Showing papers by "Nova Southeastern University published in 1997"

Anxious Children in Adulthood: A Prospective Study of Adjustment

Abstract: Objective To prospectively examine psychosocial functioning in young adulthood for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Method This 8-year prospective study compared psychosocial functioning in young adults (mean age 22 years) who had histories of early-onset anxiety disorders, comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders, or no history of psychiatric illness (NPI). Follow-up interviews assessed subjects' residential, educational, occupational, and marital status; utilization of mental health services; and psychological status. Results Anxious subjects without histories of depression were less likely than NPI controls to be living independently. Anxious-depressed subjects were less likely than controls to be working or in school; more likely than purely anxious subjects to utilize mental health services; and more likely than both anxious and control subjects to report psychological problems, most frequently depression. Conclusions Overall, results suggest that children with anxiety disorders are relatively well adjusted in young adulthood. However, a history of comorbid depression is prognostic of a more negative outcome. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1997, 36(5):645–652.

Women in Family Business

Abstract: This paper, is condensed from the author's, qualitative research study on women in family business. Women and other family members were interviewed on how gender-related issues affect their work. Also included is an extensive literature review followed by a brief discussion of the research methodology. The research results offer common themes that emerged from the diverse sample of participants. In addition, there is a discussion of implications for practice and research that may be helpful to both family-business members and consultants.

Ethical work climate as a factor in the development of person-organization fit

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between the ethical climate of the organization and the development of person-organization fit. The relationship between an individual's stage of moral development and his/her perceived ethical work environment was examined using a sample of 86 working students. Results indicate that a match between individual preferences and present position proved most satisfying. Subjects expressing a match between their preferences for an ethical work climate and their present ethical work climate indicated that they were less likely to leave their positions.

Observation of large diurnal warming events in the near-surface layer of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool

Abstract: Because of the relatively calm winds which prevail over the western Pacific warm pool, the diurnal cycle of temperature in the near-surface layer of the ocean is often quite pronounced. During the TOGA Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE), very high resolution measurements of near-surface thermohaline and turbulence structures were made using bowmounted probes and a free-rising profiler. Experimental data demonstrate a strong dependence of near-surface thermal structure on weather conditions, In calm weather, SST was observed to exceed 33.25°C; this was associated with a diurnal warming of more than 3°C in the top I m of the ocean. A 1-D model of transilient type reproduces the diurnal cycle at low wind speeds and the evening deepening of the diurnal thermocline. Precipitation influenced the diurnal cycle by trapping heat in the near-surface region. During daytime evaporation, surface salinity increased slightly, but deep convection was inhibited by the strong vertical temperature gradient. Contour plots calculated using observations from bow sensors “scanning” the upper meters of the ocean due to ship's pitching in some cases revealed strong horizontal variability of the shallow diurnal thermocline with amplitude ∼ 2°C on scales of 0.2–6 km.

Brief Report: Autistic Children's Attentiveness and Responsivity Improve After Touch Therapy

Abstract: Autism affects 2 to 5 of 10,000 children. Although once considered primarily psychiatric in nature, autism is now generally thought to be an organic defect in brain development. Characterized by a failure to develop language or other forms of social communication, symptoms of autism include (a) withdrawal from or failure to develop normal relationships with people; (b) abnormal responses to one or more types of sensory stimuli (usually sound); (c) atypical movement, including immobility and hyperkinesis; (d) limited attention span and excessive off-task behavior; and (e) touch aversion. A variety of therapies have been tried with autistic children including structured activities, behavior modification, sensorimotor, and sensory integrative approaches. Touch therapy may also be beneficial for autistic children. Previous studies, for example, have shown that touch therapy alleviated anxiety and decreased cortisol levels and depression in child psychiatric patients (Field et al., 1992). In another study, vagal activity increased during touch therapy (Field, 1990). Since increased vagal activity has been associated with increased attention span (Porges, 1991), touch therapy may reduce the off-task behavior noted in children with autism. This study investigated the effects of touch therapy on three problems commonly associated with autism including inattentiveness (off-task behavior), touch aversion, and withdrawal.

A Web-Based Model for University Instruction

Abstract: The Web as a new phenomenon in the information landscape of the university is being used to support course instruction In most cases, however, the Web is used in support of a traditional model of university instruction and much of the potential of the Web is lost An innovative model of Web-based university instruction is presented that more fully expresses and uses the power of the Web in opening up the interaction between student and knowledge The model is a generic 6-point process that involves a new approach to university teaching and learning

Toward A Stepped Care Approach to Treating Problem Drinkers: The Predictive Utility of Within-Treatment Variables and Therapist Prognostic Ratings

Abstract: Aims Cost containment, a central issue in current health planning, encourages the use of brief interventions Although brief interventions for problem drinkers have proved successful, a portion of such individuals do not change their alcohol use during treatment Design Repeated measures design (pre-treatment, within-treatment and 6 months post-treatment) Setting and participants To identify individuals at risk for continued problem drinking, predictors of post-treatment drinking were examined for 212 problem drinkers who presented for treatment in an outpatient treatment clinic Intervention All participants completed a brief cognitive behavioral motivational intervention Measurements At the pre-treatment assessment demographic, drinking pattern, severity of dependence and other cognitive variables (eg self-ef® cacy, goal choice) were collected Within-treatment, drinking pattern and cognitive variables such as self-ef® cacy and goal choice were again measured Findings Regression analyses showed that therapist prognosis ratings contributed signi® cantly to the prediction of outcome even when pre-treatment variables were controlled However, when within-treatment variables were included in the prediction, variables such as within treatment drinking eliminated the predictive utility of therapist prognosis ratings This pattern held for both percentage of days abstinent and drinks per drinking day at a 6-month follow-up Conclusions It is suggested that a stepped care approach based on prediction models that include clients’ within-treatment response can be applied to the treatment of problem drinkers who show little initial response to treatment

The early relationship of drug abusing mothers and their infants: an assessment at eight to twelve months of age.

Abstract: The early relationship of drug abusing mothers and their infants : An assessment at eight to twelve monts of age Ten mother-infant dyads in which the mother abused drugs during pregnancy were compared to 10 matched drug-free dyads using a short form of the Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment to analyze videotaped mother-infant interactions. Interactions consisted of two five-minute segments : structured and unstructured play. Infants were 8-12 months of age. There was a consistent tendency for the drug abusing group mean scores to separate from the controls. Drug abusing dyads had significantly more (r = .71, Fisher's Exact Probability) ratings below 3.0 in the unstructured play situation for items that measured enthusiasm, responsivity to infant cues, and infant happiness. These categories provide preliminary evidence for those characteristics which may be most problematic in the relationship between drug abusing mothers and their infants, especially in situations in which mother is responsible for providing structure.

Teacher Leadership: The Needs of Teachers.

Abstract: The study reported in this article described teachers leaders' views of their roles. In order to explore teacher leaders views, the primary research question was: How do teacher leaders perceive themselves and others as they work in their teacher leadership roles? Using the constant comparative research methodology, the researchers collected interview data from five teacher leaders. When the study results were connected to need disposition theory and the literature in the field, new information on teacher leadership issues emerged. The most important finding was that teacher leaders' simultaneous needs for achievement and affiliation create a conflict in the school workplace that has negative outcomes. Additional findings identified and discussed were: Job satisfaction promotes teacher leadership; a collaborative role is important for teacher leaders as collaboration is the primary method for teacher leadership; and resources are needed to support teacher leadership, especially time. The authors ...

The relationship of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism to intrapreneurship and organizational commitment

Abstract: Presents a study which derives relationships between the personality/cultural variables of vertical and horizontal individualism and collectivism, on the one hand, and the organizational criteria of intrapreneurship and organizational commitment on the other. Suggests that horizontal individualism may explain intrapreneurship jointly with a supportive organizational climate. Vertical collectivism demonstrates a direct positive relationship with organizational commitment. Horizontal collectivism varies jointly with work‐group and supervisor commitments in a negative relationship with organizational commitment, indicating a perception of conflict between work‐group and supervisor goals on the one hand and organizational goals on the other. Concludes that, while the basis of the vertical collectivist’s commitment seems unclear, horizontal collectivists base their commitment on compliance or rewards. Discusses theoretical and a few practical implications.

A Possible Link Between Coral Diseases and a Corallivorous Snail (Drupella cornus) Outbreak in the Red Sea

Abstract: In April-May and in Scpte~iiber 1996, a total of 25 rcefs were studied between Taba and Ras Mohammed in the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. In only four of these rcefs Drcpella corizus showed up in the transects in low nurnbers and coral diseases were found at a motlerate level on most reefs. Only the reefs of Ras ulnm Sidd, near Sharm el Sheikh, exhibited D l a p l l a C O ~ I Z L I . ~ as well as c o d diseases both at abundant or even epidemic levels. There definitely s e e m to be a correlation between abundance of snail and diseases, but the question of "what comes first" remains to be investigated : does massive coral die-off (mostly White Syndromes) attract or benefit Dr~yel ln cor?zi~s and thus promote a population cxpiosion, or does a massive D. comus invasion promote an epidcmic of White Syndromes on corals ?

Keeping Things Plumb in Qualitative Research

Abstract: As qualitative research projects are conceptualized and conducted, they can grow out of alignment as researchers make choices as to their Area of Curiosity, Mission Question, Data Collected, and Data Analysis. This phenomenon of being muddled is a natural, and sometimes necessary, part of the overall process. The important part of being in a muddle is to recognize it and to work to tidy it up. In this paper, a way to keep qualitative research projects plumb is presented. A case study is also shared to show how one project was found to be out of alignment and how it was realigned using the Qualitative Research Plumb Line. Introduction In an earlier paper (Chenail & Maione, 1997), Paul Maione and I wrote about qualitative research and the importance of sensemaking in the construction of coherent inquiries. Crucial to this sensemaking process was for researchers to understand how the research project at hand fit within the larger contexts of the literature on the topic, their previous experiences with the phenomenon in question, and the sense they were making of the phenomenon out in the field. From this perspective, this circular process of comparing and contrasting what was known of the phenomenon from field, literature, and personal experience (i.e., \"The Y of the How\") becomes the triangulatory engine of qualitative inquiry. The term, triangulation, comes from the practice by which sailors and surveyors determine location by studying the intersection of three points. With the proper equipment and with careful measurements, people are able to circumnavigate the world and to construct magnificent buildings accurately within a few degrees or inches. Triangulation in research terms (Denzin, 1978) usually means that researchers use different sets of data, different types of analyses, different researchers, and/or different theoretical perspectives to study one particular phenomenon. These different points of view are then studied so as to situate the phenomenon and locate it for the researcher and reader alike. At the same time, a careful reflection of what the researchers use as the particular points (of view) to triangulate the phenomenon tells us as much about the \"location\" of the researchers themselves as it does about the phenomenon itself. And that's the rub! With sailing and surveying, the object of triangulation is for you to locate where you are in relation to some other points. In research, the object of triangulation is for you to locate the meaning of some other phenomenon \"out there.\" In doing so, it is easy to forget that you are always part of the equation, too. Lose yourself in your study and you lose your study! If you have done at least one qualitative research study, then you have probably lost yourself at least once in and amongst that vast region located somewhere between the literature, the field, and yourself. Projects which start so simply can so often end up in such a complex muddle (Bateson, 1972). Why, or how does this happen? Research projects, especially qualitative ones, can become muddled and do get out of line because, when the richness of our curiosities meets the richness of qualitative data, researchers can easily become overwhelmed with the choices they have to make. This embarrassment of richness can be brought to an even higher level when researchers study phenomena with which they have previous, direct experience, as is the case when practitioners study what they also practice. The posture of \"not knowing\" is a hallmark of qualitative inquiries. It is the wonderful strength of these approaches to research and practice. It can also become a grave weakness if researchers fail to understand how they go about \"not knowing\" or, said in more positive terms, researchers have to know how they go about not knowing! Before we go on, it is important for me to say that getting into a muddle is a natural, and, probably necessary, part of every qualitative research project. Qualitative research projects that become too tidy too soon are probably ones in which researchers never give phenomena a fair chance to show their richness in variety or in which researchers are more interested in \"truthifying\" their theories than falsifying them. Plumbing in Qualitative Research Having said this, I do think that somewhere along the line, qualitative researchers need to \"plumb up\" their projects. By plumb, I mean that there should be a basic and simple reason for doing a study; something like a mission statement or maybe, a mission question for the project, by which you can keep track to see if you are beginning to drift from your line of inquiry or if you are staying on course with your research. After you have constructed your mission question, you should keep it in your pocket and carry it with you where ever you go in your research travels. And, every once and a while, you should pull this mission question out of your pocket, and let it dangle from your hand like a carpenter or mason's plumb line. Hold the mission question up to your mind's eye and see if your mission question is plumb with your project as it is unfolding. In many cases, you will find that things have come out of alignment. How can such a thing happen? Well, for one, it can be fairly confusing once you enter a project and begin making operational decisions (see Maione, 1997 for a fuller discussion of choice points in constructing a research project). In many ways, the project can begin to take on a life of its own. For instance, once you enter the field and come into contact with all the variety of data that can be collected out there. It is easy to begin to gather data, which is wonderful in and of itself, but does not relate directly to your mission question. For example, say you want to study what happens in a work group as they develop a new product. As you join with the folks in the work group, you begin to talk with them about their experiences of being members of the group. These informal talks lead to more formal interviews and you begin to collect some fantastic stories about what it is like working in the work group. It's time to take the mission question plumb line out of your pocket and see how this data is lining up with your question. In your hand, you have the question, \"What happens in a work group as workers develop a new product\"? Out there in the field, you are collecting stories from the workers about working in work groups. This leads to an interesting question: Are stories about working in a work group going to help you address your mission question regarding what is going on in work groups? They might, and then again, they might not. You would have to ask yourself if collecting and studying stories about the work groups is a better way of studying group processes than collecting and studying conversations of the workers as they actually develop a project in the group. Interview data may be great stuff, but in the context of your mission question, things seem to be getting out-of-alignment and your project is drifting from its original course. If you are not aware of the drifts which may occur in a project, you may soon find yourself far away from the project you had originally proposed. This in itself may not be a bad thing. Maybe the project as it evolves is a better one than what you had originally conceptualized. The problem arises if you are not cognizant of this growing incoherence between the project as proposed and the project as constructed. Given this possible confusion (e.g., the talk of work groups being mistaken for the talk of the workers about group work talk or the worker's talk about group work talk being mistaken for group work talk itself), I propose a simple Qualitative Research Plumb Line to help you line up your decisions properly or to see when things have gotten out of line. In doing so, you will avoid the problems which beset many an unaware qualitative researcher. The Qualitative research Plumb Line consists of a series of four components: 1. Area of Curiosity 2. Mission Question 3. Data to be collected 4. Data Analysis Procedure By \"Area of Curiosity,\" I mean the area or phenomenon you want to study in your project. For instance, an area of curiosity could be doctor-patient interaction, a village in Honduras, reengineering in organizations, or whatever piques your curiosity. By \"Mission Question,\" I mean \"What are the actual questions you want to address in your study?\" or \"What do you want to know about this area of curiosity?\" For example, in the area of doctor-patient interaction, you may want to know \"How do doctors and patients explore patients' current states of health?\". With the village in Honduras, your question might be \"What are the ways in which parents and children resolve conflict?\". For the re-engineering area of curiosity, your question may be \"What do the members of the organization think about the current reengineering efforts in their company?\" By \"Data to be collected,\" I mean \"What is collected or what is generated by your activities ‘in the field'?\" In the area of doctor-patient interaction, you could collect recordings of their conversations, review case notes, and/or interview the doctors and patients about their interactions. In the case of our Honduran village study, you could generate field notes from your observations of certain rituals in the community, you could interview key informants about these rituals, and/or you could participate in these rituals and record your experiences in a diary. With the re-engineering in organizations project, you could collect and study the company's annual reports and strategic planning documents, you could sit in on planning sessions and take field notes, and/or you could interview stakeholders both inside and outside of the organization and collect their opinions on the progress of the re-engineering project. By \"Data Analysis Procedure,\" I mean, \"How are you going to analyze that which you have collected out in the f

Spreading a Warm Blanket of Prevention Over All Children: Guidelines for Selecting Substance Abuse and Related Prevention Curricula for Use in the Schools

Abstract: There is a need for a set of clear, practical, empirically and theoretically grounded guidelines to select substance abuse and related prevention and competence promotion programs based in schools. This report provides such a framework in the form of recommended key elements of effective school-based prevention programs derived from an extensive literature search. In addition, major programs are summarized and compared in relation to their coverage of these key elements.

Worrisome thoughts in children clinically referred for anxiety disorders

Abstract: Administered a 31-item worry measure, based on criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) for anxiety disorders, to referred children with anxiety disorders (n = 72) or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 50), and to nonreferred, never psychiatrically ill controls (n = 55). Anxiety and ADHD groups did not differ for self-reported worries. Anxious children did report more "intense" worries about separation and social evaluation than controls. ADHD children reported more intense worries about friends and school than controls. Separation worries were most prevalent in children with separation anxiety disorder, thus distinguishing this subgroup from both control groups. Results suggest that intense worries specific to one's anxiety disorder are more clinically relevant than the overall level of worry. Implications for assessment of worry are discussed.

Ontogeny of the Therapeutic Alliance in Borderline Patients

Abstract: The development of the therapeutic alliance is explored in a prospective study of 33 borderline personality disorder patients. Assessments of the alliance were made by both the patients and their therapists using the Penn Helping Alliance Questionnaire at six weeks, six months, and then annually for up to five years.The major findings were: (1) The alliance was rated highly by both patients and therapists throughout treatment; (2) the alliance showed steady and significant improvement over time (and no significant deterioration at any point); (3) patients and therapists corresponded closely in their assessments; (4) therapists rated the alliance higher than did patients at three and four years; (5) therapist ratings of the alliance at six weeks was predictive of subsequent dropping out; but (6) early alliance scores were not strongly related to subsequent level of change. These results frame issues for future research in this area.Die Entwicklung der therapeutischen Allianz wurde in einer prospektiven Stu...

How routine facilitates wellbeing in older women

Abstract: A qualitative research design using grounded theory methodology was employed to explore how seven Caucasian women, free of major functional impairments, used routine to influence their wellbeing. Of particular interest was the meaning and purpose of routine to them. Data were collected via in-depth interviews, autobiography, observations, and researcher generated memos. Data analysis was concurrent and reflexive with data collection and comprised concept development, modification, and integration. A theoretical model was developed that describes the primary conditions and processes through which routine was used to maximize wellbeing in these participants. Routines were linked with the following nine adaptive outcomes for these participants: to meet obligations; maintain activity level; maintain health; anticipate or look forward to things; maintain control; balance work, rest and play; accomplish and achieve; feel good about self; and provide continuity. Findings underscore the importance of helping older adults to continue to thread past themes of meaning into their current life contexts and occupations. Routine had the benefit of providing a time anchor for these participants that increased their likelihood of doing an occupation especially if others were and remained involved in the routine. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.

Collaborative Teaching in the Face of Productivity Concerns: The Dispersed Team Model

Abstract: The development of collaborative teaching efforts is briefly reviewed within the context of higher education today, which is a time of declining resources available for such efforts. Therefore costs must be considered in the promotion of collaboration, which most would likely agree is a positive element in the delivery of courses. Models of team coordinated teaching and team teaching are explained, and the authors identify four dimensions of collaboration—integration, interaction, active learning, and faculty autonomy. A successful model, which addresses both quality and cost concerns, is then offered.

Depression, self-esteem, sex, and age in a child and adolescent clinical sample

Abstract: Examines the relation between depression, self-esteem, sex, and age to determine if the previously reported associations between these variables in nonreferred samples remain consistent in a sample of clinically referred patients. Two hundred thirty-six participants between the ages of 6 and 17 years were included. All were consecutive referrals to an outpatient child and adolescent mood disorders program. Eighty-four percent met the criteria for at least 1 depressive disorder from the third and revised edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (major depressive disorder, dysthymia, both, depression NOS, or adjustment disorder with depressive mood). In keeping with previous reports, the data indicate an inverse relation between age and self-esteem and an even stronger inverse relation between depression and self-esteem. However, there was no evidence for a sex difference for self-esteem, alone or interactively with age. The implications of these findings in relation to the importance of self-esteem in depressed youth are discussed.

Sensemaking in Clinical Qualitative Research

Abstract: When therapists research clinical populations or situations from a qualitative research perspective, their task is different from when researchers conduct their own clinical qualitative studies. With researchers, the study at hand may be their first time "in the field." For researchers in this situation it is easier to use qualitative methods such as grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) because there is a "tabula rasa" quality to this initial foray into the "unknown" as a theory from observations is constructed anew. In the case of the therapists-asqualitative-researchers, clinicians already have made some sort of sense of "the other" by virtue of their previous experiences or exposures with the population or situation in question. Instead of constructing theories like their researcher colleagues, researching clinicians must face their previous constructions (i.e., sensemaking from experience), create methods which allow for deconstruction (i.e., sensemaking challenged), and then work towards building reconstructions (i.e., sensemaking remade) (Dervin, 1992; Duffy, 1995; Shields & Dervin, 1993; Weick, 1995). In this manner, the confidence that therapist-researchers have in their observations can be both rigorously challenged and bolstered. We present ways of undertaking this triadic approach to inquiry and sensemaking along with a conceptual tool from the presenters' work, "The Y of the How," will be offered as one way this approach to clinical research can be accomplished. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Estella Martinez for her help in creating the Y of the How graphic. This article is available in The Qualitative Report: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol3/iss1/5 Sensemaking in Clinical Qualitative Research by Ronald J. Chenail and Paul Maione The Qualitative Report, Volume 3, Number 1, March, 1997

Addressing the repressed needs of the Arabic client.

Abstract: In comparison to families in Western society, the traditional Arabic family plays a relatively greater role in providing support for adult progeny. This serves to condition adult offspring to continue to comply with the will and values of the family. Therefore, in exchange for familial support, Arabic individuals learn to repress authentic needs and emotions, and within that process they relinquish the need for self-actualization. Arabic society discourages individualism and opposes self-actualization by means of simultaneous punishment and moralization. Thus, there is a relatively greater development of the social value system (or superego) and comparatively less development of the self (or ego). In comparison to Western society, Arabic individuals continue to experience greater oppression during adulthood. Given these cultural differences, the processes of reliving and activating repressed needs and emotions, which ultimately serves to promote self-actualization, will transform intrapsychic conflicts into interpersonal and social ones. Thus, personal actions typically encouraged during Western psychotherapy are likely to produce significant social oppression. Indeed, promoting awareness of repressed needs and emotions often leads the Arabic client to become more helpless, because such wishes will rarely be socially sanctioned or satisfactorily fulfilled. Therefore, when addressing repressed needs and emotions in psychotherapy, ego strength, cultural identity, and degree of strictness of the client's family of origin must be considered.

Categorizing, Coding, and Manipulating Qualitative Data Using the WordPerfect® Word Processor

Abstract: In this paper, we present a method of categorizing, coding, and sorting/manipulating qualitative (descriptive) data using the capabilities of a commonly-used word processor: WordPerfect®. We explain the process and its development in simple terms for the person who may be familiar with qualitative research and data, but not with computer and/or word processor manipulation of that data. Although we developed the process to suit our methods, it can easily be adapted/evolved to fit different research situations where a method of rapidly handling large amounts of descriptive data is desirable. Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License. This article is available in The Qualitative Report: https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol3/iss1/4 Categorizing, Coding, and Manipulating Qualitative Data Using the WordPerfect® Word Processor by John H. Carney*, Joseph F. Joiner**, and Helen Tragou The Qualitative Report, Volume 3, Number 1, March, 1997

Technological substitution in mobile communications

Abstract: Asserts that innovation, which plays a key role in product and process improvement in many companies, is the very lifeblood of high technology firms. Considers that because technological change is a function of the economic growth model then technological substitution must be a sub‐function of this model. The ability to forecast technological substitution in the long‐term macro view enables strategic planners to develop trends for their specific technological application. Begins with a brief statement of the problem, followed by a discussion of the theoretical framework, review of related literature, methodology, findings, discussion of findings and their implications and, finally, recommendations to practitioners.

Schur complements and matrix inequalities of hadamard products

Abstract: Let A and B be n-square positive definite matrices. Denote the Hadamard product of A and B by A∘ B. The main results of the paper are: 1.For any matrices C and D of size m × n and 2.Let A/α be the Schur complement of A(α) in A. Then . Some other matrix inequalities of Schur complements and Hadamard products of positive definite matrices are also presented.

Choice Points:Creating Clinical Qualitative Research Studies

Abstract: Today, more psychotherapists are seeing the utility of studying their own and others' therapeutic work. With the growing popularity and acceptance of qualitative methods, the research process takes on special significance for the clinician/researcher. Using qualitative methodologies, therapists can conduct studies that are immediately relevant to their therapeutic work. In this paper, I discuss eight decisions or "choice points" clinician/researchers face when conducting clinical qualitative research studies. The choices I discuss are not all inclusive, yet they are representative of the choices most clinical qualitative projects requi Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank Dawn Shelton, Ron Chenail, and Jan Chenail for their helpful suggestions in the preparation of this paper. This article is available in The Qualitative Report: http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol3/iss2/3 Choice Points: Creating Clinical Qualitative Research Studies by Paul V. Maione The Qualitative Report, Volume 3, Number 2, July, 1997 Abstract Today, more psychotherapists are seeing the utility of studying their own and others' therapeutic work. With the growing popularity and acceptance of qualitative methods, the research process takes on special significance for the clinician/researcher. Using qualitative methodologies, therapists can conduct studies that are immediately relevant to their therapeutic work. In this paper, I discuss eight decisions or "choice points" clinician/researchers face when conducting clinical qualitative research studies. The choices I discuss are not all inclusive, yet they are representative of the choices most clinical qualitative projects require.Today, more psychotherapists are seeing the utility of studying their own and others' therapeutic work. With the growing popularity and acceptance of qualitative methods, the research process takes on special significance for the clinician/researcher. Using qualitative methodologies, therapists can conduct studies that are immediately relevant to their therapeutic work. In this paper, I discuss eight decisions or "choice points" clinician/researchers face when conducting clinical qualitative research studies. The choices I discuss are not all inclusive, yet they are representative of the choices most clinical qualitative projects require.