Showing papers by "Oklahoma State University–Stillwater published in 1993"

Factors that alter the growth and development of ruminants.

Abstract: Growth is defined as an increase in tissue mass. Mass increases by hyperplasia early in life and hypertrophy later in life, although hyperplasia of adipose tissue continues throughout life. The growth curve, being mass or cumulative weight plotted against age, is sigmoid, consisting of a prepubertal accelerating phase plus a postpubertal decelerating phase. Mathematically, this curve can be described as a function of mature mass, fractional growth rate, and age. At a specific fraction of mature mass, body composition seems to be constant, but the degree to which nutrition can alter mature mass is not certain. If mature mass is altered, body composition at any given mass will be altered. Mature mass can be decreased by starvation or protein deficiency early in life. Alternatively, retarding the deposition of fat or the administration of estrogenic compounds may increase mature protein mass. Many of the advances in rate and efficiency of growth and in reduced fat of meat cuts can be explained by increased mature protein mass of ruminants. Animals with higher mature weight require more energy for maintenance and reach puberty later in life, so a larger mature mass is not desirable for the breeding herd. Indeed, smaller replacement heifers would prove economical if reproduction were not decreased. A period of restricted growth and fat deposition (as on pasture) can increase the slaughter weight of small cattle into a more desirable range, presumably through increasing mature protein mass. However, calves with retarded growth often make less efficient feedlot gains than do calves finished immediately after being weaned. For growing large-framed heifers, pasture alone often provides an inadequate energy supply for early puberty, but excessive amounts of supplemental feed can enhance fat deposition in the udder, which subsequently decreases milk production. By manipulating the supply of specific nutrients and hormones, it may prove feasible in the future to reduce fat deposition in specific tissues and to alter mature body protein mass.

An unambiguous nomenclature for xyloglucan‐derived oligosaccharides

Abstract: A revised system of abbreviated names is proposed for xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides. Each (1→4)-linked β-D-glucosyl residue (and the reducing terminal n-glucose moiety) of the backbone is given a one-letter code according to its substituents. The name of the oligosaccharide consists of these code letters listed in sequence from non-reducing to reducing terminus of the backbone

A Content Analysis of Environmental Advertising Claims: A Matrix Method Approach

Abstract: As organizations seek to communicate with consumers who are concerned about the environment, advertisements containing environmental claims are becoming more prominent. While much has been written about environmental advertising, this phenomenon has seldom been examined systematically. This paper presents an empirical study which combines two classification schemes to create a matrix that identifies different types of environmental claims and the likelihood that such claims will be judged as misleading and/or deceptive. Results suggest that those claims which extol the environmental benefits of products and those that are designed to enhance the environmental image of an organization are most prone to be considered misleading and/or deceptive. Methods for improving environmental advertising are suggested.

Effects of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, and gonadotropins on bovine granulosa cell proliferation, progesterone production, estradiol production, and(or) insulin-like growth factor I production in vitro.

Abstract: The objectives of the present studies were to determine the effect of insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), testosterone, and FSH on proliferation, progesterone production, and(or) estradiol production of bovine granulosa cells. In addition, existence of IGF-I mRNA in granulosa cells and in vitro IGF-I production by granulosa cells were assessed. Cells from small (1 to 5 mm) and large (> or = 8 mm) follicles were collected from cattle and cultured for either 3 or 4 d. When cells from small follicles were cultured, insulin (.1 to 10 micrograms/mL) and IGF-I (100 to 400 ng/mL) increased (P or = 5 micrograms/mL) had no effect on estradiol production by cells from small and large follicles. Granulosa cells contained four IGF-I mRNA transcripts and produced IGF-I in vitro. These results support the hypothesis that insulin and IGF-I may have direct local effects on bovine ovarian function, and that these effects are influenced by dose and size of follicle.

Effects of time on feed on beef nutrient composition

Abstract: Forty-eight Angus x Hereford yearling steers were used to assess the effect of time on feed (TOF) on the nutrient composition of beef longissimus muscle (LM) Steers were fed a high-concentrate diet with the exception of the d-0 group, which served as a grass-fed control, and then were serially slaughtered at 28-d intervals during the 196-d feeding period Steaks were removed from the 10th rib and trimmed of exterior fat and epimysial connective tissue before nutrient analysis Intramuscular fat content doubled (P 05) from d 0 to 84 or from d 112 to 196 This increase in fat content resulted in decreased (P < 05) concentrations of moisture, protein, and ash in the LM Concentrations of Mg, K, and Fe in the LM increased (P < 10) with advanced TOF The increase in the total lipid (TL) content of the LM stemmed from a proportional increase (P < 05) in neutral lipid (NL) Polar lipid (PL) remained constant (P = 33) throughout TOF The NL and TL became more unsaturated as TOF increased, primarily due to a linear (P < 01) increase in oleic (C18:1) acid concentration In contrast, the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentration in the PL exhibited a linear (P < 01) decrease across TOF As a result, advanced TOF increased the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content by 22% and decreased the PUFA content by 72% in the LM The ratio of hypercholesterolemic (C14 + C16):hypocholesterolemic (MUFA+PUFA) fatty acids was unaffected by increasing TOF from d 28 to 196; however, this ratio was lower (P < 05) for grass-fed controls (d 0) than for d 28 to 84 and d 196 Cholesterol content (milligrams/100 grams) changed cubically (P = 06) across TOF Ultimately, by limiting TOF to 112 d, the beef industry could provide consumers a palatable beef product that easily fits into a healthy diet and at the same time diminishes the costs associated with external fat trim

Comparison of adverse effects of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen in horses

Abstract: The relative toxicity of phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen was studied in healthy adult horses. Sixteen horses were randomly assigned to receive 10 ml of physiologic saline solution, or ketoprofen (2.2 mg/kg of body weight), flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg), or phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg) IV, every 8 hours, for 12 days. Results of CBC, serum biochemical analyses, and fecal occult blood tests were monitored. On day 13, all horses were euthanatized and complete necropsy examinations were performed. Mean CBC values remained within normal limits for all groups. Phenylbutazone-treated horses had a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in serum total protein and albumin concentrations. Mean values of all other serum biochemical assays were not different from those of the saline-treated group. Results of all fecal occult blood tests were negative. At necropsy, the glandular portion of the stomach was the area of the gastrointestinal tract most severely affected by phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine, and ketoprofen. In the phenylbutazone-treated group, but not in the other groups, edema of the small intestine and erosions and ulcers of the large colon were observed. None of the horses treated with saline solution had lesions in the glandular portion of the stomach or in the intestine. Four horses (1/5 and 3/3 in the flunixin- and phenylbutazone-treated groups, respectively) developed renal crest necrosis. Horses in the saline- and ketoprofen-treated groups did not develop renal lesions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

National Beef Quality Audit-1995: survey of producer-related defects and carcass quality and quantity attributes.

Abstract: The National Beef Quality Au- dit-1995 was conducted to evaluate the progress of the beef industry since the time of the National Beef Quality Audit-1991 in improving quality and con- sistency of beef. Nine plants were assigned for auditing to Colorado State University, Oklahoma State University, and Texas A&M University. Person- nel from each institution visited three of their nine plants twice, once in the spring/summer and once in the fall/winter. Data were collected on 50% of each lot on the slaughter floor and 10% in the cooler during a single day's production (one or two shifts, as appropri- ate). Of the cattle audited on the slaughter floor, 47.7% had no brands, 3.0% had a shoulder brand,

Effect of Tool Edge Geometry on Energy Dissipation in Ultraprecision Machining

Abstract: Summary An experimental study of the effect of single crystal diamond tool edge geometry on the resulting cutting and thrust forces and specific energy in the ultraprecision orthogonal flycutting of Te-Cu was made. The effects of both the nominal rake angle and tool edge profile were investigated over uncut chip thicknesses from 20μm down to 10 nm. Characterization of the tool edge was performed with the use of atomic force microscopy. Both the nominal rake angle and tool edge profile were found to have significant effects on he resulting forces and energies.

Some patterns of linguistic diffusion

Abstract: Although variationists have explored the diffusion of linguistic changes from one social group to another and from one linguistic environment to another in some detail, they have done much less work on the spatial diffusion of changes. In fact, Trudgill's (1974, 1975) use of Hagerstrand's gravity model to explain in hierarchical diffusion of innovations in East Anglia and Norway was the only systematic account of spatial diffusion in the literature. This article uses data from the random sample telephone survey portion of a Survey of Oklahoma Dialects (SOD) to explore the spatial diffusion of linguistic innovations in Oklahoma. It analyzes that data using a variety of techniques of computer cartography and the General Linear Models procedure in SAS. The data clearly show that, whereas some linguistic innovations diffuse hierarchically (as linguists have long contended), others diffuse contrahierarchically, while still others diffuse in complex patterns that show characteristics of both contagious and hierarchical diffusion. An analysis of the barriers to and amplifiers of diffusion suggests that these different types of diffusion are a consequence of the different social meanings that linguistic forms carry.

Path analysis of heavy metal adsorption by soil

Abstract: Path analysis, a statistical technique that differentials between correlation and causation, was used to describe heavy metal adsorption by soil. A path analysis model that evaluates the effect of soil pH, CEC, organic carbon content (OC), and clay content on adsorption of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn by soils from two long-term cropping experiments in Sutherland and Kanawha, IA, was investigated. In general, direct effects of soil properties on metal adsorption were pH > OC > CEC. Path analysis direct effects of pH on Cd (0.83), Cu (0.93), and Pb (0.96) by Galva (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludoll) soils from the Sutherland experiment were highly significant (P < 0.01). Significant (P < 0.01) direct effects of pH on Cd (0.93), Cu (0.95), and Pb (0.85) adsorption by Webster (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll) soils from the Kanawha experiment [...]

Genetic and molecular characterization of embryonic mutants identified following seed transformation in Arabidopsis

Abstract: Over 5000 transgenic families of Arabidopsis thaliana produced following seed transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens were screened for embryonic lethals, defectives, and pattern mutants. One hundred and seventy-eight mutants with a wide range of developmental abnormalities were identified. Forty-one mutants appear from genetic studies to be tagged (36% of the 115 mutants examined in detail). Mapping with visible markers demonstrated that mutant genes were randomly distributed throughout the genome. Seven mutant families appeared to contain chromosomal translocations because the mutant genes exhibited linkage to visible markers on two different chromosomes. Chromosomal rearrangements may therefore be widespread following seed transformation. DNA gel blot hybridizations with 34 tagged mutants and three T-DNA probes revealed a wide range of insertion patterns. Models of T-DNA structure at each mutant locus were constructed to facilitate gene isolation. The value of such models was demonstrated by using plasmid rescue to clone flanking plant DNA from four tagged mutants. Further analysis of genes isolated from these insertional mutants should help to elucidate the relationship between gene function and plant embryogenesis.

Marital Strengths in Enduring Marriages.

Abstract: The stability and quality of American marriages have been foci of concern for social scientists for several decades. It has been estimated that as many as two-thirds of first marriages may end in divorce (Martin & Bumpass, 1989), yet other marriages are able to endure over time. In essence, the questions which continue to intrigue family scientists are those concerning which factors contribute to marital success and how those factors work together toward that success. The present study explored the perceptions of couples in enduring marriages as to the strengths of their relationship and the interplay of these strengths.

Waiting in the emergency room: how to improve patient satisfaction.

Abstract: The authors conducted a field experiment in which emergency-room patients of a metropolitan hospital were either given or not given an expected waiting time to see a physician. Patients were then surveyed through the mail on their satisfaction and perceptions of service quality. The results revealed that satisfaction levels were higher when patients believed that they had received information on expected waiting time. Regression analysis revealed that service quality dimensions of trust, responsiveness, and staff service were significant predictors of patient satisfaction. In addition, satisfaction was independently influenced by whether patients' prior timeliness expectations were confirmed. The authors discuss the results in terms of the concept that the situational context of the service may influence the quality dimensions that most affect consumer satisfaction.

Effects of Environmental and Nutritional Factors on Production of the Polyketide Phytotoxin Coronatine by Pseudomonas syringae pv. Glycinea

Abstract: Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea PG4180 produces the polyketide phytotoxin coronatine. The effects of environmental, nutritional, and host factors on growth and coronatine production by PG4180 were examined by varying the components of a defined basal medium which contained the following nutrients per liter: glucose (10 g), NH(4)Cl (1 g), MgSO(4) . 7H(2)O (0.2 g), KH(2)PO(4) (4.1 g), K(2)HPO(4) . 3H(2)O (3.6 g), and FeCl(3) (2 muM). Bacterial growth was recorded as dry weight, and coronatine production was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Both growth and the quantity of coronatine synthesized were significantly affected by carbon source, nutrient levels (glucose, NH(4)Cl, phosphate, Mg, and SO(4)), amino acid supplements, and the presence of complex carbon and nitrogen sources. The yield of coronatine generally declined when conditions were varied from those in the basal medium. Coronatine production and growth were not affected when the pH was adjusted from 6.5 to 7.8. Increases in the osmolarity of the basal medium significantly decreased coronatine production without affecting growth. The addition of plant extracts, plant-derived secondary metabolites, or zinc did not affect growth or coronatine production, while the addition of millimolar levels of KNO(3) or micromolar levels of FeCl(3) significantly enhanced coronatine production. The yield of coronatine was maximized after a 7-day incubation at 18 degrees C and 280 rpm. The results of the present study were used to formulate a medium which allowed for enhanced coronatine production in nearly all strains of P. syringae tested. A rapid method for extracting coronatine from small volumes of culture supernatant was also developed.

Ecological and genetic analysis of copper and streptomycin resistance in Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae.

Abstract: Strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae resistant to copper, streptomycin, or both compounds were recovered from symptomless and diseased tissue of four woody hosts in three nurseries in Oklahoma. In strains resistant to copper and streptomycin (Cur Smr), resistance to both compounds was cotransferred with a single plasmid which was either 68, 190, or 220 kilobase pairs (kb). All Cus Smr strains contained a 68-kb conjugative plasmid. Cur Sms strains contained one plasmid which varied in size from 60 to 73 kb. All conjugative plasmids which transferred streptomycin resistance contained sequences homologous to the strA and strB Smr genes from the broad-host-range plasmid RSF1010. The Smr determinant was subsequently cloned from a 68-kb Cur Smr plasmid designated pPSR1. A restriction map detailing the organization of the homologous Smr genes from pPSR1 and RSF1010 and cloned Smr genes from P. syringae pv. papulans and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria revealed the conservation of all sites studied. The Cur genes cloned from P. syringae pv. tomato PT23 and X. campestris pv. vesicatoria XV10 did not hybridize to the Cur plasmids identified in the present study, indicating that copper resistance in these P. syringae pv. syringae strains may be conferred by a distinct genetic determinant. Images

Toward a New Understanding of Early Menarche: The Role of Environmental Stress in Pubertal Timing.

Abstract: A recent theory (Belsky, Steinberg, & Draper, 1991) suggests that environmental stress may trigger early menarche in adolescents. This is in contrast to a more traditional view that early menarche is biologically determined and serves as a risk factor for developing girls. The purpose of the present study was to examine two family stressors, divorce and interparental conflict, in light of the Belsky et al. theory. Participants were 71 adolescent females and their mothers. Of these, 44 were from intact families (i.e., the parents were married), and 27 were from divorced families. Age at first menarche was obtained via self-report. Maternal reports of interparental conflict as well as adolescent perception of conflict were obtained. Mothers reported on marital status. Results showed that, compared to girls from intact families, those from divorced families had an earlier onset of menarche. In addition, higher maternal reports of interparental conflict were significantly related to earlier menarche in the total sample. Results are discussed in relation to the Belsky et al. theory as well as traditional views of early menarche.

Chapter 5 Performance evaluation of production networks

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses different approaches to performance evaluation (PE) of discrete manufacturing systems that can be placed in three categories. These include static (allocation) models, aggregate dynamic models (ADMs), and detailed dynamic models. Except for the simplest of systems, ADMs usually provide estimates only of steady state performance measures (PMs), and often just average values are estimated (as opposed to say, entire distributions, or a 95% percentile). The PMs fall primarily into the category of physical PMs rather than financial PMs. The chapter also deals with physical PMs. Typical PMs estimated by an ADM include (all of these are steady state averages): utilization of each server; throughput (of production rate); flow time of a job through the system; queue length at a station; and work-in-process (WIP) in the system. These are among the primary physical PMs of interest to manufacturing personnel and, even though only steady state average values are estimated, they can be quite valuable in manufacturing decision making.

Density fluctuations during crystallization of colloids

Abstract: Long-wavelength density fluctuations are recorded by small-angle light scattering during the crystallization of hard colloidal spheres. Measured structure factors show approximate scaling with a peak at finite scattering vectors. The time dependences of the peak intensity and the wave vector clearly reveal two different crystallization regimes. For samples near melting density, we find diffusion limited growth at small times and Lifshitz-Slyozov ripening at large times. Growth exponents in the ripening process seem to increase for higher densities. All measurements demonstrate a strong coupling of the observed conserved density parameter to the nonconserved crystal-order parameter

Markets and pricing for interruptible electric power

Abstract: A market is proposed for interruptible, or callable, forward contracts for electric power, in which the consumer grants the power supplier the right to interrupt a given unit of load in return for a price discount. The callable forward contracts are traded continuously until the time of use. This allows recourse for those customers with uncertain demand, while risk-averse consumers can minimize their price risk by purchasing early. Callable forward contracts are simple in form and can be directly incorporated into the utility's economic dispatch procedure. >

Fluorescence quenching during photosynthesis and photoinhibition of Ulva rotundata blid.

Abstract: The relationships between photoinhibition and photoprotection in high and low-light-grown Ulva were examined by a combination of chlorophyll-fluorescence-monitoring techniques. Tissues were exposed to a computer-controlled sequence of 5-min exposures to red light, followed by 5-min darkness, with stepwise increases in photon flux. Coefficients of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching (1−qP and NPQ) were calculated following a saturating pulse of white light near the end of each 5-min light treatment. Dark-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (F0 and FV/FM) were calculated from a saturating pulse at the end of each 5-min dark period. Low-light-grown Ulva showed consistently higher 1−qP, i.e. higher reduction status of Q (high primary acceptor of photosystem II), and lower capacity for nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) at saturating light than did high-light-grown plants. Consequently, low-light plants rapidly displayed photoinhibitory damage (increased F0) at light saturation in seawater. Removal of dissolved inorganic carbon from seawater also led to photoinhibitory damage of high-light-grown Ulva at light saturation, and addition of saturating amounts of dissolved inorganic carbon protected low-light-grown plants against photoinhibitory damage. A large part of NPQ was abolished by treatment with 3 mM dithiothreitol and the processes so inhibited were evidently photoprotective, because dithiothreitol treatment accelerated photoinhibitory damage in both low- and high-light-grown Ulva. The extent of photoinhibitory damage in Ulva was exacerbated by treatment with chloramphenicol (1 mM) without much effect on chlorophyll-quenching parameters, evidently because this inhibitor of chloroplast protein synthesis reduced the rate of repair processes.

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis: Antigen Analysis of Cultured Sarcocystis Neurona Merozoites

Abstract: Antigens of cultured Sarcocystis neurona merozoites were examined using immunoblot analysis. Blotted proteins were probed with S. cruzi, S. muris, and S. neurona antisera produced in rabbits, S. fayeri (pre- and post-infection) and S. neurona (pre- and post-inoculation) sera produced in horses, immune sera from 7 histologically confirmed cases of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), and pre-suckle serum from a newborn foal. Eight proteins, 70, 24, 23.5, 22.5, 13, 11, 10.5, and 10 Kd, were detected only by S. neurona antiserum and/or immune serum from EPM-affected horses. Equine sera were titered by the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) method using air-dried, cultured S. neurona merozoites. Anti-Sarcocystis IFA titers were found in horses with or without EPM. Serum titers did not correspond to the number of specific bands recognized on immunoblots.

Density fluctuations during crystallization of colloids

Abstract: Long-wavelength density fluctuations are recorded by small-angle light scattering during the crystallization of hard colloidal spheres. Measured structure factors show approximate scaling with a peak at finite scattering vectors. The time dependences of the peak intensity and the wave vector clearly reveal two different crystallization regimes. For samples near melting density, we find diffusion limited growth at small times and Lifshitz-Slyozov ripening at large times. Growth exponents in the ripening process seem to increase for higher densities. All measurements demonstrate a strong coupling of the observed conserved density parameter to the nonconserved crystal-order parameter

Emotional imagery in simple and social phobia: Fear versus anxiety.

Abstract: In a first study, phobic volunteer subjects (N = 60) reacted psychophysiologically with greater vigor to imagery of their own phobic content than to other fearful or nonaffective images. Imagery heart rate responses were largest in subjects with multiple phobias. For simple (dental) phobics, cardiac reactivity was positively correlated with reports of imagery vividness and concordant with reports of affective distress; these relationships were not observed for social (speech) phobics. In a second study, these phobic volunteers were shown to be similar on most measures to an outpatient clinically phobic sample. In an analysis of the combined samples, fearful and socially anxious subtypes were defined by questionnaires. Only the fearful subtype showed a significant covariation among physiological responses, imagery vividness, and severity of phobic disorder. This fearful-anxious distinction seems to cut across diagnostic categories, providing a heuristic perspective from which to view anxiety disorders.

Lateral and Longitudinal Dynamic Behavior and Control of Moving Webs

Abstract: A web refers to any material in continuous flexible stripform which is either endless or very long compared to its width, and very wide compared to its thickness. The paper discusses the dynamic analyse and control of the lateral and longitudinal motions of a moving web which correspond to fluctuations perpendicular and parallel, respectively, to the primary direction of web transport. Historical perspectives are provided, from the early work of Osborne Reynolds in the late 1800s to current research. An overview of the control of both lateral and longitudinal web motion, which includes the control of tension, is presented. Present limitations in understanding and controlling lateral and longitudinal web behavior are discussed