Showing papers by "Oklahoma State University–Stillwater published in 1991"
TL;DR: While perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) has consistently been linked to socially conscious attitudes, the concept appears to have been confounded with other related constructs in the empirical literature as mentioned in this paper, which may explain why consumer effectiveness has not been consistently linked to social conscious attitudes.
Abstract: While perceived consumer effectiveness (PCE) has consistently been linked to socially conscious attitudes, the concept appears to have been confounded with other related constructs in the empirical...
798 citations
TL;DR: The results of the test of the apparent time construct suggest that it is unquestionably a valid and useful analytical tool that can be used for exploring language change in progress.
Abstract: The use of apparent time differences to study language change in progress has been a basic analytical construct in quantitative sociolinguistics for over 30 years. The basic assumption underlying the construct is that, unless there is evidence to the contrary, differences among generations of similar adults mirror actual diachronic developments in a language: the speech of each generation is assumed to reflect the language more or less as it existed at the time when that generation learned the language. In providing a mirror of real time change, apparent time forms the basis of a conceptual framework for exploring language change in progress. However, the basic assumptions that underlie apparent time have never been fully tested. This article tests those assumptions by comparing apparent time data from two recent random sample telephone surveys of Texas speech with real time data from the Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States, which was conducted some 15 years before the telephone surveys. The real time differences between the linguistic atlas data and the data from the telephone surveys provide strong support for the apparent time construct. Whenever apparent time data in the telephone surveys clearly suggest change in progress, the atlas data show substantially fewer innovative forms. Whenever the apparent time data suggest stable variation, the atlas data are virtually identical to that from the more recent surveys. Whenever the relationships between real and apparent time data are unclear, sorting out mitigating factors, such as nativity and subregional residence, clarifies and confirms the relationships. The results of our test of the apparent time construct suggest that it is unquestionably a valid and useful analytical tool.
379 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review is made of Ultraprecision metal cutting techniques which aim at micrometer or sub-micrometer form accuracy and nanometric surface roughness in optical, electronic and mechanical components.
277 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an alternative methodology for obtaining the optimum characteristics of Mak's deteriorating production-inventory model is presented, where the exact average total cost expression for the production lot-size model with constant deterioration has been obtained, and then through a classical computerized search routine the optimum production cycle time and the optimum total inventory cycle time is determined.
268 citations
TL;DR: The incidence of pathological gambling was high among males, Hispanics, Asians, and Italian-Americans (compared with among other whites), students with non-traffic arrests, those with parents who have gambling problems, and those who abuse alcohol and other drugs.
263 citations
01 Jan 1991
250 citations
TL;DR: The authors applied logistic regression to survey data collected during the 1979, 1983, and 1987 British general election campaigns, finding some evidence of a bandwagon effect in all three elections, but no evidence of an underdog effect and only minor evidence of projection effect.
Abstract: Since the widespread use of opinion polls in British general elections began in the 1950s, there has been continuing controversy concerning their impact on the vote. The bandwagon effect sees voters favoring a party that is doing well in the polls, while the underdog effect predicts that support will go to a party trailing in the polls. There is also the possibility of a projection effect, with voters' expectations conforming to their partisanship. The results presented here, applying logistic regression to "exit poll" survey data collected during the 1979, 1983, and 1987 British general election campaigns, find some evidence of a bandwagon effect in all three elections, but no evidence of an underdog effect and only minor evidence of a projection effect. However, there is a consistent interaction between poll influence and those who decided which way to vote during the election campaign, suggesting that opinion polls can facilitate tactical voting, especially in three-party competition.
191 citations
TL;DR: The hypothesis that GH may have direct effects on bovine ovarian function is supported, as cells from both sizes of follicles, GH increased synthesis of cellular proteins and LH decreased synthesis and secretion of proteins.
Abstract: The objectives of the present studies were 1) to develop a culture system that has the positive effect of serum on granulosa cell attachment and allows subsequent expression of hormonal effects in serum-free medium and 2) to determine the effect of insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), estradiol (E2), and growth hormone (GH) on growth, steroidogenesis, and(or) protein synthesis of bovine granulosa cells. Cells from small (1 to 5 mm) and large (greater than 8 mm) follicles were collected from cattle and cultured for either 4 or 6 d. When cells from small follicles were cultured, insulin (5 micrograms/ml) increased (P less than .05) cell numbers (cells x 10(5)/well) severalfold compared with controls. Alone, EGF (10 ng/ml), FSH (200 ng/ml), LH (200 ng/ml), E2 (2 micrograms/ml), or GH (0 to 1,000 ng/ml) had no effect on cell numbers. However, when included with insulin, 30, 100, and 300 ng/ml of GH increased (P less than .05) granulosa cell numbers on d 4 of culture. Insulin alone increased (P less than .05) progesterone production (ng.10(5) cells-1.24 h-1) by severalfold on d 4, but EGF, FSH, LH, or GH alone had no effect and E2 inhibited progesterone production. In the presence of insulin, FSH and GH (100 ng/ml) increased (P less than .05) progesterone production on d 4 of culture, whereas EGF (10 ng/ml) elicited a decrease (P less than .05) in production. In cells from both sizes of follicles, GH (300 ng/ml) increased synthesis of cellular proteins (greater than 10 kDa). In cells from only large follicles, LH (200 ng/ml) decreased synthesis and secretion of proteins (greater than or equal to 3.5 kDa). These results support the hypothesis that GH may have direct effects on bovine ovarian function.
191 citations
TL;DR: Marketing scholars such as Kotler and Rothschild emphasize that, because "you can't sell brotherhood like soap,” there is a need for research that will generate and test social marketing strategies.
Abstract: Marketing scholars such as Kotler and Rothschild emphasize that, because “you can't sell brotherhood like soap,” there is a need for research that will generate and test social marketing strategies...
173 citations
TL;DR: The isolation and characterization of 18 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana defective in embryo development following seed transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens are described and a general strategy is presented to simplify the identification of tagged embryonic mutants and facilitate the molecular isolation of genes required for plant embryogenesis.
Abstract: T-DNA insertional mutagenesis represents a promising approach to the molecular isolation of genes with essential functions during plant embryo development. We describe in this report the isolation and characterization of 18 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana defective in embryo development following seed transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Random T-DNA insertion was expected to result in a high frequency of recessive embryonic lethals because many target genes are required for embryogenesis. The cointegrate Ti plasmid used in these experiments contained the nopaline synthase and neomycin phosphotransferase gene markers. Nopaline assays and resistance to kanamycin were used to estimate the number of functional inserts present in segregating families. Nine families appeared to contain a T-DNA insert either within or adjacent to the mutant gene. Eight families were clearly not tagged with a functional insert and appeared instead to contain mutations induced during the transformation process. DNA gel blot hybridization with internal and right border probes revealed a variety of rearrangements associated with T-DNA insertion. A general strategy is presented to simplify the identification of tagged embryonic mutants and facilitate the molecular isolation of genes required for plant embryogenesis.
155 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model of intergovernmental service contracting is tested for U.S. cities of 25,000 and over population, and the decision process is assumed to be shaped by many of the same forces that affect contracting to the private sector, namely, cost considerations, fiscal pressures, and political influences.
Abstract: A model of intergovernmental service contracting is tested for U.S. cities of 25,000 and over population. In this model, the decision process is assumed to be shaped by many of the same forces that affect contracting to the private sector, namely, cost considerations, fiscal pressures, and political influences. Considerable support is found for the model, although fiscal stress is not a major impetus for contracting with other jurisdictions. The presence of a city manager facilitates greater intergovernmental contracting, although restrictive state laws limit such arrangements. Above all, when local officials fear loss of service control, less intergovernmental contracting occurs.
TL;DR: In this article, a closed-form solution approach to the evaluation of the loss of power supply probability of a stand-alone photovoltaic system with energy storage is presented, where both non-tracking and single-axis tracking systems are considered.
Abstract: A closed-form solution approach to the evaluation of the loss of power supply probability of stand-alone photovoltaic system with energy storage is presented. Nontracking and single-axis tracking systems are considered. In both cases, the tilt is assumed to be fixed. A numerical example is included to illustrate the usefulness of the expressions developed. Relationships between the amount of energy storage and the loss of power supply probability under various operating conditions can be investigated using the results. These relationships can be used in the design of stand-alone photovoltaic systems. >
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental study of the forces involved in the orthogonal single point diamond machining of oxygen free high conductivity (OFHC) copper and fine grain copper was performed.
TL;DR: Results suggest that the presence of the bovine conceptus has a stimulatory effect on endometrial expression levels of IGF-II, whereas progesterone appears to be involved with enhancement of IGFBP-2.
Abstract: The present study characterized the changes in concentrations of insulin-like growth factors-I and -II (IGF-I and IGF-II) in uterine luminal flushings, and the endometrial mRNA levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, and IGF binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) obtained from Days 0 through 18 of the bovine estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II in uterine flushings were greater on Days 0 and 5 than on other days of the estrous cycle or pregnancy. Northern blot analysis of endometrial poly(A)+ RNA revealed two major transcripts of 7.5 and 1.0 Kb for IGF-I, one major transcript of 4.0 Kb for IGF-II, and one major transcript of 1.3 Kb for IGFBP-2. RNA dot-blot analyses indicated that endometrial expression of IGF-I mRNA was unaffected by day of the estrous cycle or status (cyclic vs. pregnancy). However, endometrial expression of IGF-II mRNA was greater in pregnant than in cyclic endometrium on Days 15 and 18. Levels of endometrial IGFBP-2 mRNA increased (p less than 0.05) between Days 10 and 18 of the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Results suggest that the presence of the bovine conceptus has a stimulatory effect on endometrial expression levels of IGF-II, whereas progesterone appears to be involved with enhancement of IGFBP-2.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of inlet geometry on the degree of stratification attainable in thermocline thermal energy storage is investigated using a mixing index introduced in a one-dimensional flow model.
TL;DR: The authors assessed the language, speech and cognitive skills of abused, neglected, and abused and neglected children, finding that neglect was the type of maltreatment most associated with both expressive and receptive language delays and overall language delay.
Abstract: Seventy-four preschool-age maltreated children's receptive and expressive language, speech skills, general language and cognitive abilities were assessed to investigate the language, speech and cognitive skills of abused, neglected, and abused and neglected children. While all three groups were delayed, neglect was the type of maltreatment most strongly associated with both expressive and receptive language delays and overall language delay. The three groups did not differ in general cognitive development. The most important feature of our data, relative to a Vygotskian perpective, is that language development is particularly vulnerable in an environment devoid of parent-child social language exchange.
TL;DR: Fused-silica capillaries having surface-bound hydroxylated polyether functions were developed for the separation of proteins by capillary zone electrophoresis as discussed by the authors. But their performance was limited to the pH range 4.0-7.5.
TL;DR: In this paper, a probabilistic approach based on the convolution technique is presented to assess the performance of utility-interactive wind electric conversion systems supplying tools, and expressions are developed to obtain the duration curve for the power injected into the utility grid.
Abstract: A probabilistic approach based on the convolution technique is presented to assess the performance of utility-interactive wind electric conversion systems supplying tools. The wind regime is modeled using a Weibull distribution. Expressions are developed to obtain the duration curve for the power injected into the utility grid. The energy injected into the grid and drawn from it to supply the load during the study period can be calculated from this duration curve. The load model employed enables the study period to range from one year to one particular hour-of-day, thus allowing the inclusion of the time-value of energy as appropriate in economic assessments. >
TL;DR: The notion that a tet-carrying transposon like Tn5251 may have been the ancestral element in the evolution of the larger streptococcal conjugative transposons must be reevaluated in the light of present observations.
Abstract: Tn5253, carrying tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance determinants, is a 65.5-kb conjugative transposon originally detected in the chromosome of Streptococcus pneumoniae BM6001. We have identified an 18-kb segment of DNA carrying the tet determinant within Tn5253 to be an independent conjugative transposon when removed from the context of the larger element. In vivo deletion of this DNA segment, now termed Tn5251, from within Tn5253 did not affect the conjugative transposition properties of the remaining sequences. Thus, Tn5253 is a composite element of two conjugative structures: Tn5252, constituting the sequences beyond Tn5251 within Tn5253, and Tn5251. The transfer properties of Tn5252 and Tn5251 suggest that these may belong to two different classes of mobile elements even though they were initially found associated. The notion that a tet-carrying transposon like Tn5251 may have been the ancestral element in the evolution of the larger streptococcal conjugative transposons must be reevaluated in the light of present observations.
TL;DR: The purpose of this review will be to explore the potential benefits and limitations of mutant analysis in relation to plant embryo development.
Abstract: Embryogenesis plays a central role in the life cycle of flowering plants. Ever since the process of double fertilization was documented at the turn of the century, plant embryologists have attempted to characterize the cellular and biochemical changes that occur within developing seeds (Maheshwari, 1950; Raghavan, 1976). For many years, the emphasis was on comparative morphology and the analysis of cell division patterns during early stages of embryo development (Johansen, 1950; Wardlaw, 1955). Attention then shifted to experimental studies of somatic embryogenesis, embryo culture, and haploid embryos derived from microspores (Raghavan, 1986). Manipulation of zygotic embryos was limited by the presence of surrounding maternal tissues. Electron microscopy provided additional details on cellular changes associated with embryogenesis but generally failed to identify the mechanisms responsible. Plant embryologists believed that genetic factors played an important role in morphogenesis, but mutants with altered patterns of embryo development were largely ignored (Meinke, 1986). Recent advances in molecular biology have led to a renewed interest in plant embryology and the underlying patterns of gene expression that occur throughout seed development (Goldberg et al., 1989). Many genes transcribed during embryonic maturation have now been examined at the molecular level. Genetics provides a complementary approach to the study of plant embryo development by allowing the identification of genes with essential functions during this critical stage of the life cycle (Meinke, 1986). The purpose of this review will be to explore the potential benefits and limitations of mutant analysis in relation to plant embryo development. Additional information can be obtained through recent reviews on plant development (Steeves and Sussex, 1989; Lyndon, 1990), experimental plant embryogenesis (Johri, 1984; Raghavan, 1986; Williams and Maheswaran, 1986), and plant developmental genetics (Sheridan, 1988; Meinke, 1991a, 1991b). Plant embryologists originally attempted to explain characteristic patterns of cell division observed early in development by establishing fundamental laws of embryogeny (Johansen, 1950). These laws of parsimony, numbers, origin, disposition, and destination were thought to reflect the fundamental organization of embryos from different species. This view has gradually been replaced by the realization that cell division patterns are determined more by genetic and biophysical factors than by laws of embryogeny. Examination of developmental pathways in different angiosperms has nevertheless revealed a number of common features. The most critical events appear to be the formation of apical meristems, the establishment of basic patterns of symmetry and cellular organization, and the transition from a heterotrophic zygote dependent upon nutrient reserves of surrounding maternal tissues to an autotrophic embryo capable of surviving desiccation and producing a viable seedling after germination. Early stages of plant embryo development are characterized by cell division and morphogenesis. This is followed by a period of cell specialization and embryonic maturation in preparation for dormancy and germination. Several features distinguish embryogenesis in angiosperms from related pathways in animal systems: (1) the process of double fertilization and subsequent interactions between embryo and endosperm tissues, (2) the apparently minor role played by maternal mRNAs stored in unfertilized eggs, (3) the absence of cellular migration during embryo development, (4) the absence of a germ line established early in development, (5) the activation of large numbers of zygotic genes during very early stages of embryogenesis, (6) the presence of a male gametophyte active in transcription that leads to elimination of many deleterious alleles before fertilization, (7) the establishment of relatively few specialized cell types, (8) the formation of apical meristems that ultimately produce the adult plant, and (9) the small size of the zygote and its location deep within maternal tissues. The zygote in flowering plants is also not unique; a wide range of somatic cells can be
TL;DR: The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) as discussed by the authors is a 44-item instrument designed to measure anger as a situational emotional response (state) and as a predispositional quality (trait).
Abstract: The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) is a relatively new, 44-item instrument designed to measure anger as a situational emotional response (state) and as a predispositional quality (trait). The STAXI also contains three scales designed to assess three different dimensions of the expression of anger: (a) Anger-In, (b) Anger-Out, and (c) Anger-Control. This study was designed to examine the factor structure of the STAXI. A sample of 455 college students were administered the instrument, and a principal axis factor analysis with varimax rotation was performed for the 44 items. Additionally, coefficient alpha for each scale and scale intercorrelations are reported. The results of the factor analysis are similar to the scale structure claimed for this instrument.
TL;DR: It is suggested that S be included with Cl in the dietary cation-anion balance equation for lactating dairy cows as follows: meq [(Na + K)-(Cl + S)]/100 g diet DM, because response of acid-base status to S and Cl was similar and as more data comparing the acidogenicity of S vs Cl become available, it may be necessary to include a modifying coefficient for S in the equation.
Abstract: Ten Holstein cows averaging 120 d in lactation were arranged in replicated 5 x 5 Latin squares with 3-wk periods to evaluate the role of sulfur (S) in the dietary cation-anion balance equation. Diets were based on corn silage in Exp. 1 and sorghum silage in Exp. 2. Supplemental S and chloride (Cl) from the double sulfate of potassium and magnesium and CaCl2 were used to manipulate dietary cation-anion balance from 0 to +30 meq when expressed as meq [(Na + K)-(Cl + S)]/100 g diet DM and from +19 to +49 meq when expressed as meq [(Na + K)-Cl]/100 g diet DM. Blood pH was not affected by cation-anion balance, although both S and Cl supplementation tended to lower pH. Blood HCO3- and urine pH decreased and plasma calcium (Ca) and urinary Ca excretion increased as anion was added to the diet. Milk fat production tended to be increased by the low S supplementation. Dietary Cl and S had similar effects on acid-base status. Therefore, we suggest that S be included with Cl in the dietary cation-anion balance equation for lactating dairy cows as follows: meq [(Na + K)-(Cl + S)]/100 g diet DM. Although response of acid-base status to S and Cl was similar, as more data comparing the acidogenicity of S vs Cl become available, it may be necessary to include a modifying coefficient for S in the equation to adjust for differences between S and Cl in acid-generating potential. This coefficient may be further dependent on the dietary source of S.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a measure of total factor productivity (TFP) growth and summarized a source-of-growth analysis for the manufacturing sector of 48 states of the US.
Abstract: In this paper, we first develop a measure of total factor productivity (TFP) growth and summarize a source-of-growth analysis for the manufacturing sector of 48 states. As have others, we find little association between TFP growth differentials and output growth differentials for census regions. At the staterather than the regional level, however, we find a positive association between TFP growth and output growth. We use cross-sectional data to estimate the determinants of the variation in TFP growth. Two results emerge that are important for regional policy and for understanding national productivity trends. First, state investments in education and in transportation infrastructure may affect TFP growth. Second, energy price increases in the early 1970s had no differential effects on productivity growth across states. We also explore the determinants of manufacturing output growth and find that TFP growth, demand growth, wage growth, wage levels, and state corporate income tax rates are significant.
TL;DR: A rigorous, nonlinear programming algorithm, which incorporates a network simulation model, which is capable of analyzing one or more independent demand patterns, or extended period simulations, or both.
Abstract: Calibration of a water distribution network is a long, tedious task, if analyzed by an engineer, with no guarantee of determining the proper system parameters. In addition, more utilities are moving toward automated control and wish to estimate the state of the network based upon telemetry data, A rigorous, nonlinear programming algorithm, which incorporates a network simulation model, is presented to solve these problems. The model is capable of analyzing one or more independent demand patterns, or extended period simulations, or both. The model assumes the measurements are exact and has an objective of minimizing the sum of the squares or absolute values of the differences between observed and estimated values of pipe flows and nodal pressure heads. The model consistently finds optimal solutions with the objective function equal to zero with exact data. However, the estimated parameters (pipe roughness coefficients, valve settings, and nodal demands) are not always the true values, which points to a nee...
TL;DR: Results include a physical justification for why first-order (slow-retrapping) processes dominate in nature, a general TL-TSC relationship, the realization that the QE approximation is only valid at the temperature of the TSC peak maximum, and an experimental method for determining the shape of the Q(T) function.
Abstract: An alternative mathematical description of thermally stimulated luminescence (TL) and thermally stimulated conductivity (TSC) is presented without the restrictions of the quasiequilibrium (QE) and kinetic-order (KO) approximations. The development is carried out within the framework of a model consisting of a single active trap in the presence of a large concentration of deep, thermally disconnected traps and recombination centers. The QE and KO approximations are removed and replaced by two new functions, Q(T) and P(T), both rigorously defined in terms of trap emptying and filling processes. The resulting generalized equations are capable of continuously describing the behavior of systems over a wide range of kinetic cases and very far from QE. From these, generalized initial-rise and Hoogenstraaten equations are derived from which previously unknown correction terms are identified. In addition, a modified version of the initial-rise analysis is presented and its range of validity addressed. The formalism presented provides much insight in that one may describe clearly the effects of common approximations and estimate if such approximations are warranted. Other results include a physical justification for why first-order (slow-retrapping) processes dominate in nature, a general TL-TSC relationship, the realization that the QE approximation is only valid at the temperature of the TSC peak maximum, and an experimental method for determining the shape of the Q(T) function. The applicability of this analysis is illustrated using numerical solutions of the differential rate equations.
TL;DR: This paper presents a fast algorithm for computing the reliability of a communication network when each link has the same probability of success, and concludes that the computational complexity grows subexponentially as the number of links increases.
Abstract: This paper presents a fast algorithm for computing the reliability of a communication network when each link has the same probability of success. The computational complexity of existing algorithms increases exponentially as the number of links increases. Our algorithm is based on combinatorics and we conclude, for the case when links have the same survival probabilities, that the computational complexity grows subexponentially as the number of links increases. Furthermore, the algorithm is mostly algebraic in nature.
TL;DR: If a postcastration increase in concentrations of LH occurs in nutritionally anestrous beef cows and the relationship between body energy reserves and secretion of LH and insulin-like growth factor-I is examined, there was a treatment-by-day effect for mean serum LH and IGF-I concentrations.
Abstract: The objectives of this experiment were to determine if a postcastration increase in concentrations of LH occurs in nutritionally anestrous beef cows and to examine the relationship between body energy reserves and secretion of LH and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Nonpregnant, nonlactating, Hereford cows were fed to maintain (M) body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), and normal estrous cycles (n = 5) or were fed a restricted (R) diet for 26 wk to lose BW and BCS and to become anestrus (n = 10). At 5-7 wk after the initiation of anestrus, R cows were randomly allotted to be ovariectomized (OVX) via flank incision (n = 5) or to remain intact (INT, n = 5). OVX was performed when R cows became anestrous. All M cows were OVX. Serum was collected frequently the day before and during the first 10 days after OVX, and concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, LH and IGF-I were quantified. On Day 10 after OVX, 1 mg of estradiol was injected into 3 cows from each group and serum was collected for 30 h. After OVX, there was a treatment-by-day effect for mean serum LH and IGF-I concentrations. Concentrations of LH increased (p less than 0.01) and concentrations of IGF-I decreased (p less than 0.05) in M-OVX cows when compared with R-OVX and R-INT cows. Concentrations of LH and IGF-I were similar for R-OVX and R-INT cows. The number of LH pulses was similar for M and R cows.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
TL;DR: The data suggest that the glycoalkaloid alpha-chaconine is teratogenic and more embryotoxic than alpha-solanine, in terms of the median lethal concentration after 96 hr of exposure, the concentration inducing gross terata in 50% of the surviving frog embryos, and the minimum concentration needed to inhibit the growth of the embryos.
TL;DR: Sodium lactate was added to fresh pork sausage to determine its effect on refrigerated storage of chubs and retail display of patties as mentioned in this paper, and an additional treatment evaluated effects of sodium lactate in fresh sausage with added textured soy concentrate.
Abstract: Sodium lactate was added to fresh pork sausage to determine its effect on refrigerated storage of chubs and retail display of patties. An additional treatment evaluated effects of sodium lactate in fresh sausage with added textured soy concentrate. In fresh sausage stored as 454g chubs, surface discoloration was reduced (P 0.01) but resulted in more rapid surface discoloration (P<0.01). Presence of textured soy concentrate decreased (P<0.01) effectiveness of sodium lactate against microorganisms.