Showing papers by "Nova Southeastern University published in 1979"

Inequality and Police Use of Deadly Force: An Empirical Assessment of a Conflict Hypothesis

Abstract: Conflict theorists assume that force or its threat is the fundamental element that holds unequal societies together. Because conflict theorists also hold that the state's monopoly of violence is controlled by those who benefit from inequality, it follows that the control agents of the state should be more likely to use extreme force when economic inequality is most pronounced. This hypothesis was tested with data on the number of killings committed by policemen in the American states. After controlling for six additional explanations, we found that the police were most likely to use deadly force in the most unequal states. The amount of violent crimes and riots and the percentage change in population also predicted these lethal events. But the major implication of our findings is that a hypothesis derived from confict theory does predict the amount of police-caused homicides.

Daily ration and specific daily ration of the chaetognath Sagitta enflata

Abstract: Digestion times, obtained directly from laboratory feeding, were used in conjunction with a day/night series of field samples to estimate the daily ration and specific daily ration of Sagitta enflata Grassi, the most abundant chaetognath in the Gulf Stream near Miami, Florida (USA), during winter and early spring. Feeding was independent of time of day and increased with increasing chaetognath size from 1.7 prey day-1 for the 11.5 mm size class to 2.9 prey day-1 for the 21.5 mm class. The diet of s. enflata consisted of 94.8% copepods having a mean weight of 21.8 μg, and 5.2% prey chaetognaths estimated to be two-thirds the length of the predators. The daily ration of S. enflata from 12.5 to 20.5 mm in length increased from 48.3 to 143.3 μg of prey dry weight and from 18.5 to 48.1 μg of prey carbon. The specific daily ration declined from 0.12 to 0.08 dry weight basis, and from 0.26 to 0.14, carbon basis, over the same size range. Prey chaetognaths contributed as much as 51% of the ration on a carbon basis.

Cross-equatorial inertial jets with special relevance to very remote forcing of the Somali Current

Abstract: A free inertial cross-equatorial baroclinic boundary jet is proposed as a model of the low-latitude region of the Somali Current In this model the driving mechanism is considered to be the easterlies of the southern hemisphere, which do not reverse with season The contribution from these winds to the Somali Current is maintained throughout the year However, during the northeast monsoon this northward-flowing current (the east African coastal current) is opposed by the southward-flowing Somali Current, but during the southwest monsoon it is enhanced The results of some numerical calculations that include physical processes not present in the free jet model are then given These show that the southern hemisphere easterlies are strong enough to produce a coastal jet 6 to 8 degrees into the northern hemisphere The physics of this numerically obtained jet are then examined and although the time and length scales are initially baroclinic, the steady jet becomes ‘barotropic’ A pseudoanalytic model of this jet is then considered

Therapeutic effect of prolonged hyperbaric oxygen in adjuvant arthritis of the rat.

Abstract: Development of adjuvant disease in the rat is suppressed if hyperbaric oxygen is administered within one day after the inoculation of an oil suspension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and continued for 16 to 17 days. Although 10 to 40% of the rodents developed mild arthritis after discontinuance of therapy, most remained symptom-free for at least 50 days. Oxygen administered after arthritis is advanced still exerted a significant curative effect. Possible mechanisms underlying the therapeutic action of oxygen are discussed.

Predation on chaetognaths by typhloscolecid polychaetes: one explanation for headless specimens

Abstract: The Phylum Chaetognatha consists of morphologically and biologically similar species and its relationship with other invertebrate groups is obscure (Hyman, 1959; Ghirardelli, 1968). The possibility of regenerative power has been investigated as one of the clues to the affinity of the phylum. Kulmatycki (1918) made cross-sectional and diagonal cuts through the body and tail fin of Spadella cephaloptera Busch and reported that this species could regenerate the whole caudal section including the body proper. Further support for regenerative ability came from Pierce (1951) who caught 26 specimens of Sagitta enflata Grassi and Sagitta helenae Ritter Zahony which appeared to be in the process of regenerating their heads (presumably lost to a large predator). He noted that the loss of this section of the body did not kill the animal. Both Kulmatycki and Pierce are cited in Hyman's (1959) important review of the phylum and headless chaetognaths have been referred to as animals with regenerating heads (e.g. Almeida Prado, 1968).

A New Species Of Cerapus Say, 1817 (Crustacea: Amphipoda) From The Northern Gulf Of Mexico, With Notes On Its Ecology

Abstract: During research in coastal marshes of the Mississippi Delta region in 1975 , a large , undescribed amphipod belonging to the genus Cerapus was discovered in tidal channels . This new species, C. benthophilus , is characterized by its large size and 7 -12 segmented antennal flagella. Habitat preference is muddy silt bottoms upon which it constructs conspicuous mats or " tufts" of interwoven tubes in shallow coastal bays and marshes from Louisiana to the panhandle areas of northern Florida. Cerapus benthophilus , sp. nov . Figs . 1-4 Holotype. USNM 171350, male (10 mm BL) , Ocean Springs , Mississippi , 30 23 '36''N ; 88°48 '31 "W; Davis Bayou , 400 m west of the Gulf Coast Research Lab, 1.5 m depth , collected by R. Heard , 8 April 1976. Paratypes . USNM 171351 , 29°13'01"N; 90 14'05''W; Bayou Sevin , Louis iana, 3 m depth , collected by J. Thomas, 14 March 1975. Diagnosis . Species large , male and female reaching body lengths , excluding antennae, of I I and 9 mm respectively ; pereon segment I of male bearing lateral keel; antennal flagella 7-12 segmented ; basis of pereopod 2, anterodorsal margin with numerous, long setae (males only). Description. Male , 10 mm. Body: Constricted between pereon segments I and 2; head elongate, equal in length to pereonites 1-2. Rostrum: Reaching ocular margin ; frontal ocular margin incised , lateral lobes prominent. Eyes: Circular; black in formaldehyde-preserved specimens . Antenna I: 60% BL; reaching firs t flagellar segment antenna 2: segment I compressed laterally , deepest posteriorly , bearing paired setae ventrally ; peduncle with numerous , paired , long setae; flagellum 9-segmented . Antenna 2: 90% BL; flage llu m 9-segmented; peduncle wi th long , paired setae . Upper lip : Apical margin sl ightly emarginate. Mandible: Normal for genus; palp segment I the shortes t; incisors moderate ly toothed; lacina mobili s followed posteriorl y by 3 raker spi nes ; molar strongly triturative . Lower lip: Mandibular projecI tion pointed . Max illa I: Inner plate small , bearing single apical seta; outer plate with 910 apical spines; palp 2-segmented , medial and lateral margins bare . Maxilla 2: Inner and outer plates lightl y fringed with setae mediall y.

Response to sexual films as a function of anxiety level

Abstract: Summa~y.-72 subjects between the ages of 18 and 30 yr. were shown 2 sexually explicit films. 12 males and 12 females were classified as high, medium, and low in anxiety according to their scores on [he Taylor Manifest Anxiery Scale. Multiple analysis of variance showed no s~gn~f~cant differences in the sexual stimulation, thought change, or ratings of change in physical state for subjects' level of anxiety or sex. This was true for films showing one and two couples. These findings do not support an inverse relationship between anxiety and favorable response to sexually explicit films. 95% of the subjects reported some degree of sexual arousal to each film. A significant number of subjects (a) reported an increase in the pleasantness of physical state and thoughts for both films and (b) preferred the film they found to be more sexually stimulating. The positive reaction to the films provides a basis for their possible clinical use. The role of sex in response to sexually oriented visual stimuli has been investigated. Kinsey, Pomeroy, Martin, and Gebhard ( 1953) collected survey data indicating that males have a greater predisposition to arousal by external stimuli than do females. Data supporting Kinsey's hypotheses were reported by Levi ( 1969). However, some females were more responsive to the filmed sexual stimuli than any of the males on both psychological and catecholamine reactions. On both the reported sexual arousal and adrenaline excretion, the males generally reacted more than the females. Using slides, Sigusch, et al. (1970) found males were more aroused than females especially when presented with pictures of solitary figures. Schmidt and Sigusch (1970) concluded that the idea of distinct differences in arousal of males and females viewing sexual pictures and films needed revision. Slightly higher arousal of males, especially in response to depictions of more unusual heterosexual practices, was less than expected from Kinsey's data and only representative of the group. About 40% of the women reported stronger sexual arousal than did the men. Most men and women had physiosexual reactions in the genital area. Byrne and Lamberth (1970) concluded that there was no over-all sex difference in the sexual response to sexual stimuli. However, there were sex differences regarding arousal for specific themes. The main objective of the present study was to examine the self-reported psychological and physical reactions to visual sexual stimuli given by males and females of different levels of anxiety. Significant group differences representing heightened positive or negative reactions were of inreiest. Bernick, Kling, and Borowitz ( 1971 ) tried to specify physiologically the emotional states of

A redescription of the wood-rasping amphipod Tropichelura gomezi Ortiz, 1976 (Cheluridae) from the Florida keys, with notes on its distribution and ecology

Abstract: The wood-rasping amphipod , Tropichelura gomezi Ortiz , 1976, is redescribed from the Florida Keys to include diagnostic characters omitted in the original description. Morphological characters and distributional patterns of T. gomezi are compared with those of the other member of the genus, Tropichelura insulae (Caiman, 1910). Laboratory studies show that T. gomezi defends its burrow entrance from other members of its species , but tolerates the presence of limnoriid isopods with which it cooccurs. A lectotype for Tropichelura insulae is designated .

Feasibility of the short ARC adjustment model for precise determinations of the oceanic geoid

Abstract: A key element in any attempt to achieve a 0.1 m precision in geoid representation via satellite altimetry is obtaining an ephemeris of comparable precision, or circumventing this requirement by adjusting the ephemeris in some 'IWY, together with the geoid. The fust possibility requires extensive satellite tracking and involves an enormous number of adjustable parameters in the long arc approach. The second possibility allows for a piece-wise treatment of short orbital arcs conskiered mutually independent, in which slight adjustments of the state vector parameters can compensate for an inherent modeling error. The main question to be answered when pondering the possibility of using the short arc adjustment model in SEASAT -A altimetry reductions is whether or not this method is inherently-capable of representing the detailed geoid with 0.1 m precision. An analysis of computer simulations provides at least a partial answer to this question by pointing out the necessary conditions in order to achieve the desired precision ; under certain favorable circumstances, not described in detail, these conditions could prove to be also sufficient.

CYCLES: A FORTRAN IV program for the analysis of periodicity in time series data

Abstract: Variability of a cyclic nature is often encountered in . repeated measures. The investigator may be interested either in removing such cyclic variability or in identify­ ing the sources of nonrandom fluctuations. One method for determining the presence of cycling in time series data is through the use of an autocorrelation technique. The correlogram (i.e., the plot of autocorrelations for successive lags) reflects not only the degree of depend­ ency in the data, but also the presence of systematic oscillations. Peak-to-peak differences in the correlogram reflect the period of the dominant cycle in the time series (Wieland& Mefferd, 1969). CYCLES was developed to fulfill the need for com­ puterized correlogram analysis and to provide the investigator with the time pattern of cycling in the data. If the investigator desires to remove this source of variability from the data, averaging over the identified dominant period accomplishes this while avoiding misrepresentation of the existing pattern in the raw data (Wieland & Mefferd, 1970). Alternatively, the identified period may be used in other forms of period­ icity analysis, such as the methods described by Bloomfield (1976). Description. The present program uses the auto­ correlation computational formula found in Bower, Padia, and Glass (1974). The initial run of the program produces a tabular representation of the peak auto­ correlations in the correlogram. Peaks are determined by differencing successive lag autocorrelations. Following inspection of this output, the investigator has the option of reexecuting the program in order to determine the period length of the dominant cycle. Less systematic cycling is excluded by the input of an autocorrelation criterion cutoff. Input. The job deck consists of the following cards. Card 1 is the alphanumeric title. Card 2 contains an option for printing all autocorrelations and an option

Effect of Time-Slowing Suggestions on Rate of Emission of an Operant Response

Abstract: Five suggestible female subjects acquired an operant response conditioned on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement. Each subject was then hypnotized and performed the response during 6-min. alternating baseline and experimental phases in an Abab withdrawal design. Experimental phases were preceded by administration of time-slowing suggestions. Return to baseline condition was accomplished via presentation of a time-normalization suggestion. Four of the subjects demonstrated noticeable decreases in operant response rate during time-slowed phases as compared to the preceding baseline phases. Subjects decreased their response rates despite a perceived response cost in doing so. Subjective reports indicated that all subjects experienced slowed time passage during experimental phases although subjective experiences varied greatly between individuals. An attempt is made to explain the differences between subjects in their overt and covert responses to time-slowing suggestions.