Showing papers by "Oklahoma State University–Stillwater published in 1972"

The Establishment of Dominance Relationships in the Blue Gourami, Trichogaster Trichopter Us (Pallas)

Abstract: I Hierarchical relationships in the blue gourami, T trichopterus, are characterized by two distinct temporal phases — an ephemeral period of dominance establishment and a period of hierarchical maintenance Variable behavior patterns are shown in the mutual fighting during dominance establishment between pairs of fish, but the initial outcome is always a discrete event, ie, one fish dominates the other The influence of several parameters on this period of dominance establishment has heen investigated in this study, and the probable relationships between these parameters and patterns of behavior characteristic of ultimate winners and losers has been discussed 2 Prior residency per se does not increase the "dominance potential" of this species Residency was not found to act as a positive input for increased aggressiveness; rather it was concluded that the "fright" component due to moving a fish into unfamiliar surroundings acts to inhibit the "normal" expression of aggressive behavior The residency factor interacts both with prior dominance experience and with time since that experience 3 Prior experience as a dominant increases the probability that a fish will win a subsequent encounter, while fish previously dominated within the last 24 hr seldom win subsequent encounters Forty-three behavior measures recorded during these subsequent encounters did not indicate an arousal phenomenon due to dominating a partner for 24 hr, but a highly significant inhibitory effect on all agonistic behaviors was observed for those fish which had been dominated for 24 hr These inhibitory effects wane during the next 24 hr, provided the dominating partner is removed It is conceivable that short-term arousal input due to winning per se may temporarily lower aggressive thresholds, but whether these lowered levels would be "transferred" into a new fighting context is questionable 4 The inhibitory effects of "non-residency" are in part dependent upon the "dominance state" of a fish Dominant-experienced fish are only slightly inhibited by non-residency, while subordinate-experienced fish are strongly inhibited by this factor A s the prior experience effect wanes, the fright due to unfamiliarity with surroundings is less inhibiting 5 Initially, the decrement in responses due to prior experience is greater than the decrement due to non-residency 6 Two measures of intra-individual sequence uncertainty (entropy) were calculated The first included the uncertainty associated with all the elements defined for the system, ie, [L, O, BS, F,, S, and P], while the second entropy values were based on only the agonistic set [L, O, BS, and F] The prior experience factor influenced both entropy values more strongly than it did any other single variable 7 The relative sizes of opponents seem paramount in deciding bout outcome when standard length differences (Δ SL) are beyond the range tested here, ie, where Δ SL > 5 mm As the time since the last dominance experience increases, the influence of Δ SL also increases The length of time that two fish fight was shown to depend upon Δ SL, while the only behavior correlated with relative size was BS rate Smaller fish bit more frequently than did their counterparts Finally, entropy measures were found to be functions of Δ SL Since entropy values increase as Δ SL approaches zero, entropy may contribute more to the "dominance vector" when fish are of nearly equal size Other variables, such as biting intensity, may be more important as "dominance vector" components when one fish is considerably larger than its partner 8 A "dominance vector" was defined in this study as that complex of variables which contribute to the defeat of one fish by another Such a complex, highly integrated variable remains hypothetical Some possible components of this vector indicated by this study include: variables associated with fin tugging rate or duration, biting intensity, unpredictability, and redundancy of certain inter-individual or intra-individual dyads such as [B1-Bw] or [LW-B1] where their conditional probabilities may be important 9 A simple descriptive model relating environmental, experiential, size, temporal or other parameters to the dominance vector was presented A mechanism describing how such a vector might operate in determining bout outcome was also postulated

Interaction between Plant Resistance and Parasitism against the Greenbug on Barley and Sorghum

Abstract: Resistant varieties of barley and sorghum complemented activity of a parasite, Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson), in reducing damage to plants and production of greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani). However, the number of mummies formed by the parasite did not correspond completely to the number of greenbugs that disappeared. Resistant plants had fewer and smaller mummies compared with susceptible plants. The age of the sorghum plants made little difference in the relationship.

Flow visualization of the near-wall region in a drag-reducing channel flow

Abstract: Study to determine whether the addition of drag-reducing macromolecules alters the structure of the viscous sublayer and thereby modifies the production of kinetic energy in turbulent wall flows. This was accomplished by visualizing the near-wall region of a fully developed two-dimensional channel flow. Motion pictures were taken of dye injected into the near-wall region. Both water and a dilute drag-reducing polyethylene oxide--FRA solution were used as working fluids. The data show that the time between bursts for an individual streak in a drag-reducing flow has the value for a water flow at the reduced wall shear. Evidence strongly suggests that the dilute polymer solution decreases the production of turbulent kinetic energy by inhibiting the formation of low-speed streaks.

Dynamics of the Molecular and Atomic Mechanisms for the Hydrogen‐Iodine Exchange Reaction

Abstract: Theoretical treatment of both the molecular and atomic mechanisms for the hydrogen‐iodine exchange reaction (H2+I2→ 2HI) is accomplished by means of extensive classical trajectories calculated on a reasonable potential‐energy surface in which the single adjustable parameter is the iodine‐core effective charge. The analysis shows the molecular mechanism to be dynamically forbidden, but gives an over‐all rate constant for the atomic mechanism in substantial agreement with the experimental values. The formation of a weak H2I complex is predicted to play an important dynamical role if the atomic mechanism is limited to reactions with collision complexes involving no more than two hydrogen atoms and two iodine atoms. Excellent agreement with experiment is obtained for the rate constant for the recombination I+I+H2→ I2+H2 and its negative temperature coefficient. Trajectories for the latter reaction are rich in multiple exchange of internal energy between the molecular species, but the formation of H2I is predi...

Malignant hyperthermia of swine.

Abstract: Inherited susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia has been recognized in Poland China swine. Clinical and laboratory studies were made to compare the syndrome with that observed in man and in other breeds of swine in South Africa and Europe. Malignant-hyperthermia-susceptible (MHS) swine were identified by increased ATP depletion in biopsied muscle studied in vitro. MHS and related swine had elevated serum creatine phosphokinase values compared with control swine (MHS swine &OV0335; 2,435 IU/l; MHS-related swine &OV0335; 1,260 ID/l; control swine &OV0335; 144 IU/l). The syndrome was triggered by administration of halothane and of succinylcholine chloride. Resulting clinical responses, in order of appearance, were tachycardia, hyperventilation, skeletal muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. Blood chemical responses which occurred early in the syndrome included hypercapnia, acidosis, elevated plasma inorganic phosphorus, and lactacidemia. The malignant hyperthermia syndrome in this breed of swine appears similar to that in Land-race and Pietrain swine, and in man. The Poland China swine is an appropriate animal model for the study of this disease.

The ultrastructure of neonatal calf intestine and absorption of heterologous proteins

Abstract: The ultrastructural morphology of the jejunal and ileal cells of newborn calves was similar to the intestinal absorptive cells of other newborn ungulates. Microvilli were well developed, tubules or invaginations in the apical cytoplasm were extensive. Large supranuclear vacuoles were limited to the ileal cells. After injection of ferritin-IgG or ferritin into ligated intestinal loops, the ferritin particles were found around the microvilli and within the tubular system. After 2-6 hours ileal vacuoles containing ferritin were found near the basal membrane. In the jejunal cell ferritin was found only in the tubules. No ferritin could be detected in calf sera after injection into the intestinal loops. To establish that heterologous proteins were absorbed, calves were given human serum via stomach tube and their sera subsequently was found to contain circulating levels of human albumin and gamma globulin. Also newborn pigs and suckling rats also were given ferritin; but it could not be detected in their sera. The results of these experiments suggest that while the neonatal intestine is permeable to some het-erologous proteins, ferritin is not transported across the absorptive cell into the circulation.

Effect of maturity on the fatty acid composition of eight varieties of peanuts grown at perkins, Oklahoma in 1968

Abstract: Eight varieties of peanuts were grown under measured field conditions. Seed obtained at five successive harvest dates and separated into three maturity levels were analyzed for fatty acid composition of oil. Mature peanuts were mostly higher in stearic (18:0) and oleic (18:1) acids, and lower in linoleic (18:2), arachidic (20:0) and behenic (22:0) acids. Oleic-linoleic ratios, which are correlated with oil stability, were higher in mature peanuts.

Strategies for the Creation and Transfer of the Farm Estate

Abstract: This article develops an estate management model that considers interrelationships between estate creation and transfer, as well as the uncertainty of the parent's(s') death. The estate management problem is conceptualized as an adaptive sequential decision problem and the simulation model used in the empirical analysis is briefly reviewed. Empirical results suggest that high growth rate creation and transfer plans which include substantial lifetime gifts are essential elements of high response estate management strategies. Implications for business organization and coordination of the entry and exit processes of farmers are briefly discussed.

Bionomics of the Jumping Spider Metaphidippus galathea

Abstract: A laboratory study was conducted on the biology of the spider Metaphidippus galathea (Walckenaer). The study determined longevity, mating behavior, fecundity, incubation and hatching, growth and development, and mortality. Sexual dimorphism is marked in M. galathea . Males possess black and white markings whereas the females are marked with shades of gray. Females are slightly larger than males. Average cephalothoracic width for males and females was 1.34 mm and 1.47 mm, respectively. The females were monogamous, whereas the males were polygamous. Mean number of egg sacs per female per year was 8.3. The number of eggs per female per year was 158. Incubation of the eggs under laboratory conditions ranged from 5 to 9 days with a mean of 6.8. The time required to reach maturity varied with sex. Males reached maturity in the 5th, 6th, 7th, or 8th stadia and the females, in the 7th or 8th. Mean number of days required for maturity was 180.5 and 193.2 for males and females, respectively.

Fresnel Drag in a Ring Laser: Measurement of the Dispersive Term

Abstract: The Fresnel drag has been measured in a triangular ring laser at a wavelength of 0.6328 \ensuremath{\mu}. The drag coefficient in fused silica is $\ensuremath{\alpha}=0.541\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003$, while the theory, including the dispersion term, gives ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}_{\mathrm{theor}}=1\ensuremath{-}(\frac{1}{{n}^{2}})\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\beta}(\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{n})$ $\frac{\mathrm{dn}}{d\ensuremath{\lambda}}=0.5423$ with $\ensuremath{\beta}=1$. The coefficient $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is thus determined as $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.87\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.22$, which includes the classical value $\ensuremath{\beta}=1$. Thus the magnitude of the drag in a ring laser is within the errors equal to that given in an inertial frame of reference (linear drag).

De Novo Biosynthesis of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Escherichia coli: Excretion of Quinolinic Acid by Mutants Lacking Quinolinate Phosphoribosyl Transferase

Abstract: The excretion of quinolinic acid was studied in growing and resting cells of Escherichia coli K-12 nadC13. Under optimal conditions, this organism could synthesize quinolinic acid in several-fold excess of the amount which would be required for normal growth. The excretion of quinolinic acid was controlled by the concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursors available to the organism either during growth or during incubation in dense cell suspensions. These observations suggest that biosynthesis of NAD de novo is regulated by both repression and feedback inhibition. Analogues of niacin which inhibit bacterial growth also inhibited and repressed the synthesis (excretion) of quinolinic acid. The pH optimum for quinolinic acid excretion agreed favorably with the optimum observed for its synthesis in vitro. The rate of quinolinic acid excretion was strongly influenced by the concentration of ribose or glycerol in the medium.

Affection for People as a Function of Affection for Dogs

Abstract: Ratings of affection for dogs were used to select 3 groups of 16 Ss each, a Low Affection group, a Moderate Affection group, and a High Affection group. Ss took the Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B) test, and a 2 (Sex) × 3 (Level of Affection) analysis of variance was carried out on the scores for each of the 6 FIRO-B scales. On the Expressed Affection scale the Low Affection group scored significantly lower than the Moderate Affection group. The men of the Low Affection group also obtained the lowest scores on the Wanted Affection scale. It was concluded that low expressed affection for dogs accompanies low affection for people and, in the case of men, low desire for such affection. Some support for this conclusion was also found for people reporting low affection for cats.