Showing papers by "Oklahoma State University–Stillwater published in 1994"
Tohoku University1, University of Zurich2, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory3, Stanford University4, College of William & Mary5, University of Urbino6, CERN7, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics8, University of California, Irvine9, Cornell University10, Argonne National Laboratory11, ETH Zurich12, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research13, Hillsdale College14, Spanish National Research Council15, Ohio State University16, University of Notre Dame17, Kent State University18, University of California, San Diego19, University of California, Berkeley20, University of Minnesota21, University of Alabama22, University of Helsinki23, Los Alamos National Laboratory24, California Institute of Technology25, George Washington University26, Syracuse University27, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory28, Oklahoma State University–Stillwater29, University of Washington30, Max Planck Society31, Boston University32, University of California, Los Angeles33, Royal Holloway, University of London34, Université Paris-Saclay35, University of Pennsylvania36, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign37, University of Bristol38, University of Tokyo39, University of Delaware40, Carnegie Mellon University41, University of California, Santa Cruz42, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology43, Heidelberg University44, Florida State University45, University of Mainz46, University of Edinburgh47, Brookhaven National Laboratory48, Durham University49, University of Lausanne50, Massachusetts Institute of Technology51, University of Southampton52, Nagoya University53, University of Oxford54, Northwestern University55, University of British Columbia56, Columbia University57, Lund University58, University of Sheffield59, University of California, Santa Barbara60, Iowa State University61, University of Alberta62, University of Cambridge63
TL;DR: This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics using data from previous editions, plus 2205 new measurements from 667 papers, and features expanded coverage of CP violation in B mesons and of neutrino oscillations.
Abstract: This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2205 new measurements from 667 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. This edition features expanded coverage of CP violation in B mesons and of neutrino oscillations. For the first time we cover searches for evidence of extra dimensions (both in the particle listings and in a new review). Another new review is on Grand Unified Theories. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http://pdg.lbl.gov.
5,143 citations
TL;DR: This article found that the average stock market reaction to poison pill announcements is positive when the board has a majority of outside directors and negative when it does not, and that the probability that a subsequent control contest is associated with an auction is also positively related to the fraction of outsiders on the board.
1,277 citations
01 Jun 1994
TL;DR: The study indicates that neural networks perform significantly better than discriminant analysis at predicting firm bankruptcies, and implications for the accounting professional, neural networks researcher and decision support system builders are highlighted.
Abstract: Prediction of firm bankruptcies have been extensively studied in accounting, as all stakeholders in a firm have a vested interest in monitoring its financial performance. This paper presents an exploratory study which compares the predictive capabilities for firm bankruptcy of neural networks and classical multivariate discriminant analysis. The predictive accuracy of the two techniques is presented within a comprehensive, statistically sound framework, indicating the value added to the forecasting problem by each technique. The study indicates that neural networks perform significantly better than discriminant analysis at predicting firm bankruptcies. Implications of our results for the accounting professional, neural networks researcher and decision support system builders are highlighted.
717 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the space of the two Kahler parameters of the Calabi-Yau manifold P4(1, 1,1,6,9) by exploiting mirror symmetry.
469 citations
TL;DR: The leafy cotyledon phenotype has allowed the identification of an important network of regulatory genes with overlapping functions during embryonic maturation in Arabidopsis, which indicates that immature embryos precociously enter a germination pathway after the torpedo stage of development and then acquire characteristics normally restricted to vegetative parts of the plant.
Abstract: We have previously described a homeotic leafy cotyledon (lec) mutant of Arabidopsis that exhibits striking defects in embryonic maturation and produces viviparous embryos with cotyledons that are partially transformed into leaves. In this study, we present further details on the developmental anatomy of mutant embryos, characterize their response to abscisic acid (ABA) in culture, describe other mutants with related phenotypes, and summarize studies with double mutants. Our results indicate that immature embryos precociously enter a germination pathway after the torpedo stage of development and then acquire characteristics normally restricted to vegetative parts of the plant. In contrast to other viviparous mutants of maize (vp1) and Arabidopsis (abi3) that produce ABA-insensitive embryos, immature lec embryos are sensitive to ABA in culture. ABA is therefore necessary but not sufficient for embryonic maturation in Arabidopsis. Three other mutants that produce trichomes on cotyledons following precocious germination in culture are described. One mutant is allelic to lec1, another is a fusca mutant (fus3), and the third defines a new locus (lec2). Mutant embryos differ in morphology, desiccation tolerance, pattern of anthocyanin accumulation, presence of storage materials, size and frequency of trichomes on cotyledons, and timing of precocious germination in culture. The leafy cotyledon phenotype has therefore allowed the identification of an important network of regulatory genes with overlapping functions during embryonic maturation in Arabidopsis.
439 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Freeze-thaw transformation provides a simple and rapid method to transform Agrobacterium tumefaciens directly with plasmid DNA and resulted in a ninefold increase in colonies obtained compared with the procedure of freezing cells in dry ice/ethanol.
Abstract: Freeze-thaw transformation provides a simple and rapid method to transform Agrobacterium tumefaciens directly with plasmid DNA Competent A tumefaciens cells of strains LBA4404, GV3850 and EHA101 were transformed with four to nine plasmids differing in size, size of insert and in some cases sensitivity to antibiotics A threefold to fourfold increase in transformed colonies per microgram of DNA was obtained by freezing cells with liquid nitrogen vs dry ice/ethanol Freezing cells in liquid nitrogen followed by incubation of transformed cells in a low concentration of appropriate antibiotics prior to plating resulted in a ninefold increase in colonies obtained compared with the procedure of freezing cells in dry ice/ethanol without the incubation period in the low concentration of antibiotics prior to plating Restriction fragments of the expected sizes from the plasmids indicated that the procedural modifications did not cause apparent recombinations in the region of the inserts
398 citations
TL;DR: This work proposes an alternative approach: to treat species richness hypotheses as violations of the assumptions of Gause’s Competitive Exclusion Principle, and treats interspecific competition as a central organizing concept in community theory.
Abstract: The question, “why do areas vary in species richness?” has been important throughout the history of ecology. It is difficult to answer definitively because we have so many (at least 120) plausible hypotheses. This abundance of hypotheses has led to a number of attempts to classify them. Unfortunately, richness hypotheses often defy such categorization. Instead of placing species richness hypotheses into categories, I suggest an alternative approach: to treat species richness hypotheses as violations of the assumptions of Gause’s Competitive Exclusion Principle. This is a very similar approach to the pedagogy of population genetics: evolution occurs if and only if at least one assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg principle is violated. The classification of hypotheses advocated here treats interspecific competition as a central organizing concept in community theory. However, it does not treat competition as an organizing concept in communities: indeed, the relaxation or disruption of competition is considered to be the status quo in the majority of communities.
396 citations
TL;DR: The authors decompose the complex relationship between species richness and area into its components: grain, extent, and number of samples, and find that species richness patterns were neither self-similar nor hierarchical.
Abstract: The complex relationship between species richness and area can be simplified by decomposing spatial scale into its components: grain, extent, and number of samples. We designed a 256 x 256-m study grid in the Oosting Natural Area in the Duke Forest, Orange County, North Carolina, such that the effects of these components can be disentangled. We found that grain, extent, and the number of samples all influenced the species-area relationship, although the effects of grain were dominant. We also found that species richness patterns were neither self-similar nor hierarchical. The degree to which diversity occurs in "hot spots" increases as a function of both grain and extent, but diversity hot spots tend to persist across a wide range of grains.
373 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that tacit knowledge about the acquisition process and about how to integrate and manage the assets of distressed firms may be keys to their successful acquisition, and that business relatedness and acquisition experience had no effect on performance in a control group of 46 acquisitions of firms that were not distressed.
Abstract: In 51 acquisitions of financially distressed firms, related business combinations in which the acquirers had prior acquisition experience performed best. However, business relatedness and acquisition experience had no effect on performance in a control group of 46 acquisitions of firms that were not distressed. The results imply that tacit knowledge about the acquisition process and about how to integrate and manage the assets of distressed firms may be keys to their successful acquisition.
301 citations
TL;DR: This article provides a survey and brief summary of the work on economic designs published during the period from 1981 through 1991 about process control charts.
Abstract: Many new approaches and applications have been developed in the area of the economic design of process control charts. This article provides a survey and brief summary of the work on economic designs published during the period from 1981 through 1991...
241 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that ingratiation and organizational citizenship behaviors are similar but that supervisors will respond differently to employees depending on whether they label their extrarole behaviors as ingratation or as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB).
Abstract: This study's premise is that ingratiation and organizational citizenship behaviors are similar but that supervisors will respond differently to employees depending on whether they label their extrarole behaviors as ingratiation or as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Variables based on Kelley's covariation model did not greatly influence supervisory attributions. The attribution of motive, however, was related to supervisory decisions on employee outcomes.
TL;DR: Six recessive fusca mutants isolated from Agrobacterium-transformed Arabidopsis families are described and the FUS6 gene, a novel protein that is hydrophilic, alpha-helical, and contains potential protein kinase C phosphorylation sites, appears to act in a network of signal transduction pathways critical for plant development.
Abstract: Arabidopsis fusca mutants display striking purple coloration due to anthocyanin accumulation in their cotyledons. We describe six recessive fusca mutants isolated from Agrobacterium-transformed Arabidopsis families. These mutants first become defective during embryogenesis and exhibit limited seedling development. Double mutant constructs revealed that developmental defects were not simply a consequence of anthocyanin accumulation. fusca seedlings showed altered responses to several environmental and endogenous factors. Allelism tests established that three fusca loci are represented by mutants previously described as defective in light-regulated responses. To study the molecular basis of the fusca phenotype, we cloned the FUS6 gene. FUS6 encodes a novel protein that is hydrophilic, alpha-helical, and contains potential protein kinase C phosphorylation sites. The FUSCA proteins appear to act in a network of signal transduction pathways critical for plant development.
TL;DR: This report focuses on seven abnormal suspensor mutants of Arabidopsis that exhibit an enlarged suspensor phenotype at maturity, which is consistent with a model in which normal development of the embryo proper limits growth and differentiation of the suspensor.
Abstract: The suspensor is the first differentiated structure produced during plant embryogenesis. In most angiosperms, the suspensor functions early in development to provide nutrients and growth regulators to the embryo proper. In Arabidopsis, the suspensor undergoes programmed cell death at the torpedo stage and is not present in mature seeds. We have identified at least 16 embryo-defective mutants of Arabidopsis that exhibit an enlarged suspensor phenotype at maturity. In this report, we focus on seven abnormal suspensor mutants, which define three genetic loci (sus1, sus2 and sus3). Recessive mutations at each of these loci disrupt morphogenesis in the embryo proper and consistently result in the formation of a large suspensor. Defects in the embryo proper appear by the globular stage of development; abnormalities in the suspensor are detected soon after at the heart stage. Storage protein and lipid bodies, which normally accumulate only in the embryo proper late in embryogenesis, are present in both the arrested embryo proper and enlarged suspensor. Therefore, cell differentiation in the embryo proper can proceed in the absence of normal morphogenesis, and the suspensor can be transformed into a structure with features normally restricted to the embryo proper. These observations are consistent with a model in which normal development of the embryo proper limits growth and differentiation of the suspensor. Altered development of the embryo proper in mutant seeds leads indirectly to proliferation of suspensor cells and expression of properties characteristic of the embryo proper. Ultimately, growth of the transformed suspensor is limited by the same genetic defect that disrupts development of the embryo proper. The availability of multiple alleles of sus1 and sus2, including T-DNA tagged alleles of each, will facilitate the cloning of these essential genes and molecular analysis of interactions between the embryo proper and suspensor early in development.
TL;DR: The sex-determining mechanisms of squamate reptiles are poorly known, relative to the large number of species in the group; only 16% of these species have been karyotyped (Olmo, '861), and the effects of multi-temperature incubations have been examined in only a few species.
Abstract: Two modes of sex determination occur in squamates: genotypic sex determination (GSD) and temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). Within each of these two major modes, there are many different variants, or mechanisms. Male heterogamety, female heterogamety, mul- tiple sex chromosome systems, and homomorphic sex chromosome systems are all types of GSD found in squamates. Two patterns of TSD have been reported. Only three snakes have been investigated for their sex-determining mechanisms, each having GSD, although incubation temperature does cause differential mortality and affects post-hatching physiolom. Less than 50 lizard species have been investigated, but there is considerable diversity in the sex-determining mechanisms reported thus far. Apparently, TSD (and/or GSD) has evolved multiple times within a given taxon. Presently, both GSD and TSD are found in the Agamidae, Eublepharidae, and Gekkonidae, and possibly in the Iguanidae, Lacertidae, and Varanidae as well. Only GSD has been reported for the Scincidae and Teiidae. Correlations within the Eublepharidae suggest an adaptive explanation for the evolution of sex- determining mechanisms; a shift from male-larger dimorphism to female-larger (or no sexual size dimorphism) is accompanied by a shift in sex-determining mode. These shifts are in agreement with similar correlations observed in turtles. b 1994 WiIey-Liss, Inc. The sex-determining mechanisms of squamate reptiles are poorly known, relative to the large number of species in the group (2,267 snakes, 3,307 lizards (Duellman, '791). Only 16% of these species have been karyotyped (Olmo, '861, and the effects of multi-temperature incubations have been examined in only a few species. Even so, there is considerable diversity in the sex-deter- mining mechanisms reported thus far (note: here we use sex-determining mechanism as defined by Bull "831).
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Results indicated that the frequency of parental substance use was positively related to adolescent substance use, while family bonding and parental support were negatively related.
Abstract: In recent years the role of family factors in adolescent substance use has received increased attention (Barnes, 1990). Much of this concern emphasizes the relationship between parental and adolescent substance use (Levine, 1985). Recent studies (Barnes, Farrell, & Cairns, 1986; Simons & Robertson, 1989) indicate that while parental use places adolescents at greater risk for problems related to substance use, adolescent perceptions of family interactions are also related to variation in adolescent substance use. Research has begun to address the role of family system characteristics (Volk, Edwards, Lewis, & Sprenkle, 1989) and parental behaviors (Simons & Robertson, 1989) in adolescent substance use (Nelson, Rosenthal, Harrington, & Michelson, 1986). However, these two issues have not been examined within the same study. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine how adolescents' perceptions of selected family system characteristics and parental behaviors predict adolescent substance use. Family System Characteristics and Adolescent Substance Use Although theoretical works promote the examination of family system characteristics as predictors of adolescent substance use, there is a sparsity of research relating family systems theory to adolescent substance use (Barnes, 1990; Steinglass, 1984); Volk et al., 1989). Using a systems perspective, the behavior of family members is viewed as intertwined. Thus, individual behavior, such as adolescent substance use, is best understood in the family context (Becvar & Becvar, 1982; Levine, 1985). Within family systems, patterns of interaction regularities or redundancies may be identified that are often described in terms of family system characteristics or specific parenting behaviors (Becvar & Becvar, 1982). Since family systems develop qualities that may encourage or support substance use among adolescents, there is an interrelation between the qualities of family systems and adolescent substance use. Such family system characteristics serve as important variables in understanding the initiation, maintenance, cessation, and prevention of substance use by adolescents (Needle et al., 1986). Several overall family system qualities appear to be related to adolescent substance use. Previous work on this relationship emphasized the level of family bonding as a critical element in the adaptation of adolescents. Family bonding refers to the extent to which families emotionally join together into a meaningful and integrated unit, combined with the degree to which the family interacts with each other or outsiders (McCubbin, Thompson, Pirner, & McCubbin, 1988). Volk et al. (1989) identified two prevailing hypotheses regarding the role of family bonding in adolescent substance use. First, the overinvolvement hypothesis suggests that the families of adolescent substance abusers are frequently characterized by one parent who is overly involved in the adolescent's life and the other who is uninvolved. Second, the functional hypothesis proposes that adolescent substance users serve a function for their families. Specifically, the youths stabilize the family by drawing the members together to focus on the substance use, freeing them from focusing on other family problems such as marital conflict. Evident within each of these hypotheses is an emphasis upon a positive relationship between highly bonded family systems and adolescent substance use. Yet, previous research presents conflicting results regarding the role of family bonding in such cases. While some studies (Steinglass, 1984; Volk et al., 1989) indicate that strong emotional bonds among family members may reduce the risk for adolescent substance use, others (particularly by clinicians) report the overinvolvement of family members in the lives of adolescents increases the risk (Levine, 1985; Stanton, 1985). Such theoretical works propose that extremely high levels of bonding increase the risk of adolescent substance use due to the struggle between adolescents' needs for autonomy and family system needs for connection (Weidman, 1983). …
TL;DR: In this article, forced and mixed convective heat transfer measurements were made in a horizontal circular straight tube with reentrant, square-edged, and bell-mouth inlets under uniform wall heat flux condition.
TL;DR: No differences emerged between the two groups on any of the measures, suggesting that noncompliant children who participated in parent training during their early years are functioning as well as nonclinic individuals as they move into adulthood.
TL;DR: The development of viable secondary embryos in twin demonstrates that cells of the Arabidopsis suspensor can successfully establish embryonic polarity and complete the full spectrum of developmental programs normally restricted to the embryo proper.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a legal opinion on the applicability of commercial or impression systématiques in the context of the agreement of publication mathématique de l'I.H.S.
Abstract: © Publications mathématiques de l’I.H.É.S., 1994, tous droits réservés. L’accès aux archives de la revue « Publications mathématiques de l’I.H.É.S. » (http:// www.ihes.fr/IHES/Publications/Publications.html) implique l’accord avec les conditions générales d’utilisation (http://www.numdam.org/legal.php). Toute utilisation commerciale ou impression systématique est constitutive d’une infraction pénale. Toute copie ou impression de ce fichier doit contenir la présente mention de copyright.
TL;DR: A survey of new manufacturing firms yielded significant support for hypothesized relationships between psychological differences, background characteristics, and scanning behavior of the owner/foun... as mentioned in this paper, and found that psychological differences and background characteristics are correlated.
Abstract: A survey of new manufacturing firms yielded significant support for hypothesized relationships between psychological differences, background characteristics, and scanning behavior of the owner/foun...
TL;DR: Changes of progesterone receptor (PR) protein and cellular localization in the endometrium were evaluated during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy of the gilt to indicate down-regulation of epithelial PR might be one factor involved in the timing of luteolysis during the OES.
Abstract: Changes of progesterone receptor (PR) protein and cellular localization in the endometrium were evaluated during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy of the gilt. During the oestrous cycle, the concentration of total PR protein within the endometrium was highest on Days 0-5 and decreased on Day 10. The endometrial concentration of PR reached a nadir on Day 12 and this level was maintained throughout the remainder of the oestrous cycle (Day 18). In pregnant gilts, the concentration of endometrial PR protein from Day 10 to Day 18 was similar to that in cyclic gilts. Western blot analysis with antiserum specific for the A and B isoforms of PR indicated that porcine endometrium expresses both isoforms of PR. Immunostaining was detectable for both the A and B isoforms of PR from Day 0 to Day 12 of the oestrous cycle. However, no staining was observed on Day 15 and Day 18 of the oestrous cycle or pregnancy Immunocytochemical localization of PR in the endometrium of cyclic gilts and pregnant gilts indicated that there was intense staining for PR in surface epithelium and glandular epithelium during oestrus (Day 0) and on Day 5. However, the staining was less intense on Day 7 and Day 10 of the oestrous cycle and no epithelial staining was observed after Day 12. PRs were present in the stroma and myometrium throughout the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. The presence of conceptuses during pregnancy did not affect the loss of PR from the uterine epithelium after Day 10 of gestation. Down-regulation of epithelial PR might be one factor involved in the timing of luteolysis during the oestrous cycle as well as conceptus growth and placentation during early pregnancy.
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed experimental study has been made of the adsorption of methane, nitrogen and CO sub 2, and their binary mixtures, on a wet Fruitland coal at 115 F.
Abstract: A detailed experimental study has been made of the adsorption of methane, nitrogen and CO{sub 2}, and their binary mixtures, on a wet Fruitland coal at 115 F. Mixture measurements were typically made at nominal gas-phase compositions of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mole percent and pressures to approximately 1,800 psia. These data elucidate clearly the competitive adsorption behavior of the individual components in these mixtures. The experimental information was used to test predictive methods for describing the adsorption behavior of the pure and mixed gases. Models included various two-dimensional equations of state, as well as more traditional methods, such as the Langmuir and loading ratio correlations and the ideal adsorbed solution (IAS) model. The relative merits of the various models are described. In general, all models perform well for pure-gas adsorption; however, results are less satisfactory for mixtures. The errors in mixture predictions increase as the individual components become more dissimilar in their adsorption behaviors. Greatest (percentage) errors occur for the less-adsorbed component and, in the worst case (nitrogen + carbon dioxide), the predictions for nitrogen show errors or more than 100% at some conditions. Overall, the two-dimensional equation-of-state and IAS models perform comparably, and they are more accuratemore » than the Langmuir model.« less
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetic field assisted polishing (MFA) was applied to finish stainless steel rollers to simulate non-magnetic silicon nitride, achieving a surface finish (Ra) of the order of 10 nm.
TL;DR: Based on characteristics tested, isolates B7, D3, L1, 016, and 017 have the most potential of those included in this study for use as dietary adjuncts to lower human serum cholesterol.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the role of mandatory voting in turnout and conclude that mandatory voting laws very effectively raise turnout, but that such laws are not a necessary condition for high levels of participation.
TL;DR: This article extended the theory of suicidal behavior by using structural equation modeling involving latent variables to evaluate whether the construct of hopelessness mediates between the constructs of problem-solving appraisal and suicide ideation.
Abstract: This study extended the research on Schotte & Clum's theory of suicidal behavior by using structural equation modeling involving latent variables to evaluate whether the construct of hopelessness mediates between the constructs of problem-solving appraisal and suicide ideation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors test a model of the relationships among environmental uncertainty, just-in-time (JIT) selling, and dimensions of organizational structure, and show that uncertainty is anteceden by JIT selling.
Abstract: The authors test a model of the relationships among environmental uncertainty, just-in-time (JIT) selling, and dimensions of organizational structure. The results show that uncertainty is anteceden...
TL;DR: Tick modulation of the host immune response could enhance the ability of the arthropod to obtain a blood meal and facilitate pathogen transmission to an immunocompetent host.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend the idea of callable forward contracts, which are potentially useful as demand-side (interruptible-load) contracts, to their supply-side analogues, and consider the effects of strategic behavior on the part of market participants in their contract sales/purchase decisions.
Abstract: This paper extends the idea of callable forward contracts, which are potentially useful as demand-side (interruptible-load) contracts, to their supply-side analogues. Together, these contracts allow market participants to take advantage of flexibility in generation or consumption to obtain a monetary benefit, while simultaneously removing the risk of market price fluctuations. This paper also considers the effects of strategic behavior on the part of market participants in their contract sales/purchase decisions. >
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of literature concerning the operations aspect of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) is presented, emphasizing many methodological perspectives are critically reviewed and future research directions are suggested.
Abstract: Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) are distinguished by the use of computer control in place of the hard automation usually found in transfer lines. The high investment required for an FMS and the potential of FMS as a strategic competitive tool make it attractive to engage in research in this area. This paper presents a review of literature concerning the operations aspect of FMS. Articles emphasizing many methodological perspectives are critically reviewed. The review is carried out from multiple viewpoints. Future research directions are suggested.