Showing papers by "Oklahoma State University–Stillwater published in 1979"
TL;DR: The authors investigated the memory status of inflectional forms of verbs (S, ED, ING, irregular past tense words, and adjective and nominal derivatives of verbs) and found that they do not have memory representations separate from their base verbs.
336 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a technique for single body-centred cubic (b.c.) colloidal crystals, well suited for light scattering and having particular orientations, was described, which reduces interference by multiple scattering and renders the particle scattering factor nearly constant through those scattering angles where the most useful information concerning crystal structure and dynamics appears.
Abstract: Colloidal suspensions of highly charged, monodisperse polymer spheres exhibit long-range (crystalline) translational ordering in appropriate conditions of charge, number density, counterion concentration and temperature1–5. These ‘colloidal crystals’, which can conveniently be made to have lattice parameters comparable to or greater than optical wavelengths, offer unique opportunities for the study of the collective static and dynamic behaviour of strongly interacting spherical particles. For example, such systems may readily be probed by relatively simple but powerful light scattering spectroscopic techniques6,7. Furthermore, the ordering itself offers intrinsic advantages, both experimental (for example, fluctuations normally observable only about the k-space origin appear about Bragg spots, with reduced stray light and multiple scattering effects), and theoretical (the simplicity of calculating on the basis of a known rather than only statistically defined structure is well appreciated from experience with atomic solids and liquids). To exploit these ordered structures fully, reliable methods of producing orientated single crystals suitable for light scattering and other optical studies must be developed. For light scattering from bulk samples the primary requirement is that the ratio of interparticle spacing to diameter, a/d, be sufficiently large. This reduces interference by multiple scattering and renders the particle scattering factor nearly constant through those scattering angles [|k|<(2→5)2π/a] where the most useful information concerning crystal structure and dynamics appears. We now describe a technique whereby single body-centred cubic (b.c.c.) colloidal crystals, well suited for light scattering and having particular orientations, may be produced.
273 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, college students were either rewarded ($1.50) or not for solving a series of 10 water-jar problems and one interest was in seeing whether reward would be detrimental for performance on both types of problems.
264 citations
TL;DR: Direct evidence is presented to show that conidia can also germinate inside of spiracle openings and could invade larvae by this route, and extensive surface hyphal growth, with or without eventual penetration of the integument, is evident.
145 citations
TL;DR: The lactobacilli most often mentioned as beneficial dietary adjuncts are Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lact Obacillus casei, and LactOBacillus bifidus, and there does appear to be a need for improving the stability of these bacteria in such products.
145 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single-crystal sample with a single absorption band at 6.1 eV with a half-width of 0.68 eV was used to study the spectral dependence of the photoresponse and the excitation spectrum of the 3.8 eV emission.
Abstract: Single-crystal samples of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-${\mathrm{Al}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ have been studied that were colored during growth. The samples initially contained a single absorption band at 6.1 eV with a half-width of 0.68 eV. The sample had to be heated to a over 1400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to remove this band. The 6.1-eV band could be optically bleached at 10 K, which introduced bands at 4.1, 4.8, and 5.4 eV, and which shifted the high-energy peak to 6.05 eV. Bleaching the 6.1-eV band (at 10 K also) produced photoconductivity and an emission band at 3.0 eV, with a half-life of about 10 msec. The spectral dependence of the photoresponse and the excitation spectrum of the 3.0-eV band were similar to the 6.1-eV absorption. After bleaching an emission band at 3.8 eV was produced which was similar to a band produced in particle-irradiated material. The lifetime of the 3.8-eV emission was less than 50 nsec, and the excitation spectrum contained peaks at 4.8 and 5.4 eV, with a small shoulder at 5.9 eV. The temperature dependence of the half-width of the 3.8-eV emission followed a hyperbolic cotangent relation with an effective frequency of 340\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
127 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetic moment parameter was measured with respect to the angular distribution of the W bosons in the presence of a quark charge and the authors suggested that the reactions of the bosons are good candidates for measuring magnetic moment parameters.
Abstract: We suggest that the reactions $\mathrm{pp}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\gamma}X$ and $p\overline{p}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\gamma}X$ are good candidates for measuring the magnetic moment parameter $\ensuremath{\kappa}$ in ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{W}=(\frac{e}{2{M}_{W}})(1+\ensuremath{\kappa})$. The angular distribution of the $W$ bosons in $p\overline{p}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\gamma}X$ is particularly sensitive to this parameter. For the gauge-theory value of $\ensuremath{\kappa}=1$, we have found a peculiar zero in $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}(d\overline{u}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma})}{d}cos\ensuremath{\theta}$ at $cos\ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}$, the location of this zero depending on the quark charge through $cos\ensuremath{\theta}=\ensuremath{-}(1+2{Q}_{d})$. A similar zero occurs in $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}(u\overline{d}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{W}^{+}\ensuremath{\gamma})}{d}cos\ensuremath{\theta}$. We can offer no explanation for this behavior.
114 citations
TL;DR: An experimental investigation of noise generation by instabilities in low Reynolds number supersonic air jets has been performed by Morrison and McLaughlin this paper, where sound pressure levels, spectra and acoustic phase fronts were measured with a traversing condenser microphone in the acoustic field of axisymmetric, perfectly expanded, cold jets.
107 citations
100 citations
TL;DR: This study offers and tests an improved procedure for measuring organizational subunit effectiveness by isolating relevant criteria and determining criteria weights within a large complex organizat...
Abstract: This study offers and tests an improved procedure for measuring organizational subunit effectiveness by isolating relevant criteria and determining criteria weights within a large complex organizat...
99 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the efficiency of a typical basin type solar desalination plant is 30% or lower and the major design factors affecting energy utilization are basin temperature, condensing surface temperature and ambient air temperature.
TL;DR: In this article, a procedure is developed for simulating the dynamic interaction between traversing vehicles and structures, where Lagrange multipliers are employed in time to satisfy constraint conditions between the systems.
TL;DR: The pupillary response showed no influence of the arousal manipulations, but rating and behavioral data indicated that the arousal variables had been effective in controlling the cognitive demands of the task as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Psychological research on the pupillary response since 1960 has focused on an arousal interpretation and a cognitive interpretation. Experiment 1 was an attempt to manipulate some arousal factors while controlling the cognitive demands of the task. Pupil size was cinematographically recorded while subjects who had different degrees of reported fear of snakes listened to passages describing imagined interactions with a snake in different proximities. There was also a set of control passages that made no mention of snakes but were otherwise semantically and syntactically identical to the aversive passages. The pupillary response showed no influence of the arousal manipulations, but rating and behavioral data indicated that the arousal variables had been effective. The cognitive demands of the task were clearly indicated by the pupillary response. In Experiment 2 two types of tasks were used: one that employed both arousal (incentive) and cognitive factors and another that had an arousal manipulation (threat of shock) but no explicit cognitive demands. The pupil response was recorded as well as heart rate, skin conductance, and EMG. The pupillary response showed an effect of the arousal manipulations only when cognitive demands were minimal. The results of both experiments are consistent with the view that cognitive demands take priority over arousal factors in affecting the pupillary response. Heart rate did show arousal effects that were not preempted by cognitive demands.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that heat stress can exert a transitory decline in plasma and alter androgen biosynthesis in vitro as evidenced by decreased amounts of II Cl associated with androstenedione, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and increases in androsterone and androstanediol.
Abstract: Pituitary-testicular function was examined in yearling boars exposed to 23 ± 1#{176}C (control) or 34.5 ± 1#{176}C for 8 h and 31 ± 1#{176}C for 16 h during each 24 h period (heat stressed). Plasma testosterone and immunoreactive LI concentrations were monitored throughout treatment and testes were removed after 13 weeks to quantify spermatogenesis and assess steroidogenesis by measuring the incorporation of E1�l 4C1 acetate into selected L� 4C1 androgens by slices of testicular tissue incubated in vitro. Plasma testosterone and LI concentrations were similar when control and heat stressed boars were bled infrequently during treatment. However, heat stress significantly altered androgen biosynthesis in vitro as evidenced by decreased amounts of II Cl associated with androstenedione, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and increases in androsterone and androstanediol. Addition of LH and FSH to testicular incubates markedly enhanced the amount of (1-’ 4CI acetate incorporated into 1l 4C1 androgens but further differences between control and heat stressed boars were not apparent. In another experiment, plasma testosterone was quantified in the serum of boars every 30 mm for 12 h on Days 0, 7 and 14 during exposure to 23 ± 1#{176}C (control) or 34.5 ± 1#{176}C (heat stressed). Serum testosterone was reduced (P(0.10) after 7 days of heat stress. Elevated ambient temperature for 90 days significantly reduced the number of young spermatids in round cross sections of seminiferous tubules at stage 1 of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium but failed to affect the number of type A spermatogonia or preleptotene and pachytene spermatocytes. The results demonstrate that heat stress can exert a transitory decline in plasma
TL;DR: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion rate progressively increased in response to increased rates of infusion until a near maximal secretion rate was attained at an infusion rate of 0.25 μg/kg-min.
Abstract: The effect of epinephrine on parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion rate and the molecular nature of immunoreactivity in parathyroid venous blood was assessed in seven anesthetized calves. PTH secretion rate was measured by a technique which involved RIA of parathyroid venous blood that was collected during timed intervals and measured volumetrically. The molecular nature of immunoreactivity in parathyroid venous plasma was evaluated by gel column chromatography and RIAs which recognized specific regions of the PTH molecule, i.e. the amino-terminus or carboxyl-terminus. Plasma calcium concentration was measured by chelometric titration. Epinephrine HCI was infused iv into a normocalcemic calf at rates of 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, 0.25, and 0.40 μg/kg-min. PTH secretion rate progressively increased in response to increased rates of infusion until a near maximal secretion rate was attained at an infusion rate of 0.25 μg/kg-min. Epinephrine HCI was infused iv into five calves at a rate of 0.25 μg/kg-min during and aft...
TL;DR: The authors investigated whether a prefixed word is represented in memory as two separate morphemes, prefix and stem, or whether the representation is unitary, and found that at least one of the representations of a prefix and a stem are partitioned in the course of reading the word.
TL;DR: Fourier transformed photoacoustic IR spectroscopy of a solid is demonstrated for the first time in this paper, where an uncorrected spectrum of polystyrene film is shown to be fairly readily obtained, although multiple interferometer-scan averaging is required.
TL;DR: Large crocodilians appear to be able to alter their rates of heat exchange to a larger extent than small ones and they can do so with less cardiovascular involvement.
Abstract: Crocodilians, like other reptiles, regulate their body temperatures by a combination of behavioral and physiological mechanisms. Behaviorally, they seek warm surface water or bask when cool and avoid overheating by the evaporation of water from their dorsum, evaporation of water by gaping or by retreating to deep, cool water. Physiologically, crocodilians increase cutaneous thermal conductance by increasing blood flow to the skin (and subdermal musculature) during warming. This hastens the warming process. Cutaneous blood flow is reduced during general cooling and locally if the body temperature exceeds skin temperature. This enables crocodilians to increase body temperature significantly while basking in cool shallow water. Large crocodilians appear to be able to alter their rates of heat exchange to a larger extent than small ones and they can do so with less cardiovascular involvement. Large crocodilians, with their lower surface/volume ratio, are capable of producing sufficient metabolic heat to elevate their body temperature above water temperature.
TL;DR: In this article, laser-excited, time-resolved site-selection spectroscopy techniques were used to investigate energy transfer between two-phonon-assisted processes.
Abstract: Laser-excited, time-resolved site-selection spectroscopy techniques were used to investigate energy transfer between ${\mathrm{Nd}}^{3+}$ ions in ${\mathrm{Y}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{5}$${\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ and ${\mathrm{Y}}_{3}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{5}$${\mathrm{O}}_{12}$ crystals. The results are consistent with a multistep diffusion type of energy transfer with the mechanisms for diffusion and trapping both involving resonant two-phonon-assisted processes.
TL;DR: Concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, testosterone, progesterone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine were higher in laying birds than in birds which were moulting or not laying, and the concentration of Thyroxine was depressed by the long photoperiod.
Abstract: 1. Concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, testosterone, progesterone, thyroxine and triiodothyronine were measured in the blood plasma of female turkeys during successive periods of egg laying, a decline in lay, a moult induced by a short photoperiod (6 light : 18 dark) and a resumption of egg laying induced by a long photoperiod (16L : 8D). 2. Concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, testosterone and progesterone were higher in laying birds than in birds which were moulting or not laying. 3. The concentration of testosterone, but not of the other hormones studied, increased significantly during the period of profuse moult. 4. Concentrations of the thyroid hormones did not change with the varying physiological condition of the birds. However, the concentration of thyroxine was depressed by the long photoperiod.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors generalize several known results concerning the nature of the compact operators K(E, F) as a subspace of the bounded linear operators L(E and F).
TL;DR: In this article, the production of pairs of gauge bosons with a study of the reactions pp and p-barp is discussed and the high-energy behavior is controlled by gauge cancellations.
Abstract: We augment a previous discussion of the production of pairs of gauge bosons with a study of the reactions pp and p-barp --> WZ/sup 0/X or WgammaX As before, these depend upon trilinear boson couplings and the high-energy behavior is controlled by gauge cancellations In particular, the (hard) photon production is sensitive to the magnetic-moment parameter kappa for the W We also discuss the related neutrino reactions, nue --> WZ/sup 0/ or Wgamma, which may be of interest in very-high-energy cosmic-ray physics
TL;DR: In this article, a more nearly optimal rate of future investment in publicly supported agricultural production research and extension (R) was determined, based on past investment in R and the expected rates of return on alternative future levels of investment.
Abstract: Publicly supported investments in nonconventional inputs, principally agricultural production research and extension (R), contributed significantly to gains in productivity and have been a low-cost source of additional output. Several studies (Peterson; Tweeten, 1970, chap. 5) reveal rates of return clustering around 50% on public R investment. Ironically, this rate of return implies economic inefficiency-the nation has foregone production from greater use of low-cost sources of farm output. In competitive equilibrium, an efficient allocation entails an equal rate of return among alternative investments, given appropriate adjustment for risk. For economic efficiency, more investment is called for in agricultural research and extension to drive the rate of return down to levels consistent with returns on alternative uses for limited funds. Previous studies show only the historic rate of return on R investment. Such estimates are of limited use in judging appropriate future levels of R. The purpose of this study is to determine a more nearly optimal rate of future investment in publicly supported agricultural production research and extension. Specific objectives include: (a) Updating previous estimates of rates of return on past investments in R; (b) Estimating expected rates of return on alternative future levels of investment in R, showing investments required to reduce the rate of return to a more nearly optimal level; (c) Examining the impact on future farm prices, income, and usage of conventional production inputs associated with alternative rates of growth in farm productivity; and (d) Inferring tentative conclusions regarding optimal growth in R consistent with equilibrium rates of return in (b) and the ability of the farming industry to adjust to productivity gains as determined in (c).
TL;DR: In this paper, a configurational coordinate analysis of KZnF3 : Ni2+ is included in the discussion, and the models of Mott, Struck and Fonger, and Flaherty and Di Bartolo were used to estimate nonradiative rates.
TL;DR: Investigation of the entomopathogenicity of B. bassiana against corn earworm larvae revealed that beauvericin was not present in a soluble form during the time that most larvae died of fungal infection, and no methanol-soluble toxin could be detected in the hemolymph of moribund larvae.
Abstract: Development of a microbiological autobiographic assay procedure permitted a detailed investigation of the possible role of beauvericin (a toxic ionophoric antibiotic produced by Beauveria bassiana) in the entomopathogenicity of B. bassiana against corn earworm (Heliothis zea) larvae. Analysis of spent media of B. bassiana and the hemolymph of infected and moribund larvae revealed that beauvericin was not present in a soluble form during the time that most (about 90%) larvae died of fungal infection (4 days). Intrahemocoelic injections of up to 6 micrograms of synthetic beauvericin failed to induce any deleterious effects. In addition, although methanol-soluble ionophores, such as valinomycin and bassianolide, were toxic to corn earworm larvae, no methanol-soluble toxin could be detected in the hemolymph of moribund larvae. Images
TL;DR: The incorporation of radioactivity from L -[ 14 CH 3 ]-methionine into coffee by coffee fruits was enhanced by adding theobromine and paraxanthine but was reduced by additions of theophylline and caffeine as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, uncertainty is a pervasive phenomenon in production agriculture, including weather events, diseases, insect infestations, general economic conditions, the development and adoption of technological innovations, and public and private institutional policies, interact to create a unique decision making environment for the agricultural producer.
Abstract: Uncertainty is a pervasive phenomenon in production agriculture. Many factors, including weather events, diseases, insect infestations, general economic conditions, the development and adoption of technological innovations, and public and private institutional policies, interact to create a unique decision making environment for the agricultural producer. Institutions and the uncertainty surrounding the development and implementation of their policies have become increasingly important to farm operators. Today, perhaps to a greater extent than they would like, producers must respond to energy policy which affects the availability and cost of fuels, and trade policy which influences exports and imports of agricultural supplies and products. Farmers' decisions are influenced by environmental policy which specifies the types and quantities of pesticides and herbicides available and legislates safe levels of usage. Financial institutions have increased farm borrowers' risk of
TL;DR: In this paper, a constructive replication of an earlier work by B. M. Staw (Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1975, 13, 414-432) was presented, where the variable of group history was incorporated into Staw's original laboratory design.