Showing papers by "Northwestern University published in 1975"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a theoretical perspective for dealing with the initial entry stage of interpersonal interaction and suggest a set of research priorities for studying the development of interpersonal relationships, concluding with a discussion of some of the problems to be considered if the theory is to be extended beyond the initial stages of interaction.
Abstract: This paper provides a theoretical perspective for dealing with the initial entry stage of interpersonal interaction. The seven axioms and 21 theorems presented suggest a set of research priorities for studying the development of interpersonal relationships. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the problems to be considered if the theory is to be extended beyond the initial stages of interaction.
2,627 citations
TL;DR: Nisbett's model of obesity implies that individual differences in relative deprivation within obese and normal weight groups should produce corresponding within-group differences in eating behavior, but consideration was given to the concept of "restraint" as an important behavioral mechanism affecting the expression of physiologically-based hungar.
Abstract: Nisbett's (1972) model of obesity implies that individual differences in relative deprivation (relative to set-point weight) within obese and normal weight groups should produce corresponding within-group differences in eating behavior. Normal weight subjects were separated into hypothetically deprived (high restraint) and non-deprived (low restraint) groups. The expectation that high restraint subjects' intake would vary directly with preload size while low restraint subjects would eat in inverse proportion to preload size, was confirmed. It was concluded that relative deprivation rather than obesity per se may be the cirtical determinant of individual differences in eating behavior. Consideration was given to the concept of "restraint" as an important behavioral mechanism affecting the expression of physiologically-based hungar.
1,304 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a numerical method for the solution of the electromagnetic fields within an arbitrary dielectric scatterer of the order of one wavelength in diameter is described, and an error of less than /spl plusmn/10 percent in locating and evaluating the standing wave peaks within the cylinder is achieved for a program execution time of 1 min.
Abstract: A numerical method is described for the solution of the electromagnetic fields within an arbitrary dielectric scatterer of the order of one wavelength in diameter. The method treats the irradiation of the scatterer as an initial value problem. At t = 0, a plane-wave source of frequency f is assumed to be turned on. The diffraction of waves from this source is modeled by repeatedly solving a finite-difference analog of the time-dependent Maxwell's equations. Time stepping is continued until sinusoidual steady-state field values are observed at all points within the scatterer. The envelope of the standing wave is taken as the steady-state scattered field. As an example of this method, the computed results for a dielectric cylinder scatterer are presented. An error of less than /spl plusmn/10 percent in locating and evaluating the standing-wave peaks within the cylinder is achieved for a program execution time of 1 min. The extension of this method to the solution of the fields within three-dimensional dielectric scatterers is outlined.
1,300 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1975TL;DR: A stochastic process x(t), tϵI is a family of random variables defined in a measure space (Ω,ℱ) or in a probability space (ϵ, ℱ P) as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A stochastic process x(t), tϵI is a family of random variables x(t) defined in a measure space (Ω,ℱ) or in a probability space (Ω,ℱ P); here x(t) is either real valued or n-vector valued and I is an interval, usually [0,∞). Notice that x(t) is a function x(t,ω)), ωϵΩ.
1,295 citations
970 citations
TL;DR: These are important issues to which psychology should give much greater attention, and that scientific reasons exist for believing that there can be profound system wisdom in the belief systems the authors' social tradition has provided us with.
Abstract: Reports the APA Presidential address delivered at the Chicago convention, August 1975. Urban humanity is considered as a product of both biological and social evolution. Evolutionary genetics shows that when there is genetic competition among the cooperators (as for humans but not for the social insects), great limitations are placed upon the degree of socially useful, individually self-sacrificial altruism that biological evolution can produce. Human urban social complexity is a product of social evolution and has had to counter with inhibitory moral norms the biological selfishness which genetic competition has continually selected. Because the issues are so complex and the available data are so uncompelling, all of this should be interpreted more as a challenge to an important new area for psychological research than as established conclusions. It is emphasized, however, that these are important issues to which psychology should give much greater attention, and that scientific reasons exist for believing that there can be profound system wisdom in the belief systems our social tradition has provided us with. (31/2 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)
938 citations
TL;DR: The results indicated that although some individuals may eat more when anxious, there is little empirical support for the notion that eating serves to reduce anxiety, and the psychosomatic hypothesis of obesity had failed to find confirmation.
Abstract: It was hypothesized that individual differences in eating behavior based on the distinction between obese and normal subjects could be demonstrated within a population of normal subjects classified as to the extent of restraint chronically exercised with respect to eating. Restrained subjects resembled the obese behaviorally, and unrestrained subjects resembled normals. This demonstration was effected in the context of a test .of the psychosomatic hypothesis of obesity. The results indicated that although some individuals may eat more when anxious, there is little empirical support for the notion that eating serves to reduce anxiety. An explanation for this apparent inconsistency was offered. The role of anxiety as a possible causal agent in obesity has recently been subjected to experimental analysis. Schachter, Goldman, and Gordon (1968) hypothesized that although anxiety would decrease eating in normal-weight subjects by inhibiting gastric contractions and releasing sugar into the bloodstream, it would have little if any effect on the obese, who do not eat on the basis of internal physiological state. These predictions were confirmed, with normal-weight subjects eating substantially less (34%) when anxious and the obese eating nonsignificantly more (15%). Schachter et al. (1968) concluded that the psychosomatic hypothesis of obesity —that the obese in effect confuse hunger with negative affect (Bruch, 1961) and thus overeat in response to aversive emotional states (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1957)— had failed to find confirmation. Obese subjects did not eat more when anxious and did not exhibit significant anxiety reduction as a consequence of eating.
836 citations
TL;DR: In the past two decades the concept of organizational strategy has emerged as one of the cornerstones of both management theory and practice as mentioned in this paper, and many papers, articles, and books have explored this concept and its myriad characteristics and nuances.
Abstract: In the past two decades the concept of organizational strategy has emerged as one of the cornerstones of both management theory and practice. During the period, numerous papers, articles, and books have explored this concept and its myriad characteristics and nuances. Nevertheless, some aspects of the subject have received far more attention than others. For example, much greater emphasis has been placed on the organizational processes by which strategies are developed than on the content of the strategies themselves. Also, more attention has been focused on strategy formulation at the corporate level than at the business level. [The term business level refers to that level in an organization at which responsibility for the formulation of a multifunctional strategy for a single industry or product-market arena is determined; the term corporate level refers to the top level of the organization regardless of the number of industries in which it competes. Thus, for a multi-industry company, the business level normally would correspond to the divisional level. In a single product line company, however, the business and corporate levels would be the same.] Likewise, more emphasis has been placed on the analytical and informational aspects of the strategic planning process than on its behavioral and political dimensions. Finally, nearly all of the research studies and many of the papers and articles have been descriptive rather than prescriptive in their orientation, especially with respect to the content of the strategies involved.
770 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a solution technique for large scale road network equilibrium assignment and related flow problems with nonlinear costs, without explicitly considering any of the constraints, and without storing all of the individual decision variables.
766 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated how individuals react when they are unable to exert control over their environment, when they were unable to have options or reach goals that are important to them, or when they would not voluntarily choose.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter investigates how individuals react when they are unable to exert control over their environment—when they are unable to have options or reach goals that are important to them, or when they are forced to endure outcomes that they would not voluntarily choose. It reviews a number of theories that have focused on the importance of control over one's environment. Some investigators have suggested that the perception of inability to exert control over one's environment can even result in sudden death from coronary disease or other factors. Furthermore, feelings of lack of control have also been viewed as a cause of many types of antisocial behaviors. There are two theories that make rather specific predictions concerning reactions to lack or loss of control: Brehm's theory of psychological reactance and Seligman's learned helplessness model. The chapter discusses these theoretical orientations in some detail. Because these two formulations appear to make contradictory predictions, it attempts to integrate them into a single theoretical statement. The chapter also reviews the relevant evidence, and discusses a number of unresolved theoretical problems.
750 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the existence of equilibrium in a generalized N -person game with interdependent preferences, price-dependent preferences and preferences which may be both non-transitive and non-complete is proved.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that we should formulate our nomothetic theories in a way that will allow an immediate individual-differences test, which will make individual differences a crucible in theory construction.
Abstract: My proposal is that we should formulate our nomothetic theories in a way that will allow an immediate individual-differences test. I am proposing this because, among other benefits, I believe this approach will make individual differences a crucible in theory construction. The argument I advance is applicable to theory construction in all areas of experimental psychology, but my illustrations come largely from the areas of learning and memory. I feel impelled initially to reconstruct as best I can the reasons that led me to compose an article dealing with theory construction. It has resulted from a professional uneasiness that has grown over the past few years. These pinpricks of uneasiness seemed to say that our profession needed to open a discussion of theory construction in psychology, a discussion led by psychologists, for psychologists. When the uneasy feelings were articulated in this manner, I was able to identify three developments that had been responsible for the pinpricks. And then a fourth development took place which led me to presume I might have something to say that could just possibly initiate the discussion. The first source of uneasiness was quite an unlikely one, namely, the undergraduate student. On occasion, a perceptive one will ask me, "How do you get a theory?" How does one answer this question? I found myself answering with a few pieces of trivia of the kind that any experienced teacher has ready for such mpments. My lack of
TL;DR: A detailed study of the generalized susceptibility of Sc metal determined from an accurate augmented-plane-wave method calculation of its energy-band structure is presented in this article, which yields simple analytic expressions for the integral inside a tetrahedral microzone of the Brillouin zone which depends only on the volume of the tetrahedron and the differences of the energies at its corners.
Abstract: A detailed study of the generalized susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ of Sc metal determined from an accurate augmented-plane-wave method calculation of its energy-band structure is presented. The calculations were done by means of a computational scheme for $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ derived as an extension of the work of Jepsen and Andersen and Lehmann and Taut on the density-of-states problem. The procedure yields simple analytic expressions for the $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ integral inside a tetrahedral microzone of the Brillouin zone which depends only on the volume of the tetrahedron and the differences of the energies at its corners. Constant-matrix-element results have been obtained for Sc which show very good agreement with the results of Liu, Gupta, and Sinha (but with one less peak) and exhibit a first maximum in $\ensuremath{\chi}(\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}})$ at $(0, 0, 0.31)\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}}{c}$ [vs $(0, 0, 0.35)\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}}{c}$ obtained by Liu et al.] which relates very well to dilute rare-earth alloy magnetic ordering at ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{q}}}_{m}=(0, 0, 0.28)\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}}{c}$ and to the kink in the LA-phonon dispersion curve at $(0, 0, 0.27)\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}}{c}$.
TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis of six unsymmetrically substituted tetraaryl porphyrins is reported, and the proton nmr spectra of these porphyrins are presented.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, Theiler's virus infection in SJL/J mice was studied ultrastructurally at subsequent intervals after intracerebral inoculation, and extensive spinal cord lesions consisting of leptomeningeal and white matter mononuclear cell infiltrates with concomitant primary demylination were seen by 15 days.
TL;DR: The titer of ecdysone in whole animal extracts of Manduca sexta was determined by radioimmunoassay during the fifth (last) larval instar, pharate pupal development and pupation as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, a new method was presented to calculate binding energies and eigenfunctions for molecules, using the Dirac-Slater Hamiltonian, for a series of molecules, including dihydrides H2X (X=O, S, Se, Te, Te), diatomic indium halides InX(X=F, Cl, Br, I), and metal chlorides XCl (X =B, Al, Ga, In, Tl).
Abstract: A new method is presented to calculate binding energies and eigenfunctions for molecules, using the Dirac–Slater Hamiltonian. A numerical basis set of four component wavefunctions is obtained from atom‐like Dirac–Slater wavefunctions. A discrete variational method (DVM) has been applied to generate the binding energies and eigenfunctions for the molecule. Results are given for a series of molecules, including dihydrides H2X (X=O, S, Se, Te), diatomic indium halides InX (X=F, Cl, Br, I), and metal chlorides XCl (X=B, Al, Ga, In, Tl). Comparison is made with results from nonrelativistic calculations using the DVM with numerical Hartree–Fock–Slater‐type wavefunctions and with other types of nonrelativistic calculations. In particular, relativistic level shifts and spin–orbit splitting have been analyzed. The theoretical ionization energies are compared with experimental results. Generally a very good agreement is obtained between the experimental and theoretical binding energies for the valence levels, calcu...
TL;DR: The function of the two populations of sensory cells in the mammalian inner ear is not well understood and theoretical considerations and the interpretation of data from several experiments have led to suggestions of different types of interaction between the OHCs and IHCs.
Abstract: THE function of the two populations of sensory cells in the mammalian inner ear is not well understood. Anatomical evidence indicates that the inner hair cells (IHCs) and the outer hair cells (OHCs) play separate roles in the transduction of acoustic stimuli1. Furthermore, there have been numerous proposals attributing different roles to the two hair cell populations in the production of the various cochlear potentials2–5. On the other hand, theoretical considerations and the interpretation of data from several experiments have led to suggestions of different types of interaction between the OHCs and IHCs6–8.
TL;DR: In this article, the electromagnetic fields within a detailed model of the human eye and its surrounding bony orbit are calculated for two different frequencies of plane-wave irradiation: 750 MHz and 1.5 GHz.
Abstract: The electromagnetic fields within a detailed model of the human eye and its surrounding bony orbit are calculated for two different frequencies of plane-wave irradiation: 750 MHz and 1.5 GHz. The computation is performed with a finite-difference algorithm for the time-dependent Maxwell's equations, carried out to the sinusoidal steady state. The heating potential, derived from the square of the electric field, is used to calculate the temperatures induced within the eyeball of the model. This computation is performed with the implicit alternating-direction (IAD) algorithm for the heat conduction equation. Using an order-of-magnitude estimate of the heat-sinking capacity of the retinal blood supply, it is determined that a hot spot exceeding 40.4/spl deg/C occurs at the center of the model eyeball at an incident power level of 100 mW/cm/sup 2/ at 1.5 GHz.
TL;DR: Gratings with three sinusoid components of high spatial frequency are shown to interact with a sinusoidal grating two octaves lower in frequency, inconsistent with the hypothesis that the visual system analyses spatial patterns in independent narrowly-tuned bands of spatial frequency.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors defined three fundamental groups of bed forms common to all sedimentary environments dominated by shearing flow: the largest bed forms (macroforms), such as point bars, respond to geomorphological regime of the environment and are relatively insensitive to changes in fluid-dynamic regime during an individual dynamic event (for example, a flood in a river).
Abstract: From those bed forms generated by the shearing flow of a fluid and composed of cohesionless granular material, five hierarchical attributes are recognized: bed-form size, time span of existence of individual bed forms or bed configurations, superpositions, flow regime of bed forms in open-channel flows, and the Russian theory of channel process. The first two attributes permit the definition of three fundamental groups of bed forms common to all sedimentary environments dominated by shearing flow. Each group responds to different formative processes, themselves time hierarchical. The largest bed forms (macroforms), such as point bars, respond to the geomorphological regime of the environment and are relatively insensitive to changes in fluid-dynamic regime during an individual dynamic event (for example, a flood in a river). A two-zone structural model of turbulent boundary layers provides a genetic framework for the two smaller classes of bed forms. Mesoforms, such as dunes in rivers, respond to flow conditions in the outer zone of the turbulent boundary layer as the flow varies through a dynamic event; their lives scale correspondingly with the duration of that event. The smallest bed forms (microforms), for example, current lineations, are governed by the flow structure in the inner zone; their lives are much shorter than the periodicity of dynamic events. The above considerations constitute a unifying model of the origin of bed forms. Three essential components of the model (bed-form size, time, and structure of the turbulent boundary layer) are readily measurable by present experimental techniques.
TL;DR: In this paper, the displacement induced by angular dislocation in an elastic half space is investigated and the surface data are seen to exhibit a very simple dependence on the elastic constants, which can be used to construct the fields for any polygonal loop by superposition.
Abstract: The solution for an angular dislocation allows one to construct the fields for any polygonal loop by superposition. The paper presents the displacements induced by the angular dislocation in an elastic half space. In view of potential applications in geophysics, particular attention is paid to the elastic fields at the free surface. The surface data are seen to exhibit a very simple dependence on the elastic constants.
TL;DR: Moving contours surrounding an empty region make phantoms appear to move through the empty region, which originate in the brain and may be related to completion effects most often seen with visual pathology.
Abstract: Moving contours surrounding an empty region make phantoms appear to move through the empty region. The phantoms are contours, dimmer than the inducing contours but of the same pattern, color, speed, and direction of movement. The phantoms originate in the brain and may be related to completion effects most often seen with visual pathology.
TL;DR: The assumption of universal male dominance, which stems from epistemological biases in anthropology, is belied by evidence that women wield considerable power within the context of the peasant household and community as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The assumption of universal male dominance, which stems from epistemological biases in anthropology, is belied by evidence that women wield considerable power within the context of the peasant household and community. The apparent contradictions between public stances of male dominance and the realities of female power can be resolved and explained by a model which is potentially extensible to other types of pre-industrial societies. In conclusion, the transformation of male dominance from myth to reality during the process of industrialization is briefly explored.
TL;DR: In the lower Wabash River of Illinois and Indiana, a given meander bend at any stream discharge shows the following sequence of increasing length of transition zones: spiral flow, depth, velocity magnitude, mean size of bed material, and dune height as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Meander bends in the lower Wabash River of Illinois and Indiana display coherent patterns of current velocity, bed topography, lower-regime bed forms, and bed-material size. The upstream reach of a bend is a zone of transition from the reversed hydraulic and sedimentologic conditions of the preceding bend. A downstream shift of the cross-sectional maximum velocity magnitude from the inner (point-bar side) bank to the outer bank defines a transitional zone for velocity magnitude in each bend; in this zone, current velocities are strongest and dunes and sand waves most prominently developed at near-bankfull and higher flows. Similar translations of the cross-sectional maxima of depth, mean size of bed material, and dune height and a reversal in the orientation of spiral flow define a transitional zone for each of these four other parameters in each bend. A given meander bend at any stream discharge shows the following sequence of increasing length of transition zones: spiral flow, depth, velocity magnitude, mean size of bed material, and dune height.
Downstream from each transitional zone in a bend, the normal asymmetrical cross-sectional distribution of each parameter defines a fully developed zone for that parameter. Only in the fully developed zone does each parameter increase from the inner bank to the outer bank, as implied in the standard facies models for meandering streams. In both sharply curved and gently curved bends, fully developed zones for bed-material size do not exist. Sharply curved bends do not contain fully developed zones for velocity magnitude, which in other bends show the strongest velocities and largest dunes at near-bankfull or lower flows, especially if the zone is bypassed by overland flow during higher stream discharges.
Available data from laboratory channels and from other meandering streams suggest that the above patterns of velocity magnitude, spiral motion, and bed-material size characterize freely meandering streams. The transitional zones of sedimentary and hydraulic parameters and the variations of these parameters through different flows and dissimilar bend curvatures introduce significant complications to present depositional models of meandering streams.
TL;DR: In the comparison of the health of individuals exposed or unexposed to inhalation anesthetics, there was a significant increase (78%) of spontaneous abortion in the spouses of exposed dentists and a significant rise (156%) in liver disease for exposed Dentists.
Abstract: All male members of the American Society of Oral Surgeons and a sample of the American Dental Association membership were surveyed for exposure to anesthetic gases and the incidences of certain health problems. Concentrations of waste inhalation anesthetic gases in the dental surgery are several times those found in hospital operating rooms. This study establishes a relationship between exposure to waste gases and the incidence of health problems including spontaneous abortion in spouses, congenital abnormalities in offspring, and cancer and liver disease. Measurable concentrations of waste anesthetic gases have been found in hospital dental operating rooms. A mail survey of 4,797 general dental practitioners and 2,642 oral surgeons indicated that 20.2% of the general practitioners and 74.8% of the oral surgeons had anesthetic exposures exceeding three hours per week. In the comparison of the health of individuals exposed or unexposed to inhalation anesthetics, there was a significant increase (78%) of spontaneous abortion in the spouses of exposed dentists and a significant increase (156%) in liver disease for exposed dentists. The implication of these findings and possible solutions are discussed.