Showing papers by "Ohio State University published in 1995"
TL;DR: The data indicate that the BBB scale is a valid and predictive measure of locomotor recovery able to distinguish behavioral outcomes due to different injuries and to predict anatomical alterations at the lesion center.
Abstract: Behavioral assessment after spinal cord contusion has long focused on open field locomotion using modifications of a rating scale developed by Tarlov and Klinger (1954). However, on-going modifications by several groups have made interlaboratory comparison of locomotor outcome measures difficult. The purpose of the present study was to develop an efficient, expanded, and unambiguous locomotor rating scale to standardize locomotor outcome measures across laboratories. Adult rats (n = 85) were contused at T7–9 cord level with an electromagnetic or weight drop device. Locomotor behavior was evaluated before injury, on the first or second postoperative day, and then for up to 10 weeks. Scoring categories and attributes were identified, operationally defined, and ranked based on the observed sequence of locomotor recovery patterns. These categories formed the Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) Locomotor Rating Scale. The data indicate that the BBB scale is a valid and predictive measure of locomotor reco...
3,943 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the resource-based theory as a means of analyzing sustainability and develop a model based on this resourcebased view of the firm, which is then applied to four attributes of IT, i.e., capital requirements, proprietary technology, technical IT skills, and managerial IT skills.
Abstract: The concept of IT as a powerful competitive weapon has been strongly emphasized in the literature, yet the sustainability of the competitive advantage provided by IT applications is not well-explained. This work discusses the resource-based theory as a means of analyzing sustainability and develops a model founded on this resource-based view of the firm. This model is then applied to four attributes of IT -- capital requirements, proprietary technology, technical IT skills, and managerial IT skills -- which might be sources of sustained competitive advantage. From this resource-based analysis, we conclude that managerial IT skills is the only one of these attributes that can provide sustainability.
2,426 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that high educational attainment improves health directly and it improves health indirectly through work and economic conditions, social-psychological resources, and health lifestyle.
Abstract: University of Illinois, Urbana The positive association between education and health is well established, but explanations for this association are not. Our explanations fall into three categories: (1) work and economic conditions, (2) social-psychological resources, and (3) health lifestyle. We replicate analyses with two samples, cross-sectionally and over time, using two health measures (self-reported health and physical functioning). The first data set comes from a national probability sample of U.S. households in which respondents were interviewed by telephone in 1990 (2,031 respondents, ages 18 to 90). The second data set comes from a national probability sample of U.S. households in which respondents ages 20 to 64 were interviewed by telephone first in 1979 (3,025 respondents), and then again in 1980 (2,436 respondents). Results demonstrate a positive association between education and health and help explain why the association exists. (1) Compared to the poorly educated, well educated respondents are less likely to be unemployed, are more likely to work full-time, to have fulfilling, subjectively rewarding jobs, high incomes, and low economic hardship. Full-time work, fulfilling work, high income, and low economic hardship in turn significantly improve health in all analyses. (2) The well educated report a greater sense of control over their lives and their health, and they have higher levels of social support. The sense of control, and to a lesser extent support, are associated with good health. (3) The well educated are less likely to smoke, are more likely to exercise, to get health check-ups, and to drink moderately, all of which, except check-ups, are associated with good health. We conclude that high educational attainment improves health directly, and it improves health indirectly through work and economic conditions, social-psychological resources, and health lifestyle. he positive association between education and health is well established, but explanations for this association are not. Well educated people experience better health than the poorly educated, as indicated by high levels of self-reported health and physical functioning and low levels of morbidity, mortality, and disability. In contrast, low educational attainment is associated with high rates of infectious disease, many chronic noninfectious diseases, self-reported poor health, shorter survival when sick, and shorter life expectancy (Feldman, Makuc, Kleinman, and Cornoni-Huntley 1989; Guralnik, Land, Fillenbaum, and Branch 1993; Gutzwiller, LaVecchia, Levi, Negri, and Wietlisbach 1989; Kaplan, Haan, and Syme 1987; Kitagawa and Hauser 1973; Liu, Cedres, and Stamler 1982; Morris 1990; Pappas, Queen,
1,747 citations
TL;DR: An algorithm, which for fixed k ≥ 0 has running time O (| V(G) | 3 ), to solve the following problem: given a graph G and k pairs of vertices of G, decide if there are k mutually vertex-disjoint paths of G joining the pairs.
1,438 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tribology in thin films and at surfaces has been presented, which is of fundamental importance in many pure and applied sciences, such as computer simulations.
Abstract: Friction, wear and lubrication between materials in contact are of fundamental importance in many pure and applied sciences. Owing to the development of experimental and computer-simulation techniques for studying these phenomena at the atomic scale, an understanding is beginning to emerge of the molecular mechanisms of tribology in thin films and at surfaces.
1,393 citations
TL;DR: Proline (Pro) accumulation has been correlated with tolerance to drought and salinity stresses in plants and overproduction of Pro in plants may lead to increased tolerance against these abiotic stresses, suggesting that activity of the first enzyme of the pathway is the rate-limiting factor in Pro synthesis.
Abstract: Proline (Pro) accumulation has been correlated with tolerance to drought and salinity stresses in plants. Therefore, overproduction of Pro in plants may lead to increased tolerance against these abiotic stresses. To test this possibility, we overexpressed in tobacco the mothbean [delta]-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase, a bifunctional enzyme able to catalyze the conversion of glutamate to [delta]-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, which is then reduced to Pro. The transgenic plants produced a high level of the enzyme and synthesized 10- to 18-fold more Pro than control plants. These results suggest that activity of the first enzyme of the pathway is the rate-limiting factor in Pro synthesis. Exogenous supply of nitrogen further enhanced Pro production. The osmotic potentials of leaf sap from transgenic plants were less decreased under water-stress conditions compared to those of control plants. Overproduction of Pro also enhanced root biomass and flower development in transgenic plants under drought-stress conditions. These data demonstrated that Pro acts as an osmoprotectant and that overproduction of Pro results in the increased tolerance to osmotic stress in plants.
1,351 citations
1,239 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this paper, a negative relation between leverage and future growth at the firm level and, for diversified firms, at the segment level was shown for firms with low Tobin's q, but not for high q firms or firms in high-q industries.
Abstract: We show that there is a negative relation between leverage and future growth at the firm level and, for diversified firms, at the segment level. Further, this negative relation between leverage and growth holds for firms with low Tobin's q, but not for high-q firms or firms in high-q industries. Therefore, leverage does not reduce growth for firms known to have good investment opportunities, but is negatively related to growth for firms whose growth opportunities are either not recognized by the capital markets or are not sufficiently valuable to overcome the effects of their debt overhang.
1,099 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an alternative formulation of the "perfectly matched layer" mesh truncation scheme is introduced, based on using a layer of diagonally anisotropic material to absorb outgoing waves from the computation domain.
Abstract: An alternative formulation of the "perfectly matched layer" mesh truncation scheme is introduced. The present scheme is based on using a layer of diagonally anisotropic material to absorb outgoing waves from the computation domain. The material properties can be chosen such that the interface between the absorbing material and free space is reflection-less for all frequencies, polarizations, and angles of incidence. This approach does not involve a modification of Maxwell's equations and is easy to implement in codes that allow the use of anisotropic material properties.
1,068 citations
TL;DR: The effects of psychological stress, caused by caring for a relative with Alzheimer's disease, on wound healing are investigated and stress-related defects in wound repair could have important clinical implications, for instance for recovery from surgery.
1,050 citations
TL;DR: Two ice cores from the col of Huascar�n in the north-central Andes of Peru contain a paleoclimatic history extending well into the Wisconsinan (W�rm) Glacial Stage and include evidence of the Younger Dryas cool phase, implying that a strong warming has dominated the last two centuries.
Abstract: Two ice cores from the col of Huascaran in the north-central Andes of Peru contain a paleoclimatic history extending well into the Wisconsinan (Wurm) Glacial Stage and include evidence of the Younger Dryas cool phase. Glacial stage conditions at high elevations in the tropics appear to have been as much as 8° to 12°C cooler than today, the atmosphere contained about 200 times as much dust, and the Amazon Basin forest cover may have been much less extensive. Differences in both the oxygen isotope ratio ζ18O (8 per mil) and the deuterium excess (4.5 per mil) from the Late Glacial Stage to the Holocene are comparable with polar ice core records. These data imply that the tropical Atlantic was possibly 5° to 6°C cooler during the Late Glacial Stage, that the climate was warmest from 8400 to 5200 years before present, and that it cooled gradually, culminating with the Little Ice Age (200 to 500 years before present). A strong warming has dominated the last two centuries.
TL;DR: The authors provided a more rigorous investigation of the dilution model than previous studies testing its implications with a sample of 24599 eighth graders from the 1988 [U.S.] National Education Longitudinal Study.
Abstract: Although the inverse relationship between the number of siblings and childrens educational performance has been well established explanations for this relationship remain primitive. One explanation resource dilution posits that parents have finite levels of resources (time energy money etc.) and that these resources are diluted among children as sibship size increases. I provide a more rigorous investigation of the dilution model than previous studies testing its implications with a sample of 24599 eighth graders from the 1988 [U.S.] National Education Longitudinal Study. My analyses support the resource dilution model in three ways. First the availability of parental resources decreases as the number of siblings increases net of controls....Second parental resources explain most or all of the inverse relationship between sibship size and educational outcomes. Finally interactions between sibship size and parental resources support the dilution model as children benefit less from certain parental resources when they have many versus few siblings. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: In nearly all eukaryotes, at least some individuals inherit mitochondrial and chloroplast genes from only one parent; consequently, their inheritance is asexual.
Abstract: In nearly all eukaryotes, at least some individuals inherit mitochondrial and chloroplast genes from only one parent. There is no single mechanism of uniparental inheritance: organelle gene inheritance is blocked by a variety of mechanisms and at different stages of reproduction in different species. Frequent changes in the pattern of organelle gene inheritance during evolution suggest that it is subject to varying selective pressures. Organelle genes often fail to recombine even when inherited biparentally; consequently, their inheritance is asexual. Sexual reproduction is apparently less important for genes in organelles than for nuclear genes, probably because there are fewer of them. As a result organelle sex can be lost because of selection for special reproductive features such as oogamy or because uniparental inheritance reduces the spread of cytoplasmic parasites and selfish organelle DNA.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose that communication is the context in which change occurs and that the change process unfolds in a dynamic of four distinct types of conversations, and the relationships among the conversations are discussed, and implications for theory, research and practice are given.
Abstract: Most perspectives on change propose that communication occurs in the context of change. This article inverts that perspective by proposing both that communication is the context in which change occurs and that the change process unfolds in a dynamic of four distinct types of conversations. The fundamental nature of speech as performative suggests that change is linguistically based and driven and that producing intentional change is facilitated by intentional communication. The relationships among the conversations are discussed, and implications for theory, research, and practice are given.
TL;DR: Newest approaches to diagnosis and pathogenesis of sporadic inclusion-body myositis and hereditary inclusion- body myopathies, including molecular-pathologic similarities to Alzheimer disease are introduced.
Abstract: Preface Part I. Overview of Pathologic and Pathogenic Comparison Between Sporadic Inclusion-Body Myositis and Hereditary Inclusion-Body Myopathies: 1. Newest approaches to diagnosis and pathogenesis of sporadic inclusion-body myositis and hereditary inclusion-body myopathies, including molecular-pathologic similarities to Alzheimer disease Part II. Historical Perspective: 2: Evolving concepts of inclusion-body myositis Part III. Sporadic Inclusion-Body Myositis - Clinical and Diagnostic Considerations: 3: Sporadic inclusion-body myositis: Clinical and laboratory features and diagnostic criteria 4: Inclusion-body myositis: natural history 5: Uncommon clinico-pathological forms of sporadic inclusion-body myositis: Report of four cases 6: Inclusion-body myositis: pathological changes 7: Unusual pathological forms of inclusion-body myositis, and neuromuscular disorders with IBM-like changes 8: Electrophysiological findings in inclusion-body myositis 9: Genetic factors in sporadic inclusion-body myositis Part IV. Hereditary Inclusion-Body Myopathies - Clinical and Diagnostic Considerations: 10: Hereditary inclusion-body myopathy in Jews of Persian origin: Clinical and laboratory data 11. Hereditary inclusion-body myopathy (h-IBM) with quadriceps sparing: epidemiology and genetics 12: Familial autosomal-recessive inclusion-body myositis with asymptomatic leukoencephalopathy 13: Welander distal myopathy - clinical, pathophysiological, and molecular aspects 14. Tibial muscular dystrophy - clinical, genetic, and morphological characteristics 15. Distal myopathy with rimmed vacuoles, inclusion-body myositis and related disorders in Japan 16. Inclusion-body myopathies 17. Is the muscle fiber in inclusion body-myositis an antigen-presenting cell of an innocent bystander? 18. Viruses, immunodeficiency and inclusion-body myositis 19. Myonuclear abnormalities may play a central role in the pathogenesis of muscle fiber damage in inclusion-body myositis 20. Nuclear degeneration and rimmed vacuole formation in neuromuscular disorders 21. Mitochondrial alterations in sporadic inclusion-body myositis 22. mtDNA analysis in muscle of patients with sporadic inclusion-body myopathy Part V. Treatment: 23. Evaluation of treatment for sporadic inclusion-body myositis 24. Personal experience in treating sporadic inclusion-body myositis Subject index.
TL;DR: The result is an expanded view of mode error that takes into account the new demands imposed by more automated systems.
Abstract: New technology is flexible in the sense that it provides practitioners with a large number of functions and options for carrying out a given task under different circumstances. However, this flexib...
TL;DR: In this article, the effects on neutrino fluxes of each change in the input physics are evaluated separately by constructing a series of solar models with one additional improvement added at each stage.
Abstract: Helium and heavy-element diffusion are both included in precise calculations of solar models. In addition, improvements in the input data for solar interior models are described for nuclear reaction rates, the solar luminosity, the solar age, heavy-element abundances, radiative opacities, helium and metal diffusion rates, and neutrino interaction cross sections. The effects on the neutrino fluxes of each change in the input physics are evaluated separately by constructing a series of solar models with one additional improvement added at each stage. The effective 1 σ uncertainties in the individual input quantities are estimated and used to evaluate the uncertainties in the calculated neutrino fluxes and the calculated event rates for solar neutrino experiments. The calculated neutrino event rates, including all of the improvements, are 9.3-1.4+1.2 SNU for the 37Cl experiment and 137-7+8 SNU for the 71Ga experiments. The calculated flux of 7Be neutrinos is 5.1 (1.00-0.07+0.06)×10^9 cm^-2 s^-1 and the flux of 8B neutrinos is 6.6(1.00-0.17+0.14)×10^6 cm^-2 s^-1. The primordial helium abundance found for this model is Y=0.278. The present-day surface abundance of the model is Ys=0.247, in agreement with the helioseismological measurement of Ys=0.242±0.003 determined by Hernandez and Christensen-Dalsgaard (1994). The computed depth of the convective zone is R=0.712R⊙, in agreement with the observed value determined from p-mode oscillation data of R=0.713±0.003R⊙ found by Christensen-Dalsgaard et al. (1991). Although the present results increase the predicted event rate in the four operating solar neutrino experiments by almost 1 σ (theoretical uncertainty), they only slightly increase the difficulty of explaining the existing experiments with standard physics (i.e., by assuming that nothing happens to the neutrinos after they are created in the center of the sun). For an extreme model in which all diffusion (helium and heavy-element diffusion) is neglected, the event rates are 7.0-1.0+0.9 SNU for the 37Cl experiment and 126-6+6 SNU for the 71Ga experiments, while the 7Be and 8B neutrino fluxes are, respectively, 4.5(1.00-0.07+0.06)×10^9 cm^-2 s^-1 and 4.9(1.00-0.17+0.14)×10^6 cm^-2 s^-1. For the no-diffusion model, the computed value of the depth of the convective zone is R=0.726R⊙, which disagrees with the observed helioseismological value. The calculated surface abundance of helium, Ys=0.268, is also in disagreement with the p-mode measurement. The authors conclude that helioseismology provides strong evidence for element diffusion and therefore for the somewhat larger solar neutrino event rates calculated in this paper.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a case-based decision-making model in which cases are primitive, and provide a simple axiomatization of a decision rule that chooses a "best" act based on its past performance in similar cases.
Abstract: This paper suggests that decision-making under uncertainty is, at least partly, case-based. We propose a model in which cases are primitive, and provide a simple axiomatization of a decision rule that chooses a "best" act based on its past performance in similar cases. Each act is evaluated by the sum of the utility levels that resulted from using this act in past cases, each weighted by the similarity of that past case to the problem at hand. The formal model of case-based decision theory naturally gives rise to the notions of satisficing decisions and aspiration levels.
TL;DR: The essential processes through which individuals personalize the illness, dilemmas encountered in interpersonal relations, strategies that are used to avoid or minimize HIV-related stigma, and subcultural networks and ideologies that are drawn upon to construct, avow, and adapt to an HIV identity are considered.
TL;DR: The analyses have enabled us to determine the LBD risk associated with combined changes in the magnitudes of the five factors, and indicate that by suitably varying these five factors observed during the lift collectively, the odds of high risk group membership may decrease by over ten times.
Abstract: A continuing challenge for ergonomists has been to determine quantitatively the types of trunk motion and how much trunk motion contributes to the risk of occupationally-related low back disorder (LBD). It has been difficult to include this motion information in workplace assessments since the speed at which trunk motion becomes dangerous has not been determined. An in vivo study was performed to assess the contribution of three-dimensional dynamic trunk motions to the risk of LBD during occupational lifting in industry. Over 400 industrial lifting jobs were studied in 48 varied industries. The medical records in these industries were examined so that specific jobs historically categorized as either low, medium, or high risk for occupationally-related LBD could be identified. A tri-axial electrogoniometer was worn by workers and documented the three-dimensional angular position, velocity, and acceleration characteristics of the lumbar spine while workers worked at these low, medium, or high risk jobs. Workplace and individual characteristics were also documented for each of the repetitive lifting tasks. A multiple logistic regression model indicated that a combination of five trunk motion and workplace factors predicted well both medium risk and high risk occupational-related LBD. These factors included lifting frequency, load moment, trunk lateral velocity, trunk twisting velocity, and trunk sagittal angle. Increases in the magnitude of these factors significantly increased the risk of LBD. The analyses have enabled us to determine the LBD risk associated with combined changes in the magnitudes of the five factors. The results indicate that by suitably varying these five factors observed during the lift collectively, the odds of high risk group membership may decrease by over ten times. These results were related to the biomechanical, ergonomic, and epidemiologic literature. The five trunk motion and workplace factors could be used as quantitative, objective measures to redesign the workplace so that the risk of occupationally-related LBD is minimized.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that MIP-1 alpha is an important mediator of virus-induced inflammation in vivo and resistant to Coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis seen in infected wild-type mice.
Abstract: Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha) is a chemokine that has pro-inflammatory and stem cell inhibitory activities in vitro. Its biologic role in vivo was examined in mice in which the gene encoding MIP-1 alpha had been disrupted. Homozygous MIP-1 alpha mutant (-/-) mice were resistant to Coxsackievirus-induced myocarditis seen in infected wild-type (+/+) mice. Influenza virus-infected -/- mice had reduced pneumonitis and delayed clearance of the virus compared with infected +/+ mice. The -/- mice had no overt hematopoietic abnormalities. These results demonstrate that MIP-1 alpha is an important mediator of virus-induced inflammation in vivo.
TL;DR: This article summarizes available data on the chemopreventive efficacies of tea polyphenols, curcumin and ellagic acid in various model systems and focuses upon the anticarcinogenic activity of these polyphenol and their proposed mechanism(s) of action.
Abstract: In recent years, the concept of chemoprevention has matured to be considered as a practical option to reduce the occurrence of cancer (1–5). Chemoprevention—the use of natural and/or synthetic compounds to intervene in the early precancerous stages of carcinogenesis before the onset of invasive disease—offers a viable approach to define substances, either food components or pharmaceuticals, which can prevent, delay, or completely halt the process of carcinogenesis. Often chemoprevention is referred to as “prevention by delay.”
TL;DR: Reconstruction of reticulate evolution with sequence data provides gene records for distributional histories of some of the parental species and demonstrates that the sequence data could be highly informative and accurate for detecting hybridization.
Abstract: The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA of 33 species of genus Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) were sequenced. In section Paeonia, different patterns of nucleotide additivity were detected in 14 diploid and tetraploid species at sites that are variable in the other 12 species of the section, suggesting that reticulate evolution has occurred. Phylogenetic relationships of species that do not show additivity, and thus ostensibly were not derived through hybridization, were reconstructed by parsimony analysis. The taxa presumably derived through reticulate evolution were then added to the phylogenetic tree according to additivity from putative parents. The study provides an example of successfully using ITS sequences to reconstruct reticulate evolution in plants and further demonstrates that the sequence data could be highly informative and accurate for detecting hybridization. Maintenance of parental sequences in the species of hybrid origin is likely due to slowing of concerted evolution caused by the long generation time of peonies. The partial and uneven homogenization of parental sequences displayed in nine species of putative hybrid origin may have resulted from gradients of gene conversion. The documented hybridizations may have occurred since the Pleistocene glaciations. The species of hybrid origin and their putative parents are now distantly allopatric. Reconstruction of reticulate evolution with sequence data, therefore, provides gene records for distributional histories of some of the parental species.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of secondary doping on polyaniline and its derivatives are shown to be based on a change in the molecualar conformation of the polyamide from "compact coil" to "expanded coil" during the secondary doping process.
TL;DR: The rules by which females make food-choice decisions have been inadequately explored, and there still lack convincing evidence that sugar availability in nature varies sufficiently to affect mosquito populations.
Abstract: Sugar feeding is a fundamental characteristic of mosquito life. Most evidence indicates frequent ingestion by both sexes and all ages of mosquitoes of plant sugar, usually as floral and extrafloral nectar and honeydew. Energetically, sugar and blood are interchangeable; females of some species have evolved independence from one or the other, but most need blood to develop eggs and sugar to survive, to fly, and to enhance reproduction. Mosquitoes' commitment to sugar is further illustrated by a wealth of behavioral, structural, and physiological specializations for finding, feeding on, and processing it. Blood and sugar feeding activities are antagonistic and mutually exclusive, owing to conflicting demands, yet they support the same goals and often share the same activity period. The rules by which females make food-choice decisions have been inadequately explored, and we still lack convincing evidence that sugar availability in nature varies sufficiently to affect mosquito populations.
TL;DR: In the equations representing social causation, full-time employment predicts slower declines in perceived health and in physical functioning for both men and women, and homemaking predicts significantly greater declines in health, but health has no effect on the odds of becoming or staying a homemaker.
Abstract: Employment correlates positively with health, but is employment cause or consequence? The social causation hypothesis says that employment improves the health of men and women. The selection hypothesis says that healthy people get and keep jobs more than unhealthy people do. We test both hypotheses using longitudinal data from a national probability sample (N = 2,436 interviewed in both years). In the equations representing social causation, full-time employment predicts slower declines in perceived health and in physical functioning for both men and women. Full-time employment has the same effect for both sexes. Among women, it also has the same effect for White and non-White, and for married and nonmarried. In the equations representing social selection, physical functioning increases the odds of getting or keeping a full-time job for both sexes. Perceived health increases the odds for women but not for men. In regard to homemaking among women, homemaking predicts significantly greater declines in health, but health has no effect on the odds of becoming or staying a homemaker.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that any pseudogroup of transformations of a manifold gives rise to such a spectral triple of finite summability degree, in terms of the Dixmier trace and its residue-type extension.
Abstract: In noncommutative geometry a geometric space is described from a spectral vantage point, as a triple (A, H, D) consisting of a *-algebra A represented in a Hilbert space H together with an unbounded selfadjoint operator D, with compact resolvent, which interacts with the algebra in a bounded fashion. This paper contributes to the advancement of this point of view in two significant ways: (1) by showing that any pseudogroup of transformations of a manifold gives rise to such a spectral triple of finite summability degree, and (2) by proving a general, in some sense universal, local index formula for arbitrary spectral triples of finite summability degree, in terms of the Dixmier trace and its residue-type extension.
TL;DR: The revised pathways of polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis imply that there is considerable intracellular movement and recycling of fatty acids between peroxisomes and the endoplasmic reticulum.
TL;DR: In this paper, an alternative rhetoric is proposed, one grounded in the feminist principles of equality, immanent value, and self-determination, to offer an invitation to understanding, and its communicative modes are the offering of perspectives and the creation of the external conditions of safety, value and freedom.
Abstract: Most traditional rhetorical theories reflect a patriarchal bias in the positive value they accord to changing and thus dominating others. In this essay, an alternative rhetoric—invitational rhetoric—is proposed, one grounded in the feminist principles of equality, immanent value, and self‐determination. Its purpose is to offer an invitation to understanding, and its communicative modes are the offering of perspectives and the creation of the external conditions of safety, value, and freedom.