Showing papers by "Oklahoma State University–Stillwater published in 1981"

The persistence of loneliness: Self and other determinants.

Abstract: Four studies (total n= 469) examined correlates of loneliness in order to explore explanations for the persistence of loneliness among college students. Self-report and attitude scales, ratings of others following dyadic interactions, and self and other ratings at two points during an extended period of group interactions indicated that lonely students (a) rated themselves more negatively and reported deficits in social skills and self-concept, (b) rated specific others and people-in-general more negatively and were more alienated and externalized, (c) expected others to rate them negatively, but (d) in general were not differentially rated by others except in the initial phase of group interactions and by lonely others following dyadic interactions. Results suggested that loneliness may be perpetuated by its cognitive and affective concomitants, with some evidence for gender differences, whereas inconclusive evidence was found regarding responses of others to the lonely person.

Productivity and City Size: A Critique of the Evidence

Abstract: A critique of two leading articles in the productivity and city-size literature results in revised estimates of the productivity advantages of large cities. In particular, extant estimates of the elasticity of productivity with city size are revised downward by over 100 percent for the manufacturing sector and about 25 percent for the entire urban economy. After revision, productivity advantages of larger cities are found to be much larger for the nonmanufacturing sector than for the manufacturing sector. Hence, revitalization policies for large cities should be focused on nonmanufacturing sectors.

Shear-Induced Melting

Abstract: The collective translational structure of dilute suspensions (\ensuremath{\sim} 0.1% by weight) of charged, spherical, and colloidal particles under shear is investigated by light scattering. When subjected to increasing shear rate, the equilibrium bcc Wigner lattice exhibits two major, reversible, disordering transitions. Transition II occurs at low shear, is kink mediated and results in freely slipping two-dimensional hcp layers. At higher rates, transition I occurs where these two-dimensional layers melt via shear-induced fluctuations (phonons) to produce an amorphous structure. The amorphous structure has stringlike particle correlations which ultimately disappear.

Group Effectiveness in Organizations

Abstract: The article reviews the book “Group Effectiveness in Organizations,” by Linda N. Jewell and H. Joseph Reitz.

Dominance and the Acquisition of Superior Home Ranges in the Lizard Uta Stansburiana

Abstract: Natural home range features of juvenile Uta stansburiana were measured and compared between socially dominant and subordinate individuals of size— and sex—matched pairs. Dominance was determined via paired encounters in laboratory, neutral arenas. Dominants originated from home ranges with significantly less dense croton and grass vegetation. Dominants showed a slight tendency to inhabit larger home ranges. Dominants' home ranges were significantly more diverse than subordinates' home ranges. A survivorship—based multivariate index of home range quality showed that dominants originated from home ranges of higher overall quality than those subordinates. Home ranges of dominant juveniles resembled home ranges of oversummer survivors of a previous study, and home ranges of subordinates resembled those of nonsurvivors. Subjects were introduced by pairs into outdoor pens with halves of disparate habitat quality. Dominants showed significantly greater occupation of the superior half than subordinates. Dominant ...

Endotoxaemia in the horse

Abstract: Summary Endotoxins are non-protein fragments of the cell wall of Gramnegative bacteria They must be absorbed into the circulation to produce disease and systemic effects are similar, regardless of bacterial source Absorption of endotoxins occurs in obstructive bowel disease and may play a significant part in determining the severity of the disease Many of the responses to experimentally administered endotoxin are identical to those of bowel diseases of the horse and include circulatory, haematological and metabolic alterations Therapeutic approaches are indirect and include many drugs currently employed in equine practice The agents are directed toward mediators of the disease rather than the endotoxins themselves and include fluids, corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory drugs, energy sources and vasoactive drugs The rationale for use and dosages are discussed Resume Les endotoxines sont des fragments non proteiques de la paroi cellulaire des bacteries Gram- Ils doivent etre entraines par la circulation sanguine pour engendrer des maladies et les effets systemiques sont semblables, quelle que soit la source bacterienne L'absorption d'endotoxines se produit lors d'obstruction intestinale et cela peut jouer une part importante dans la severite de la maladie, Bien des resultats faisant suite a l'administration experimentale d'endotoxines sont identiques a ceux constates lors d'obstruction intestinale chez le cheval, et comportent des alterations metaboliques, hematologiques et circulatoires Les demarches therapeutiques sont indirectes et utilisent de nombreux medicaments d'emploi courant en medecine equine Les agents therapeutiques sont utilises contre les relais de la maladie a defaut de pouvoir agir contre les endotoxines elles memes; ils comportent des solutes, des corticosteroides, des anti inflammatoires, des sources energetiques et des agents vaso actifs On en discute les dosages et l'emploi Zusammenfassung Endotoxine sind eiweissfreie Fragmente der Zellwand gramnegativer Bakterien Um Krankheitszeichen hervorrufen zu konnen, mussen sie in die Zirkulation absorbiert werden, unabhangig von der bakteriellen Quelle Eine Endotoxinabsorption ergibt sich bei obstruktiven Darmkrankheiten; sie kann den Grad einer Erkrankung signifikant beeinflussen Viele der mit experimentell verabreichtem Endotoxin ausgelosten Zeichen sind mit denjenigen von Darmerkrankungen des Pferdes identisch Sie umfassen zirkulatorische, haematologische und metabolische Veranderungen Die Behandlung erfolgt indirekt mit vielen der in der Pferdepraxis ublichen Medikamente Die Mittel richten sich gegen die Krankheitsmediatoren und nicht gegen die Endotoxine selbst; sie umfassen Flussigkeiten, Corticosteroide, Entzundungshemmer, Energiespender und vasoaktive Substanzen Die Rationalitat von Gebrauch und Dosierungen wird besprochen

Economic Design of a Joint X- and R -Control Chart

Abstract: An economic model is developed which determines the design of joint X- and R-control charts to minimize costs. The design parameters are sample size, width of X -control chart limits, width of R-control chart limits, and sampling interval in hours. Duncan's approach to the economic design of control charts is used. The control states permitted are the mean and variance in control, mean only out of control, variance only out of control, and both mean and variance out of control. The model developed considers the situation in which a second process parameter can go out of control after the first process parameter has gone out of control. Central composite experimental designs and a pattern search technique are used to optimize the model. Experience with the model indicates that the cost of a traditional design of an X- and R-control chart can be considerably higher than the cost of the optimum design. An example is presented.

Life cycle alterations of the micro-dielectrophoretic effects of cells

Abstract: Living cells are observed to be the source of rapidly oscillating electric fields. These can be detected under the microscope by watching their accumulation of highly polarizable particles as compared to their behavior with relatively unpolarized particles, e.g. BaTiO3 vs. BaSO4, or NaNbO3 vs. SiO2. The ac fields produced by the cells are divergent. This can evoke dielectrophoretic motion of tiny test particles about them, a process called “micro-dielectrophoresis”. The microdielectrophoretic effect of yeast cells is observed to peak during the mitotic phase. This indicates that the electric fields are associated with cell division.

Sampling Ground Water for Organic Contaminants

Abstract: The proper collection of ground-water samples for analysis of organic compounds differs substantially from routine inorganic constituents because the former are easily contaminated and generally appear in the parts per billion range. Much of the sampling equipment that has been developed at the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory during the past few years is constructed from Teflon or glass. While the former is expensive and the latter is fragile, neither contaminate or modify a water sample as does rubber, metal and most plastics. Designs are provided for a grab sampler, a continuous sampler consisting of adsorbent columns, a protective housing for a sampling system, a continuous discharge/high lift glass pump, and a system for obtaining highly volatile organic compounds from the unsaturated zone.

Short-Period Pricing Models for Fed Cattle and Impacts of Wholesale Carcass Beef and Live Cattle Futures Market Prices

Abstract: Cattlemen have expressed concern about wholesale beef and fed cattle pricing and have antitrust lawsuits pending against supermarkets, meatpackers, trade associations, and a meat price reporting firm Lawsuits allege manipulation of wholesale carcass beef prices to artificially depress spot prices for fed cattle (General Accounting Office, 1977) Congressional and administrative investigations have focused on wholesale carcass beef pricing and price reporting and their effects on fed cattle pricing (Committee on Small Business, General Accounting Office, 1978; National Commission on Food Marketing; Packers and Stockyards Program, 1978) Cattlemen also have expressed dissatisfaction with live cattle futures markets before congressional and administrative committees, alleging that futures market prices adversely affect spot prices for fed cattle (Leuthold and Tomek; Meat Pricing Task Force) However, economists have not empirically studied the impacts of wholesale carcass beef and live cattle futures market prices in short-period pricing models for fed cattle, that is, impacts on individual transaction prices

Review of "Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas by Seymour Papert", Basic Books: New York, 1980

Abstract: Almost without exception, when we consider uses of computers in education we think about ways in which computers can help us do a better job of teaching those subjects we have been teaching. Seymour Papert takes a completely different approach to the use of computers in education. He purposes that the availability of low-cost computing in our culture should change our basic ideas about what body of knowledge should constitute an education. Computers should not just alter the ways we teach-they should also change what we teach. Papert argues that what we now teach has been determined largely by the available tools for teaching: pencil, paper, blackboard. Properly configured computer systems are so much more powerful than these that they can be used to provide representations of traditional knowledge which are not only different from those normally presented but more accessible and meaningful to learners. Papert points out that children learn very complex subjects (such as natural language) easily and informally when their enviroments lend themselves to those subjects. He would create comfortable new enviroments ("microworlds") built around computers and especially designed to stimulate new kinds of learn-in~. A simple example of a mircroworld would be a word processor designed especially to eliminate important barriers children now encounter when learning to write.* A more elaborate microworld is exemplied by the "LOGO enviroment" which Papert and his colleagues have been developing over the past decade. In the LOGO enviroment children encounter a new kind of geometry-"turtle geometry"-which is based on the use of a computer controlled robot called a "turtle". The language LOGO is desgined to enable children to study turtle geometry by programming (instructing) the turtle (or its CRT analogue) to do interesting things. By playing in a LOGO enviroment children learn much of the geometry we traditionally have wanted them to learn, but from a different perspective. For instance, children learn about geometric figures as processes (the process required to make a turtle draw the figures) rather than, say, equations as in cartesian geometry. They also gain practice in using "powerful ideas" not normally taught in schools but, in Papert's mind, of tremendous educational value. "Powerful ideas" constitute the most important new stuff of education. They include many of George Polya's problem-solving heuristics; they include the use of formal descriptions in solving problems; they include important concepts of computer science, such as algorithm, state, subroutine, recursion, and debugging.

The continuous positive and negative dielectrophoresis of microorganisms

Abstract: The continuous dielectrophoresis of living cells is described. The technique uses stream-centered transport of suspended microorganisms through an especially shaped non-uniform electric field. The cells can be given a positive or negative displacement, i.e., can be pushed into or out of the region of higher field intensity, depending upon the frequency of the applied ac field, and upon the relative permittivities of the cells and the suspending medium. Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and algal cells (Chlorella vulgaris) were found to provide spectra of dielectrophoretic responses varying with the applied frequency (10 to 600 kHz) and conductivity.

Experiments on the nonlinear characteristics of noise propagation from low and moderate Reynolds number supersonic jets

Abstract: A series of experiments were conducted on high-speed model jets to identify and quantify the distortion of radiated noise by nonlinear propagation effects. The jets were operated in a low to moderate Reynolds number range, and the radiated noise was either broadband or discrete in frequency. Three condenser microphones were used to measure the waveforms propagated by the axisymmetric, cold model jets of Mach numbers 2.1 and 2.5. Relatively low Reynolds numbers were obtained by exhausting the jets into a low pressure anechoic test chamber. Nonlinear propagation distortion effects, such as wave steepening, harmonic generation and wave merging, were easily quantified. At a moderate Reynolds number, low frequency production and wave amalgamation, measured by a decrease in the zero crossings per unit time, were quantified in the propagation of sound away from the jet.

Natural electrical RF oscillation from cells

Abstract: Electrical oscillatory rf phenomena are present during the division of cells. These were examined by studying the attraction of cells for polarizable powders. They are understood to occur by a process termed microdielectrophoresis (μ-DEP), the motion induced by a nonuniform electric field acting on a polarizable body. The suggestion that an electrical oscillatory aspect may also be involved in the “contact” or density inhibition of cell division and the mechanisms that may cause invasiveness of oncogenic cells are theoretically explored (i.e., changes in either the power level or the frequency of the oscillatory phenomena associated with cell division, or in the degree of electrical insulation of the cell from electrical damping by nearby cells). A number of experiments to test this hypothesis are suggested.

Dynamic light scattering at low rates of shear

Abstract: 2014 Dynamic light scattering as a probe of fluctuations for systems undergoing steady linear shear is examined. Several approximations are made to calculate the intensity correlation function for a dense system of independent particles or fluctuations at low rates of shear. In this limit the intensity correlation function is similar in structure to the equilibrium intensity correlation function ; however, the signal to background factor becomes correlation time dependent. The result is tested experimentally by measuring the intensity correlation function for a dilute solution of Brownian particles undergoing shear. The feasibility of using dynamic light scattering as a probe of fluctuations in sheared systems is discussed. J. Physique 42 (1981) 929-936 JUILLET 1981,

Effect of Soy Level and Storage Time on the Quality Characteristics of Ground Beef Patties

Abstract: Ground beef patties containing 0, 10, 16, 21 or 26% hydrated soy protein were stored at 0°C for 0, 2, 4, 7 or 10 days before evaluating for the effects of soy level and storage time on quality changes. Reflectance values indicated that soy level had no significant effect on patty color when measured at either 525 or 685 nm. Storage time significantly (P < 0.01) affected reflectance values when measured at 685 nm, the control patties being brighter in color than patties evaluated at all other storage times. Both soy level and storage time significantly (P < 0.01) affected subjective color observations. As soy level and storage time increased, patty color became much darker and therefore less attractive. TBA values for all treatments containing soy were significantly (P < 0.01) lower than the value for the patties containing no soy. As the level of soy increased, the percent moisture within the fresh patties significantly (P < 0.01) increased. A significant (P < 0.01) cubic effect was found when relating storage time to percent moisture. Increasing the soy level in all cases resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) increase in cooking yields.

Clones of cauliflower mosaic virus identified by molecular hybridization in turnip leaves.

Abstract: Mechanical inoculation of turnip leaves with cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) results after one to two weeks in the appearance on these leaves of local lesions. Local lesions were detected by hybridization of radioactive CaMV DNA with nucleic acid immobilized in leaf skeletons by solvent extraction, proteinase digestion, and alkali treatment. The pattern of lesions detected as dark circles on autoradiographs of the washed leaf skeletons was the same as that detected by staining of solvent-extracted leaves for starch. Starch lesions appeared as white areas against a dark purple back-ground. These lesions were first detected between 5 and 8 days after inoculation and grew in size until 10 days after inoculation. Lesions were also detected by staining solvent-extracted and proteinase digested leaves with ethidium bromide. The lesions appeared as dark areas in a bright fluorescent background, and were found in the same positions as the starch lesions.

Foreign Ownership Effects on NLRB Representation Elections

Abstract: Foreign investment in the United States has been expanding at a rapid rate during recent years. For a variety of reasons it is probable that such investment will play an increasingly important role in the U.S. economy in the future. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of such foreign ownership on an important aspect of labor relations – specifically, NLRB representation elections. Tests of whether foreign majority ownership is associated with decreased union success are conducted through multiple discriminant and regression analysis of election results. Both analyses control for foreign ownership, right-to-work legislation, industry effects, and size of election unit. The results indicate a moderately inverse association between foreign majority ownership and union success in elections.

Oxide Scale Formation on Iron-Chromium Alloys in Elevated Temperature Air Environments

Abstract: Oxide scales formed on metals at elevated temperatures may be different, both chemically and structurally, from the scales on the metal once it has cooled to room temperature. This paper discusses Raman spectroscopy instrumentation for the in-situ identification of scales formed on metal surfaces exposed to gaseous environments. The results of an experimental program to characterize scales formed on two commercial iron-chromium alloys, AISI 446 and 502, in air and oxygen environments are also presented.