygen and superoxide by cercosporin must be considered when studying the possible mechanisms of resistance to cercosporin.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two large open reading frames were identified in the S-2 DNA, suggesting the possibility of protein-encoding genes, and the complete nucleotide sequence was determined by the chain termination method.
Abstract: Mitochondria from the S male-sterile cytoplasm (cms-S) of maize contain two plasmid-like DNAs, S-1 and S-2, that appear to be prominently involved with the cytoplasmic male sterility trait. The complete nucleotide sequence of the S-2 DNA molecule was determined by the chain termination method. The linear S-2 DNA molecule contains 5,452 base pairs and is terminated by exact 208-base-pair inverted repetitions. Two large open reading frames were identified in the S-2 DNA, suggesting the possibility of protein-encoding genes. The nucleotide sequence of the S-2 termini are discussed with regard to models proposed for the replication of linear DNA molecules.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In addition to the standard results, the Bayesian approach gives a different method of determining the order of the ARMA model, that is (p, q).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A flow-shop-type production line where the stations are subject to breakdown is modeled as a series of queues, and a search procedure has been employed to find the optimal buffer capacities.
Abstract: A flow-shop-type production line where the stations are subject to breakdown is modeled as a series of queues. The objective is to find the allocation of interstage buffer capacities that maximizes total profit. The stations, which are modeled as single-server queueing systems, have completion-time distributions of two-stage Coxian type. After a standard transformation to a phase-type state representation, the new system gives rise to a Markov chain. The balance equations for this chain are solved by successive approximations to find the steady-state probability distribution of the number of items at each station, once the buffer capacities are given. A search procedure has been employed to find the optimal buffer capacities.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects and interactions among glucose-6-P, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and pH were investigated and the results suggested that the interactions of these effectors with pH and concentrations of substrate may be involved in the regulation of sucrose synthesis in vivo.
Abstract: Sucrose phosphate synthase was partially purified from spinach leaves and the effects and interactions among glucose-6-P, inorganic phosphate (Pi), and pH were investigated Glucose-6-P activated sucrose phosphate synthase and the concentration required for 50% of maximal activation increased as the concentration of fructose-6-P was decreased Inorganic phosphate inhibited sucrose phosphate synthase activity and antagonized the activation by glucose-6-P Inorganic phosphate caused a progressive increase in the concentration of glucose-6-P required for 50% maximal activation from 085 mm (minus Pi) to 99 mm (20 mm Pi) In the absence of glucose-6-P, Pi caused partial inhibition of sucrose phosphate synthase activity (about 65%) The concentration of Pi required for 50% maximal inhibition decreased with a change in pH from 65 to 75 When the effect of pH on Pi ionization was taken into account, it was found that per cent inhibition increased hyperbolically with increasing dibasic phosphate concentration independent of the pH Sucrose phosphate synthase had a relatively broad pH optimum centered at pH 75 Inhibition by Pi was absent at pH 55, but became more pronounced at alkaline pH, whereas activation by glucose-6-P was observed over the entire pH range tested The results suggested that glucose-6-P and Pi bind to sites distinct from the catalytic site, eg allosteric sites, and that the interactions of these effectors with pH and concentrations of substrate may be involved in the regulation of sucrose synthesis in vivo

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined a number of concepts that are connected, directly or indirectly, with the problem of assigning a single event upset figure of merit to a specific oevice and concluded that devices should be characterized by a proton susceptibility, and by an upset rate in a reference cosmic ray environment.
Abstract: This paper examines a number of concepts that are connected, directly or indirectly, with the problem of assigning a single event upset figure of merit to a specific oevice. Single event rates depend both on device and circuitry, through the critical charge requisite for upset, and upon the device geometry and technology, which determine the target size and charge collection capability. Each of these factors must be taken into account when determining device susceptibility. Upset rates in space additionally depend on the environment. Device response in trapped proton belts and in the cosmic ray environment is sufficiently oifferent that a single susceptibility measure is inadequate. We conclude that devices should be characterizea by a proton susceptibility, and by an upset rate in a reference cosmic ray environment. We present a simple expression, based on laboratory measurement, that approximates the cosmic ray upset rate ano propose it as a figure of merit. Calculated and measured values for upset rates are sensitive to several factors. The field funneling effect is known to increase both the magnitude of collected charge and the effective sensitive circuit volume during single events relative to the static parameters. Thus, experimental sensitive area measurements obtained from single event data exceed values predicted from inspection of static circuit layout configurations. Also, more charge is collected from any specific event than is predicted by using depletion region extent to determine charge collection volumes. This effect must be included when critical upset charge values are determined from experimental upset thresholds.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the dual mode sorption and transport models of Kapton polyimide at 60°C and found that the carbon dioxide flux was depressed by the presence of water vapor.