Oklahoma State University–Stillwater

About: Oklahoma State University–Stillwater is a education organization based out in Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Large Hadron Collider. The organization has 18267 authors who have published 36743 publications receiving 1107500 citations. The organization is also known as: Oklahoma State University & OKState.

The nature and implications of contextual influences on transformational leadership: a conceptual examination

Abstract: In the existing transformational leadership research, little attention has been paid to contextual influences on transformational leadership. To more fully understand transformational leadership as an organizational process, researchers must study it in relation to a contextual framework. We discuss how four contextual factors affect organizational receptivity to transformational leadership. We also examine how the configuration of these factors may be used as a framework for enriching transformational leadership research.

Predator-prey naïveté, antipredator behavior, and the ecology of predator invasions

Abstract: We present a framework for explaining variation in predator invasion success and predator impacts on native prey that integrates information about predator–prey naivete, predator and prey behavioral responses to each other, consumptive and non-consumptive eff ects of predators on prey, and interacting eff ects of multiple species interactions. We begin with the ‘naive prey’ hypothesis that posits that naive, native prey that lack evolutionary history with non-native predators suff er heavy predation because they exhibit ineff ective antipredator responses to novel predators. Not all naive prey, however, show ineff ective antipredator responses to novel predators. To explain variation in prey response to novel predators, we focus on the interaction between prey use of general versus specifi c cues and responses, and the functional similarity of non-native and native predators. Eff ective antipredator responses reduce predation rates (reduce consumptive eff ects of predators, CEs), but often also carry costs that result in non-consumptive eff ects (NCEs) of predators. We contrast expected CEs versus NCEs for non-native versus native predators, and discuss how diff erences in the relative magnitudes of CEs and NCEs might infl uence invasion dynamics. Going beyond the eff ects of naive prey, we discuss how the ‘naive prey’, ‘enemy release’ and ‘evolution of increased competitive ability’ (EICA) hypotheses are inter-related, and how the importance of all three might be mediated by prey and predator naivete. Th ese ideas hinge on the notion that non-native predators enjoy a ‘novelty advantage’ associated with the naivete of native prey and top predators. However, non-native predators could instead suff er from a novelty disadvantage because they are also naive to their new prey and potential predators. We hypothesize that patterns of community similarity and evolution might explain the variation in novelty advantage that can underlie variation in invasion outcomes. Finally, we discuss management implications of our framework, including suggestions for managing invasive predators, predator reintroductions and biological control.