Showing papers by "Ohio State University published in 1986"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with specification, estimation and tests of single equation reduced form type equations in which the dependent variable takes only non-negative integer values, and provide a detailed application of the estimators and tests to a model of the number of doctor consultations.
Abstract: This paper deals with specification, estimation and tests of single equation reduced form type equations in which the dependent variable takes only non-negative integer values. Beginning with Poisson and compound Poisson models, which involve strong assumptions, a variety of possible stochastic models and their implications are discussed. A number of estimators and their properties are considered in the light of uncertainty about the data generation process. The paper also considers the role of tests in sequential revision of the model specification beginr ing with the Poisson case and provides a detailed application of the estimators and tests to a model of the number of doctor consultations.
1,838 citations
TL;DR: An invariant of graphs called the tree-width is introduced, and used to obtain a polynomially bounded algorithm to test if a graph has a subgraph contractible to H, where H is any fixed planar graph.
1,726 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the Journal of Applied Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, and Personnel Psychology over a ten-year period (1975-1984) and located 152 studies that employed factor analysis and analyzed the choices made by the researchers concerning factor model, retention criteria, rotation, interpretation of factors and other issues relevant to factor analysis.
Abstract: Although factor analysis has been a major contributing factor in advancing psychological research, a systematic assessment of how it has been applied is lacking. For this review we examined the Journal of Applied Psychology, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, and Personnel Psychology over a ten-year period (1975–1984) and located 152 studies that employed factor analysis. We then analyzed the choices made by the researchers concerning factor model, retention criteria, rotation, interpretation of factors and other issues relevant to factor analysis. The results indicate that choices made by researchers have generally been poor and that reporting practices have not allowed for informed review, cumulation of results, or replicability. A comparison of results by time interval (1975–1979; 1980–1984) revealed minimal differences in choices made or the quality of reporting practices. Suggestions for improving the use of factor analysis and the reporting of results are presented.
1,664 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, middle managers from three organizational samples responded to an open-ended questionnaire in which they described the determinants of particularly fair or unfair performance appraisals by Qsort procedure.
Abstract: Middle managers from three organizational samples responded to an open-ended questionnaire in which they described the determinants of particularly fair or unfair performance appraisals. By Qsort procedure, the responses were categorized and combined to yield seven distinct determinants of fairness in performance evaluations. Ratings of the perceived importance of these determinants were factor analyzed, revealing two distinct factors---procedural determinants and distributive determinants. The implications of the reported determinants are discussed with respect to existing research and theory on justice in organizations.
936 citations
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01 Jan 1986TL;DR: The authors found that Japanese tonal patterns are sparsely specified, which suggests that they are much more similar to English intonational structures than earlier descriptions would have allowed, and they also showed that Japanese tone structures can be found to have a more concrete sort than hitherto suspected.
Abstract: Comparisons between Japanese and English prosodics have usually either focused on the strikingly apparent phonetic differences between the stress patterns of English and the tonal accent patterns of Japanese or concentrated upon formal similarities between the abstract arrangements of the stresses and tones. A recent investigation of tone structure in Japanese (Pierrehumbert & Beckman forthcoming), however, has convinced us that if the proper prosodic phenomena are compared, far more pervasive similarities can be discovered and of a much more concrete sort than hitherto suspected. In particular, there is now extensive evidence that Japanese tonal patterns are very sparsely specified, which suggests that they are much more similar to English intonational structures than earlier descriptions would have allowed.
888 citations
866 citations
TL;DR: It is proved that for every planar graph H there is a number w such that every graph with no minor isomorphic to H can be constructed from graphs with at most w vertices, by piecing them together in a tree structure.
818 citations
TL;DR: Six generic tasks that are very useful as building blocks for the construction of knowledge-based systems are found: hierarchical classification, hypothesis matching, and knowledge-directed information passing as three generic tasks and showed how certain classes of diagnostic problems can be implemented as an integration of these generic tasks.
Abstract: ion level relative to the information processing task, some control issues are artifacts of the representation. In our opinion these are often misinterpreted as issues at the knowledge level. For example, rule-based approaches often concern themselves with syntactic conflict resolution strategies. When the knowledge is viewed at the appropriate level, we can often see the existence of organizations of knowledge that bring up only a small, highly relevant body of knowledge without any need for conflict resolution at all. Of course, these organizational constructs could be \"programmed\" in the rule language (metarules are meant to do this in rule-based systems), but because of the status assigned to the rules and their control as knowledge-level phenomena (as opposed to the implementation-level phenomena, which they often are), knowledge acquisition is often directed toward strategies for conflict resolution, whereas they ought to be directed to issues of knowledge organization. This is not to argue that rule representations and backwardor forward-chaining controls are not natural for some situations. If all a problem solver has in the form of knowledge in a domain is a large collection of unorganized associative patterns, then data-directed or goal-directed associations may be the best the agent can do. But that is precisely the occasion for weak methods such as hypothesize -and-match (of which the above associations are variants), and, typically, successful solutions cannot be expected in complex problems without combinatorial searches. Typically, however, expertise consists of much better organized collections of knowledge, with control behavior indexed by the kinds of organization and forms of knowledge they contain. We have found six generic tasks that are very useful as building blocks for the construction (and understanding) of knowledge-based systems. These tasks cover a wide range of existing expert systems. Because of their role as building blocks, we call them elementary generic tasks. While we have been adding to our repertoire of elementary generic tasks for quite some time, the basic elements of the framework have been in place for a number of years. In particular, our work on MDX4,5 identified hierarchical classification, hypothesis matching, and knowledge-directed information passing as three generic tasks and showed how certain classes of diagnostic problems can be implemented as an integration of these generic tasks. (In the past we have also referred to them as problem-solving types.) Over the years we have identified several others: object synthesis by plan selection and refinement,6 state abstraction,7 and abductive assembly of hypotheses.8 This list is not exhaustive; in fact, our ongoing research objective is to identify other useful generic tasks and understand their knowledge representation and control
717 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed estimators of a and c are similar to those of Fama and Roll, except that the small asymptotic bias in their estimators has been eliminated, and their restrictions that a be no less than 1.0 and that the distribution be symmetrical have been relaxed.
Abstract: The four parameters of a stable distribution may be estimated consistently from five pre-determined sample quantiles with the aid of the accompanying tables, for a in the range [0.6, 2.0] and g in the range [-1, 1]. The problem of the discontinuity of the traditional location parameter in the asymmetrical cases as a passes unity is resolved. The proposed estimators of a and c are similar to those of Fama and Roll, except that the small asymptotic bias in their estimators has been eliminated, and their restrictions that a be no less than 1.0 and that the distribution be symmetrical have been relaxed. The proposed estimators can provide good initialization values for other more efficient, but computer-intensive, methods.
660 citations
TL;DR: Lung neutrophils predicted the severity of abnormalities in gas exchange and lung protein permeability and correlated directly with the alveolar-arterial Po2 difference and lavage fluid total protein concentrations.
Abstract: Although neutrophils are of pathogenetic importance in various animal models of acute lung injury, their role in the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is unclear. To study the significance of lung neutrophils in this disorder, patients with ARDS (n = 11) were evaluated by bronchoalveolar lavage within 24 h of admission to the intensive care unit. Patients with non-ARDS respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation (n = 4) and normal volunteers (n = 12) were also studied. Neutrophils constituted 67.6 +/- 9.8% of recovered lavage cells in patients with ARDS compared with only 4.0 +/- 2.4% of cells in mechanically ventilated control patients and 0.8 +/- 0.2% in normal volunteers (p less than 0.005, both comparisons). Furthermore, in patients with ARDS (n = 6) evaluated serially by bronchoalveolar lavage at 72-h intervals, neutrophil percentages decreased from 91 +/- 3.2% (initial lavage) to 42.8 +/- 12% (final lavage) (p less than 0.005). Lung neutrophils also predicted the severity of abnormalities in gas exchange and lung protein permeability. That is, the percentage of neutrophils correlated directly with the alveolar-arterial Po2 difference (r = 0.69, p less than 0.01) and lavage fluid total protein concentrations (r = 0.62, p less than 0.01). Because large numbers of lung neutrophils were present in these patients, ARDS lavage fluid was assayed for neutrophil mediators relevant to the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. Neutrophil elastase activity was not detected in any ARDS lavages, although elastase was antigenically present in most samples and appeared to be complexed to alpha-1-antitrypsin. In contrast to elastase, neutrophil collagenase was readily detectable in ARDS fluid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
553 citations
TL;DR: Researchers display confirmation bias when they persevere by revising procedures until obtaining a theory-predicted result, which produces findings that are overgeneralized in avoidable ways, and this in turn hinders successful applications.
Abstract: Researchers display confirmation bias when they persevere by revising procedures until obtaining a theory-predicted result. This strategy produces findings that are overgeneralized in avoidable ways, and this in turn hinders successful applications. (The 40-year history of an attitude-change phenomenon, the sleeper effect, stands as a case in point.) Confirmation bias is an expectable product of theorycentered research strategies, including both the puzzle-solving activity of T. S. Kuhn's "normal science" and, more surprisingly, K. R. Popper's recommended method of falsification seeking. The alternative strategies of condition seeking (identifying limiting conditions for a known finding) and design (discovering conditions that can produce a previously unobtained result) are result centered; they are directed at producing specified patterns of data rather than at the logically impossible goals of establishing either the truth or falsity of a theory. Result-centered methods are by no means atheoretical. Rather, they oblige resourcefulness in using existing theory and can stimulate novel development of theory.
TL;DR: In addition to the critique and reformulation of standard research practice, feminist methodology involves the development of innovative methodological approaches, including visual techniques, conversational and textual analysis, and analysis of spontaneous events as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: This analysis focuses on feminist methodology in the field of sociology by surveying the techniques used in recent research concerning gender-related topics as well as feminist analyses of epistemological assumptions underlying the conduct of inquiry. In addition to the critique and reformulation of standard research practice, feminist methodology involves the development of innovative methodological approaches, including visual techniques, conversational and textual analysis, and analysis of spontaneous events. Linked to the development of innovation is the feminist analysis of the epistemological assumptions which underlie different ways of knowing. These principles of feminist knowledge include (1) the necessity of continuously and reflexively attending to the significance of gender relations as a basic feature of all social life, including the conduct of research; (2) the centrality of consciousness-raising as a specific methodological tool and as a “way of seeing;” (3) the need to challenge the norm of “objectivity” that assumes a dichotomy between the subject and object of research; (4) the concern for the ethical implications of research; and (5) an emphasis on the transformation of patriarchy and the empowerment of women.
TL;DR: This article presents construct validity evidence for three measures of coping behavior related to job stress: control, escape, and symptom management.
Abstract: For researchers studying how people cope with job stress, a major empirical concern is the development of coping measures. This article presents construct validity evidence for three measures of coping behavior related to job stress: control, escape, and symptom management. The psychometric properti
Book•
01 Feb 1986TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an introduction to social research methods, including experiments, quasi-experiments, and non-experimentation, and internal and external validation of laboratory experiments.
Abstract: Part 1: Introduction to Social Research Methods 1. Basic Concepts 2. Internal and External Validity 3. Measurement Reliability 4. Measurement Validity Part 2: Research Design Strategies: Experiments, Quasi-experiments, and Non-experiments 5. Designing Experiments: Variations on the Basics 6. Constructing Laboratory Experiments 7. External Validity of Laboratory Experiments 8. Conducting Experiments outside the Laboratory 9. Nonexperimental Research: Correlational Design and Analyses 10. Quasi-Experiments and Evaluation Research Part 3: Data Collecting Methods 11. Survey Studies: Design and Sampling 12. Systematic Observational Methods 13. Interviewing 14. Content Analysis 15. Questionnaire Design and Scale Construction 16. Implicit Measures of Cognition and Affect 17. Scaling Stimuli: Social Psychophysics 18. Methods for Assessing Dyads and Groups Part 4: Concluding Perspectives 19. Synthesizing Research Results: Meta-Analysis 20. Social Responsibility and Ethics in Social Research
TL;DR: Results support the possibility that the OHCs may have cellular facilities for motility and localization of contractile and cytoskeletal proteins, and suggest that the stereociliary stiffness may be modulated by the sensory cells themselves, most likely via the cuticular plate-rootlet complex.
TL;DR: Midline sagittal cuts indicated that the schizophrenics had significantly smaller frontal lobes, as well as smaller cerebrums and craniums, which suggest that schizophrenics may have a type of structural frontal system impairment.
Abstract: .• Thirty-eight schizophrenics and 49 normal controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging. Midline sagittal cuts indicated that the schizophrenics had significantly smaller frontal lobes, as well as smaller cerebrums and craniums. The findings are consistent with some type of early developmental abnormality that might retard brain growth and therefore skull growth. These findings are confirmed on a smaller sample of patients on whom we have coronal cuts. Decreased cerebral and cranial size are associated with prominent negative symptoms, although decreased frontal size is not. Decreased cranial and cerebral size was also associated with impairment on some cognitive tests. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that some schizophrenics may have a type of early developmental abnormality associated with prominent negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. Further, the results suggest that schizophrenics may have a type of structural frontal system impairment. Thus, they provide anatomic evidence for the "hypofrontality hypothesis."
TL;DR: A primary role for complement in mediating vessel injury in the disease, particularly in its childhood form is suggested, in addition to providing further evidence for the presence of vasculopathy in dermatomyositis.
Abstract: We examined the role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of dermatomyositis. Using an antibody against the neoantigens of the terminal C5b-9 membrane attack complex, we performed immunocytochemical studies that localized this complex to the intramuscular microvasculature (arterioles and capillaries) of muscle biopsy specimens from 10 of 12 patients (83 percent) with childhood dermatomyositis and 5 of 19 patients (26 percent) with adult dermatomyositis. Fifty-two control specimens, including 14 from patients with polymyositis and 12 from patients with denervation atrophy (a condition known to be associated with necrotic capillaries), showed no deposition of membrane attack complex in the microvasculature. These findings indicate that the complement system is deposited, bound, and activated to completion within the intramuscular microvasculature of patients with dermatomyositis. In addition to providing further evidence for the presence of vasculopathy in dermatomyositis, these findings suggest a primary role for complement in mediating vessel injury in the disease, particularly in its childhood form.
TL;DR: A review of the literature on applications of self-efficacy theory to the career domain is provided in this paper, where the authors describe the utility of the selfefficacy construct in understanding the mechanisms affecting women's disadvantaged status in the labor force and the usefulness of career selfefficacies in building models predicting the occupational choice behavior of men and women.
Abstract: This paper reviews the literature on applications of Bandura's (1977, 1982) self-efficacy theory to the career domain. After a description of the' utility of the self-efficacy construct in understanding the mechanisms affecting women's disadvantaged status in the labor force and the usefulness of career self-efficacy in building models predicting the occupational choice behavior of men and women, a review of the research on career self-efficacy is provided. Investigations of self-perceptions of efficacy in relation to occupational choices provide support for the major hypotheses derived from self-efficacy theory.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identified implementation tactics used by managers in making planned changes by profiling 91 case studies and found four types of tactics, variations within these tactics, and h...
Abstract: This study identified implementation tactics used by managers in making planned changes by profiling 91 case studies. Analysis revealed four types of tactics, variations within these tactics, and h...
TL;DR: Criteria for the classification of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were analyzed in a detailed database of 250 children in order to assess the accuracy of diagnosis and validity of onset types and course subtypes.
Abstract: Criteria for the classification of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were analyzed in a detailed database of 250 children in order to assess the accuracy of diagnosis and validity of onset types and course subtypes. A number of conclusions have been derived from this study: All definitions of the 1973 criteria for classification of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis should be retained. The addition of onset types to the 1976 revision of the criteria has been validated. The course of the disease after the onset period of 6 months is as important to the outcome of a group of children as is the onset type. The current classification should be broadened to include the course subtypes.
TL;DR: The analyses of two ice cores from a southern tropical ice cap provide a record of climatic conditions over 1000 years for a region where other proxy records are nearly absent and confirms the worldwide character of the Little Ice Age.
Abstract: The analyses of two ice cores from a southern tropical ice cap provide a record of climatic conditions over 1000 years for a region where other proxy records are nearly absent. Annual variations in visible dust layers, oxygen isotopes, microparticle concentrations, conductivity, and identification of the historical (A.D. 1600) Huaynaputina ash permit accurate dating and time-scale verification. The fact that the Little Ice Age (about A.D. 1500 to 1900) stands out as a significant climatic event in the oxygen isotope and electrical conductivity records confirms the worldwide character of this event.
TL;DR: This paper reported the results of an empirical examination of the relations between the volume of securities traded, the magnitude of "surprises" in annual earnings announcements, and firm size, and showed a continuous (positive) relationship between trading volume and security prices.
Abstract: This paper reports the results of an empirical examination of the relations between the volume of securities traded, the magnitude of "surprises" in annual earnings announcements, and firm size. Although early trading volume studies (e.g., Beaver [1968], Kiger [1972], and Foster [1973]) replicated basic information content studies, with findings similar to those based on security prices, we should not expect that security price and trading volume research will continue to yield identical results when more refined hypotheses are tested. Trading volume reflects investors' activity by summing all market trades, whereas security prices reflect an aggregation or averaging of investors' beliefs. As a result, we will on occasion observe differences between price and volume reactions to earnings announcements, as did Morse [1981]. This study extends the recent trend toward tests of more refined hypotheses by using a larger sample to examine the associations between unexpected earnings, firm size, and trading volume, and testing whether such associations can be generalized across fiscal year-end dates and stock exchange listing. My results show a continuous (positive) relationship between trading
TL;DR: Results show that the class II intron products are similar to those of nuclear pre-mRNA splicing, particularly the spliced exons and broken form of the lariat.
TL;DR: Data from the Brief Symptom Inventory showed significantly increased global self-rated distress associated with examinations in the no-intervention group, compared to nonsignificant change in the relaxation group.
Abstract: This study assessed the psychosocial modulation of cellular immunity in 34 medical-student volunteers. The first blood sample was obtained 1 month before examinations, and the second on the day of examinations. There were significant declines in the percentage of helper/inducer T- lymphocytes, in the helper/inducer-suppressor/cytotoxic-cell ratio, and in natural killer-cell activity in the blood samples obtained on the day of examinations. Half of the subjects were randomly assigned to a relaxation group which met between sample points; the frequency of relaxation practice was a significant predictor of the percentages of helper/inducer cells in the examination sample. Three biochemical nutritional assays (albumin, transferrin, and total iron-binding protein) were within normal limits on both samples. Data from the Brief Symptom Inventory showed significantly increased global self-rated distress associated with examinations in the no-intervention group, compared to nonsignificant change in the relaxation group. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the convergence and absolute convergence of orthogonal polynomials on infinite intervals and on the untt crrcle can be explained by the convergence of Christoffel functions.
TL;DR: In cases where such indicators are absent, it has been observed by Jespersen, and in more detail in a series of recent articles by Helen Dry, that the aspectual classes of the predicates in the discourse seem to determine these temporal relationships.
Abstract: But in cases where such indicators are absent, it has been observed by Jespersen, and in more detail in a series of recent articles by Helen Dry (1978, ms.), that the aspectual classes of the predicates in the discourse, i.e. their Aktionsarten, seem to determine these temporal relationships. (By aspectual class I refer to the taxonomy of predicates originating with Aristotle and known in the Anglo-Saxon tradition through the work of Ryle, Kenny and Vendler; I will refer to these classes by Vendler's names States, Activities, Accomplishments and Achievements, and I assume that the reader is acquainted with the syntactic and semantic tests usually employed to distinguish these categories (cf. Vendler, 1967; Dowty, 1979).) If a sentence in a narrative contains an accomplishment or achieve ment predicate but no definite time adverb, that sentence is understood to describe an event occurring later than the time of the previous sentence's event (or in the literary analyst's terms, narrative time "moves forward" in the second sentence). For example, (2) indicates this phenomenon with an accomplishment, walk over to him,
TL;DR: The ability of certain taxa to use taste to discriminate between high and low quality food particles has important implications for competition between zooplankton species and for interactions between planktonic grazers and their food resources.
Abstract: Laboratory experiments with flavored and untreated polystyrene spheres revealed major differences in taste discrimination among diverse taxa of freshwater zooplankton. Copepods showed the strongest responses to flavor treatments. Both nauplii and copepodites of calanoid (Diaptomus) and cyclopoid (Cyclops) copepods selected flavored spheres over untreated ones. Moreover, a small cyclopoid, Tropocyclops, actively fed on an alga (Chlamydomonas) but did not ingest untreated spheres of the same size. Taste tests with cladocerans verified an overall tendency to ingest inert particles but also demonstrated important differences between families. Daphnids (4 species), Chydorus (Chydoridae) and Diaphanosoma (Sididae) did not respond to flavor treatments, while 2 species of bosminids selectively ingested flavored spheres. Daphnia also fed nonselectively in mixtures of algae and untreated spheres while Bosmina preferred algae over untreated spheres. Different species of rotifers exhibited 3 distinct responses to the flavor treatments: 1) Brachionus fed nonselectively, 2) Filinia fed preferentially on flavored 6 μm spheres, and 3) Polyarthra, Keratella, Synchaeta, and Noltholca infrequently ingested any spheres.
TL;DR: In this article, a dynamic model of personal control is proposed, defined as the individual's beliefs, at a given point in time, in his or her ability to effect a change, in a desired direction, on the environment.
Abstract: A dynamic model of personal control is proposed in this paper. Personal control is defined as the individual's beliefs, at a given point in time, in his or her ability to effect a change, in a desired direction, on the environment. Individuals in organizations are viewed as desirous of increasing their personal control. It is argued that employees of organizations persist in their attempts to restore a balance in their control perceptions, even when desired outcomes may not be attainable. Managerial implications of the model are described.
TL;DR: In this paper, le modele de type Mallows is examined for a distance generale and on etudie ensuite les distances for lesquelles le mode le peut etre decompose en facteurs representant des etapes independantes din le processus de classement.
Abstract: On examine le modele de type Mallows pour une distance generale et on etudie ensuite les distances pour lesquelles le modele peut etre decompose en facteurs representant des etapes independantes dans le processus de classement