Showing papers by "NTT DoCoMo published in 2011"

How much energy is needed to run a wireless network

Abstract: In order to quantify the energy efficiency of a wireless network, the power consumption of the entire system needs to be captured. In this article, the necessary extensions with respect to existing performance evaluation frameworks are discussed. The most important addenda of the proposed energy efficiency evaluation framework (E3F) are a sophisticated power model for various base station types, as well as large-scale long-term traffic models. The BS power model maps the RF output power radiated at the antenna elements to the total supply power of a BS site. The proposed traffic model emulates the spatial distribution of the traffic demands over large geographical regions, including urban and rural areas, as well as temporal variations between peak and off-peak hours. Finally, the E3F is applied to quantify the energy efficiency of the downlink of a 3GPP LTE radio access network.

Enhanced intercell interference coordination challenges in heterogeneous networks

Abstract: 3GPP LTE-Advanced has recently been investigating heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployments as a cost effective way to deal with the unrelenting traffic demand. HetNets consist of a mix of macrocells, remote radio heads, and low-power nodes such as picocells, femtocells, and relays. Leveraging network topology, increasing the proximity between the access network and the end users, has the potential to provide the next significant performance leap in wireless networks, improving spatial spectrum reuse and enhancing indoor coverage. Nevertheless, deployment of a large number of small cells overlaying the macrocells is not without new technical challenges. In this article, we present the concept of heterogeneous networks and also describe the major technical challenges associated with such network architecture. We focus in particular on the standardization activities within the 3GPP related to enhanced intercell interference coordination.

Ultra-wideband Positioning Systems: Theoretical Limits, Ranging Algorithms, and Protocols

Abstract: Position estimation of wireless devices has many applications in short-range networks. Ultra-wideband (UWB) signals provide accurate positioning capabilities that can be harnessed in wireless systems to realize these applications. This title provides detailed coverage of UWB positioning systems, offering comprehensive treatment of signal and receiver design for ranging, range estimation techniques, theoretical performance bounds, ranging algorithms and protocols. Beginning with a discussion of the potential applications of wireless positioning, and investigating UWB signals for such applications, later chapters establish a signal processing framework for analyzing UWB positioning and ranging systems. The recent IEEE 802.15.4a standard related to UWB is also studied in detail. Each chapter contains examples, problems and Matlab scripts to help readers grasp key concepts. This is an ideal text for graduate students and researchers in electrical and computer engineering, and practitioners in the communications industry, particularly those in wireless communications.

Cellular Energy Efficiency Evaluation Framework

Abstract: In order to quantify the energy savings in wireless networks, the power consumption of the entire system needs to be captured and an appropriate energy efficiency evaluation framework must be defined. In this paper, the necessary enhancements over existing performance evaluation frameworks are discussed, such that the energy efficiency of the entire network comprising component, node and network level contributions can be quantified. The most important addendums over existing frameworks include a sophisticated power model for various base station (BS) types, which maps the RF output power radiated at the antenna elements to the total supply power of a BS site. We also consider an approach to quantify the energy efficiency of large geographical areas by using the existing small scale deployment models along with long term traffic models. Finally, the proposed evaluation framework is applied to quantify the energy efficiency of the downlink of a 3GPP LTE radio access network.

Capacity and Fairness Analysis of Heterogeneous Networks with Range Expansion and Interference Coordination

Abstract: Range expansion and inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) can improve the capacity and fairness of heterogeneous network (HetNet) deployments by off-loading macrocell users to low-power nodes. Due to difficulties in analytical treatment, current studies for range expansion and ICIC in HetNets rely mostly on simulations. In this letter, first, off-loading benefits of range expansion in HetNets are captured through cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of the downlink signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) difference between the macrocell and strongest picocell signals. Then, these CDFs are used to investigate the system capacity and fairness as a continuous function of the range expansion bias, and benefits of using ICIC with range expansion are demonstrated through numerical results.

Mobile communication method

Abstract: In a mobile communication method according to the present invention includes the steps of: transmitting, from a handover source radio base station to a swithcing center, a handover request including an NCC, a PCI and a K eNB *; changing, at the swithcing center, the NCC, changing, at the swithcing center, the K eNB * on the basis of the PCI, and transmitting, from the swithcing center to the handover target radio base station, the handover request including the changed NCC and the changed K eNB *; generating, at the handover target radio base station, a first key on the basis of the K eNB *; and generating, at the mobile station, the first key on the basis of the NCC and the PCI included in a handover command.

Information-processing device, information-processing method, and program

Abstract: In an information-providing system according to an embodiment of the present invention, when a communication terminal transmits request information for requesting a setting input screen, an information-processing device recognizes character information contained in the request information, and, by referring to history information, identifies location information corresponding to character information similar to the recognized character information The location information identified by the information-processing device is received by the communication terminal, and this information is reflected on a setting input screen displayed on the communication terminal As a result, when setting of a location where acquisition of notification information is desired is made using the communication terminal, a location in accordance with past history is displayed on the setting input screen, and thus, the user does not have to perform input for specifying a location, such input tending to be cumbersome, and effort and time can be reduced

Mobile communication method and wireless base station

Abstract: A mobile communication method according to the present invention includes a step A of notifying, by a radio base station eNB, a mobile station UE during communication in a subordinate cell #1 of "CSI-RS/Muting configuration information" indicating a transmission method of CSI-RS; and a step B of performing, by the mobile station UE, a reception process on the basis of the "CSI-RS/Muting configuration information".

Range Expansion and Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) for Picocell Networks

Abstract: Range expansion (RE), when applied with inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) may have significant benefits for improving the throughput and fairness of macrocell/picocell networks. In this paper, first, benefits of RE in the uplink and downlink are reviewed, emphasizing its definitive merit for uplink communications. It is shown that while RE also improves the fairness in the downlink, it may seriously degrade the total system capacity if no ICIC is utilized. Then, a novel cell-selection technique that capitalizes on subframe-blanking at the macrocell is introduced for improving the downlink capacity and fairness. System level simulation results show that the proposed cellselection method adaptively achieves a good balance between sum capacity and fairness, and can be used in place of biasbased cell-selection.

Graph-Based Dynamic Frequency Reuse in Femtocell Networks

Abstract: We address interference avoidance by resource partitioning in densely deployed femtocell networks. The main objective is to protect user equipments (UEs) that are located near the cell boundary of two or more femtocells from detrimental downlink interference. The available frequency bands are divided into subbands that are distributed among femtocells in a way that directly adjacent cells do not occupy the same subbands. For this purpose, a novel centrally controlled resource partitioning method is developed based on graph coloring that assigns subbands in terms of resource efficiency. The proposed algorithm strikes a balance between interference protection and spatial frequency reuse of subbands, and is well suited for randomly deployed wireless networks. System-level simulations reveal that cell edge capacities are significantly boosted without causing a degradation in average system throughput.

Network sharing in the next mobile network: TCO reduction, management flexibility, and operational independence

Abstract: Mobile network operators, with decreasing revenue but high network performance requirements, are standing at a crossroads. Investing in 3GPP defined highly functional mobile networks and the consequent maintenance to sustain the market-driven network service quality standard results in high total cost of ownership unseen in fixed operators. Revenue reduction will make it significantly difficult to fund such TCO in the future. In this light, sharing networks is a viable solution to reduce network expenditure, as can also be seen from present trends. However, current networking sharing solutions, although reducing TCO, come with limitations in network management flexibility, and standalone decision making in network expansion and service introduction. Virtualization-based isolation techniques have the potential of enabling network sharing along with management flexibility and independence among the sharing entities. However, virtualization brings added complexity to the overall network management structure. In this article, we propose a next mobile network architecture, where the physical network infrastructure is shared by multiple entities, but the management and control of the physical infrastructure, virtual network creation and maintenance, and the usage of the virtual networks are decoupled from each other to reduce management complexity in each segment. In addition, we address the technical as well as business perspectives of the proposed architecture, discuss open issues, and provide research directions to realize such a flexible value-added commercial network for the future.

Mobile communication method, radio base station, and mobile station

Abstract: An objective is to improve communication quality by reducing an insertion loss or the like of a diplexer inserted to reduce a leakage from an uplink band to a downlink band in different bands. A mobile communication method according to the present invention includes the steps of: transmitting simultaneous transmission capability information from a mobile station UE to a radio base station eNB, the simultaneous transmission capability information indicating whether or not the mobile station UE can transmit uplink data signals via multiple carriers in the same sub-frame while performing uplink CA; performing scheduling for the mobile station UE by the radio base station eNB on the basis of the simultaneous transmission capability information; and performing communication by the mobile station UE on the basis of the scheduling information.

Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination for Heterogeneous Networks in LTE-Advanced: A Survey

Abstract: Heterogeneous networks (het-nets) - comprising of conventional macrocell base stations overlaid with femtocells, picocells and wireless relays - offer cellular operators burgeoning traffic demands through cell-splitting gains obtained by bringing users closer to their access points. However, the often random and unplanned location of these access points can cause severe near-far problems, typically solved by coordinating base-station transmissions to minimize interference. Towards this direction, the 3rd generation partnership project Long Term Evolution-Advanced (3GPP-LTE or Rel-10) standard introduces time-domain inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) for facilitating a seamless deployment of a het-net overlay. This article surveys the key features encompassing the physical layer, network layer and back-hauling aspects of time-domain ICIC in Rel-10.

Investigation on Cell Selection Methods Associated with Inter-cell Interference Coordination in Heterogeneous Networks for LTE-Advanced Downlink

Abstract: In LTE-Advanced, a heterogeneous network where femtocells and picocells overlaid onto macrocells is extensively discussed in addition to traditional well-planned macrocell deployment to improve further the system throughput. In heterogeneous network deployment, cell selection as well as intercell interference coordination (ICIC) is very important to improve the system and cell-edge throughput. Therefore, this paper investigates three cell selection methods associated with ICIC in heterogeneous networks in the LTE-Advanced downlink: signal-to-interference plus noise power ratio (SINR)-based cell selection, reference signal received power (RSRP)-based cell selection, and reference signal received quality (RSRQ)-based cell selection. Simulation results (4 pico eNodeBs and 25 set of user equipment are uniformly located within 1 macro eNodeB) assuming full buffer model show that the downlink cell and cell-edge user throughput levels of RSRP-based cell selection are degraded by approximately 3% and 10% compared to those of SINR-based cell selection under the condition of the maximizing the cell-edge user throughput due to the impairment of the interference level. Furthermore, it is shown that the downlink cell-edge user throughput of RSRQ-based cell selection is improved approximately 5%, although the cell throughput is degraded approximately 5% compared to that for SINR-based cell selection under the condition of the maximizing the cell-edge user throughput.

Base station apparatus, mobile terminal apparatus and communication control method

Abstract: This invention is directed to provision of a base station apparatus, a mobile terminal apparatus and a communication control method. The base station apparatus can appropriately allocate a resource of a response signal of retransmission in response to a signal in which a plurality of layers are space-multiplexed in an uplink, and the base station apparatus further can support the next generation mobile communication system. The base station apparatus receives, from a mobile terminal apparatus (10), a signal in which a plurality of layers are space-multiplexed in an uplink; generates an ACK/NACK of HARQ for the signal received in each layer of the uplink; and uses an offset value, which has fixedly been specified between the base station apparatus and the mobile terminal apparatus (10) for each layer of the uplink, to allocate, to PHICH resource, the ACK/NACK of HARQ of a transport block related to each layer.

Performance of Advanced Receiver Employing Interference Rejection Combining to Suppress Inter-Cell Interference in LTE-Advanced Downlink

Abstract: The interference rejection combining (IRC) receiver is effective in improving the cell-edge user throughput because it suppresses inter-cell interference. The IRC receiver is typically based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE) criteria, which requires channel estimation and covariance matrix estimation including the inter-cell interference with high accuracy. The paper investigates the gain from the IRC receiver taking into account the estimation of the interference signal, i.e., the covariance matrix, in terms of the downlink user throughput performance in a multi-cell environment. For the estimation of the covariance matrix, two estimation schemes are considered one based on data signals and the other based on the demodulation reference signal (DM-RS). In the evaluation, to assess the actual gains of the two schemes, the inter-cell interference signals from the surrounding 56 cells are actually generated in the same way as the desired signals including reference signals, and the channel propagation from all of the cells is explicitly taken into account considering pathloss, shadowing, and multipath fading. The simulation results when the inter-site distance is 500 m and the numbers of transmitter and receiver antennas are 2 and 2, respectively, show that the IRC receiver employing the covariance matrix comprising the interference and noise component estimation improves the cell-edge user throughput (defined as the 5% value in the cumulative distribution function) by approximately 22% compared to the simplified MMSE receiver that approximates the inter-cell interference as AWGN, while the IRC receiver employing the full covariance matrix estimation degrades the average user throughput due to less accurate channel and covariance matrices.

Frequency Selective Reflectarray Using Crossed-Dipole Elements With Square Loops for Wireless Communication Applications

Abstract: A new frequency selective reflectarray (FSR) comprising a crossed-dipole array and a frequency selective surface (FSS) of square loops printed on both sides of a dielectric substrate is presented for wireless communication applications. The reflectarray functions as a reflector, and generates the desired reflected beam shape while steering the primary wave source in the desired direction. Moreover, the FSR should be partially transparent for propagation channels of other communication systems working in other frequency bands. Some new FSR designs comprising 11 by 7 elements for dual-source and dual-polarized operation are given and verified by simulation and experiment. Furthermore, the FSR is applied to a WCDMA system to eliminate blind spots in communications between the base station and mobile users. A practical link budget analysis demonstrates the effectiveness of the FSR to improve the quality of communications. Finally, the proximity effect of concrete wall on the FSR is discussed to illustrate the applicability and flexibility of the proposed frequency selective reflectarray.

Radio base station apparatus, mobile terminal apparatus and radio communication method

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to adequately report the SRS transmission timing and SRS parameters to a mobile terminal apparatus, when an aperiodic SRS is adopted, and efficiently use radio resources to be used for SRS transmission. A radio base station apparatus that reports SRS transmission control information to a mobile terminal apparatus and controls transmission of an SRS by the mobile terminal apparatus, and the radio base station apparatus has an SRS setting section that selects bit information to report to the mobile terminal apparatus, from a table having bit information to indicate not to trigger the SRS and bit information to indicate to trigger the SRS using a default SRS parameter, and a reporting section that reports the bit information for the mobile terminal apparatus using a downlink control channel.

Performance evaluation of inter-cell interference coordination and cell range expansion in heterogeneous networks for LTE-Advanced downlink

Abstract: In Long-Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced, heterogeneous networks where femtocells and picocells are overlaid onto macrocells are extensively discussed in addition to traditional well-planned macrocell deployment to improve further the system throughput. In heterogeneous network deployment, combined usage of inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) and cell range expansion (CRE) is very effective in improving the system and cell-edge throughput. In this combined usage, the fraction of the sets of user equipment (UEs) connected to the picocells, which are controlled through CRE, and that connected to macrocells affect the gain from the ICIC. Therefore, this paper evaluates the performance of ICIC and CRE in picocell deployments in the LTE-Advanced downlink. Simulation results (4 picocells and 30 UEs are located within 1 macrocell) assuming a full buffer model show that when the CRE offset value is set between 8 to 20 dB, almost the same user throughput performance is obtained by allocating the appropriate resources to protect UEs that connect to the picocells.

An adaptive bias configuration strategy for range extension in LTE-advanced heterogeneous networks

Abstract: The coexistence of macro eNodeBs and the additional low power nodes (LPNs) may lead to much higher interference in LTE-Advanced Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) In Macro Pico scenario, Range Extension (RE) is a promising scheme to utilize the LPN resources more effectively and improve the cell edge performance However, it may introduce more interference if the bias value is not properly set In this paper, an adaptive bias configuration strategy for RE is proposed In this strategy, the bias value is set adaptively according to the environment variability, which contains three stages including bias initialization, system performance feedback and dynamic bias value setting The proposed scheme aims to make the RE scheme adaptive and improve the cell edge users' performance through cell load balance Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve the cell edge performance compared with the static bias setting strategies, while maintaining the overall cell performance

Subspace Alignment Chains and the Degrees of Freedom of the Three-User MIMO Interference Channel

Abstract: We show that the 3 user M_T x M_R MIMO interference channel has d(M,N)=min(M/(2-1/k),N/(2+1/k)) degrees of freedom (DoF) normalized by time, frequency, and space dimensions, where M=min(M_T,M_R), N=max(M_T,M_R), k=ceil{M/(N-M)}. While the DoF outer bound is established for every M_T, M_R value, the achievability is established in general subject to normalization with respect to spatial-extensions. Given spatial-extensions, the achievability relies only on linear beamforming based interference alignment schemes with no need for time/frequency extensions. In the absence of spatial extensions, we show through examples how essentially the same scheme may be applied over time/frequency extensions. The central new insight to emerge from this work is the notion of subspace alignment chains as DoF bottlenecks. The DoF value d(M,N) is a piecewise linear function of M,N, with either M or N being the bottleneck within each linear segment. The corner points of these piecewise linear segments correspond to A={1/2,2/3,3/4,...} and B={1/3,3/5,5/7,...}. The set A contains all values of M/N and only those for which there is redundancy in both M and N. The set B contains all values of M/N and only those for which there is no redundancy in either M or N. Our results settle the feasibility of linear interference alignment, introduced by Cenk et al., for the 3 user M_T x M_R MIMO interference channel, completely for all values of M_T, M_R. Specifically, the linear interference alignment problem (M_T x M_R, d)^3 (as defined in previous work by Cenk et al.) is feasible if and only if d<=floor{d(M,N)}. With and only with the exception of the values M/N\in B, we show that for every M/N value there are proper systems that are not feasible. Our results show that M/N\in A are the only values for which there is no DoF benefit of joint processing among co-located antennas at the transmitters or receivers.

QoE-Based Cross-Layer Optimization of Wireless Video with Unperceivable Temporal Video Quality Fluctuation

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel approach for Quality of Experience (QoE) driven cross-layer optimization for wireless video transmission. We formulate the cross-layer optimization problem with a constraint on the temporal fluctuation of the video quality. Our objective is to minimize the temporal change of the video quality as perceivable quality fluctuations negatively affect the overall quality of experience. The proposed QoE scheme jointly optimizes the application layer and the lower layers of a wireless protocol stack. It allocates network resources and performs rate adaptation such that the fluctuations lie within the range of unperceivable changes. We determine corresponding perception thresholds via extensive subjective tests and evaluate the proposed scheme using an OPNET High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) emulator. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach leads to a noticeable improvement of overall user satisfaction for the provided video delivery service when compared to state-of-the-art approaches.

On Minimizing Base Station Power Consumption

Abstract: We consider resource allocation over a wireless downlink where Base Station (BS) power consumption is minimized while upholding a set of required link rates. A Power and Resource Allocation Including Sleep (PRAIS) method is proposed that combines resource sharing, Power Control (PC), and Discontinuous Transmission (DTX), such that downlink power consumption is minimized, which can be formed into a convex optimization problem. Unlike conventional approaches that aim at minimizing transmit power, in this work the BS mains supply power is chosen as the relevant metric. Based on a linear power model, which maps a certain transmit power to the necessary mains supply power, we quantify the fundamental limits of PRAIS in terms of achievable BS power savings. The fundamental limits are numerically evaluated on link level for four sets of BS power model parameters representative of envisaged future hardware developments. We establish an expected lower limit for PRAIS of 27W to 68W depending on load per link for BSs installed in 2014, which provides a 61% to 34% gain over conventional resource allocation schemes.

Radio base station apparatus, mobile terminal device and wireless communication method

Abstract: To provide a radio base station apparatus, mobile terminal device and wireless communication method for transmitting and receiving downlink channel quality measurement reference signals in consideration of interference estimation of high accuracy, in a wireless communication method of the invention, a radio base station apparatus generates channel quality measurement reference signals, and maps the channel quality measurement reference signals to two adjacent symbols, and a mobile terminal device receives a downlink signal including the channel quality measurement reference signals mapped to two adjacent symbols, and performs interfering power estimation using the channel quality measurement reference signals mapped to two adjacent symbols.

The role of ontologies in emergent middleware: supporting interoperability in complex distributed systems

Abstract: Interoperability is a fundamental problem in distributed systems, and an increasingly difficult problem given the level of heterogeneity and dynamism exhibited by contemporary systems. While progress has been made, we argue that complexity is now at a level such that existing approaches are inadequate and that a major re-think is required to identify principles and associated techniques to achieve this central property of distributed systems. In this paper, we postulate that emergent middleware is the right way forward; emergent middleware is a dynamically generated distributed system infrastructure for the current operating environment and context. In particular, we focus on the key role of ontologies in supporting this process and in providing underlying meaning and associated reasoning capabilities to allow the right run-time choices to be made. The paper presents the Connect middleware architecture as an example of emergent middleware and highlights the role of ontologies as a cross-cutting concern throughout this architecture. Two experiments are described as initial evidence of the potential role of ontologies in middleware. Important remaining challenges are also documented.

Component Carrier Management for Carrier Aggregation in LTE-Advanced System

Abstract: This paper focuses on investigating appropriate management of Component Carriers(CCs) in carrier aggregation( CA) system, which is identified as one of the most distinct features of 4G systems including Long Term Evolution- Advanced (LTE-A). An LTE-A user equipment (UE) is allowed to concurrently utilize multiple carriers, which leads to scalable increase in user throughput. However, in certain circumstances, aggregating entire available carriers for a UE is not meaningful due to probably low channel quality or high traffic load in some of the CCs. Therefore, how to make good use of multiple carriers in real deployment scenarios is an important issue. Based on the analysis of resource allocation across multiple carriers in Layer-2, two CC management methods in Layer- 3 are proposed. The proposed method is shown by simulation results to be effective in providing comparable user throughput with lower implementation complexity, as compared to solely ingenious resource allocation.

Improved Blind Interference Alignment in a Cellular Environment Using Power Allocation and Cell-Based Clusters

Abstract: Fundamentally, benefits of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) in wireless systems rest on increasing the number of Degrees of Freedom (DoFs) that can be exploited for transmission. DoFs can be used to increase spectral efficiency and/or provide increased diversity. However, exploiting DoFs in MIMO often requires knowledge of Channel State Information (CSI) at the transmitter and/or receiver. Obtaining CSI creates overheads due to the required use of wireless resources for CSI-estimation pilots and/or CSI feedback. This can create a fundamental "dimensionality bottleneck" that limits the growth in spectral efficiency for some conventional MIMO systems. Recently a new class of techniques known as "Blind Interference Alignment" (BIA) has demonstrated the possibility to grow DoFs without many of the CSI overheads of conventional systems. BIA therefore has the potential to relieve the "dimensionality bottleneck". However, BIA can have limited applicability to many users in a cellular environment given that it requires a high Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) to operate efficiently. By examining BIA, we present a method to reduce the SNR requirements and improve the application of BIA through power allocation and cluster-based transmission. We show that BIA can be applied successfully in cellular without the need for joint processing between base-stations, and can improve performance over conventional MIMO for even cell-edge users in some scenarios.

Improved Component Carrier Selection Method for Non-Continuous Carrier Aggregation in LTE-Advanced Systems

Abstract: In order to meet the requirement of wider bandwidth in IMT-Advanced, carrier aggregation (CA) is introduced by 3GPP to support bandwidth up to 100MHz in its LTE-Advanced standards. An LTE Rel.10 UE can aggregate up to 5 component carriers (CCs) simultaneously, but may be assigned only part of the total available CCs depending on its capability or traffic load. Thus, a proper CC selection method is necessary. First, two traditional CC selection methods respectively named Random and Round Robin CC selection are investigated, which can well balance the load across different CCs. However, neither of them is suitable for non-continuous CA scenarios through our analysis. To solve this problem, an improved CC selection method for non-continuous CA is proposed in this paper. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms both of the traditional ones.

Scalable routing easy as PIE: A practical isometric embedding protocol

Abstract: We present PIE, a scalable routing scheme that achieves 100% packet delivery and low path stretch. It is easy to implement in a distributed fashion and works well when costs are associated to links. Scalability is achieved by using virtual coordinates in a space of concise dimensionality, which enables greedy routing based only on local knowledge. PIE is a general routing scheme, meaning that it works on any graph. We focus however on the Internet, where routing scalability is an urgent concern. We show analytically and by using simulation that the scheme scales extremely well on Internet-like graphs. In addition, its geometric nature allows it to react efficiently to topological changes or failures by finding new paths in the network at no cost, yielding better delivery ratios than standard algorithms. The proposed routing scheme needs an amount of memory polylogarithmic in the size of the network and requires only local communication between the nodes. Although each node constructs its coordinates and routes packets locally, the path stretch remains extremely low, even lower than for centralized or less scalable state-of-the-art algorithms: PIE always finds short paths and often enough finds the shortest paths.