Showing papers by "Oregon State University published in 1968"
249 citations
01 Jan 1968
TL;DR: In this article, a return to an interglacial climate may be the result of overextension of glaciers followed by stagnation of the bottom water, terminated by geothermal heating at the ocean floor, followed by vertical mixing of the warmed, saltier water into the subarctic gyre of the North Atlantic.
Abstract: Changes in the surface salinity distribution in the World Ocean, by changing the extent of sea ice in the North Atlantic and Antarctic, can lead to climatic change. By reducing the water vapor flux across Central America, the salinity of the North Atlantic is reduced. If this change persists over a sufficient length of time, a glacial climate could be initiated. An examination of the “Little Ice Age” tends to confirm this hypothesis. A return to an interglacial climate may be the result of overextension of glaciers followed by stagnation of the bottom water. Stagnation is terminated by geothermal heating at the ocean floor, followed by vertical mixing of the warmed, saltier water into the subarctic gyre of the North Atlantic. This, in turn, results in a reduction of sea ice and in climatic warming.
174 citations
TL;DR: In this article, new and efficient derivations of the general existence and uniqueness theorems are given, plus a constructive procedure for obtaining the desired approximations, and several practical examples illustrate the methods.
Abstract: : The spline interpolation problem was generalized by Atteia to an abstract minimization problem in a Hilbert space setting. In this paper, new and efficient derivations of the general existence and uniqueness theorems are given, plus a constructive procedure for obtaining the desired approximations. Several practical examples illustrate the methods. (Author)
169 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an empirical study involving derivations of farmers' utility functions and the accuracy of these functions in predicting practical decisions is reported, and three models of utility estimation which were used are compared as to their predictive accuracy and usefulness under field conditions.
Abstract: An empirical study involving derivations of farmers' utility functions and the accuracy of these functions in predicting practical decisions is here reported. Three models of utility estimation which were used are compared as to their predictive accuracy and usefulness under field conditions. The study tests the hypothesis that maximizing expected utility, as a criterion of decision, is superior to maximizing expected monetary value. Utility functions are derived for two points in time in order to test the hypothesis that, if utility functions are to serve as a guide to the decision maker, they must be derived at each point in time at which decisions are made. Implications for decision-making research and for practical farm decision making are indicated.
140 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic and boric acids in seawater were determined for pressures up to 1,000 atm at 2, 11.6, and 22C in a deep station in the North Pacific Ocean.
Abstract: ABSTBACT The pressure coefficients of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic and boric acids in seawater were determined for pressures up to 1,000 atm at 2, 11.6, and 22C in seawater of 34.8% salinity and at 13.X in seawater of 38.5% salinity. The results were used to calculate the effect of pressure on the pH and the distributions of the various inorganic carbon species in a deep station in the North Pacific Ocean.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a geometrical model is proposed for the recent development of the Vema Fracture valley, which is shown to be consistent with other geological and geophysical observations in this region.
102 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal degradation of anthocyanin pigments of black raspberries as influenced by pH, oxygen, sugars and their degradation products were studied, and it was shown that sugar degradation products are more effective than sugars in accelerating anthocalyanin breakdown.
Abstract: SUMMARY— The thermal degradation of anthocyanin pigments of black raspberries as influenced by pH, oxygen, sugars and their degradation products were studied. The degradation of the major anthocyanin component (cyanidin-3-digluco-side), the total isolated pigments and the pigment in the natural berry juice was retarded as the pH decreased. Under the same conditions, cyanidin was much more unstable than any of the anthocyanin containing systems. In all cases studied, replacement of the oxygen atmosphere with nitrogen enhanced pigment stability. The rate constants for the thermal degradation of cyanidin-3-diglucoside at various pH levels under oxygen and nitrogen were determined. The sugars studied accelerated pigment destruction to the same extent. Sugar degradation products were more effective than sugars in accelerating anthocyanin breakdown.
101 citations
TL;DR: The use of a stable solution of ferric chloride for the detection of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters on thin-layer chromatographic layers is described and the levels of sensitivity for the new reagent are shown.
99 citations
TL;DR: The research process is never devoid of value judgments as discussed by the authors. Nevertheless, motivation of the researcher does not necessarily render work unobjective in a scientific sense, and the researcher must be careful to avoid equating his own views with the "public interest" and condemning those with opposing views as lacking scientific objectivity.
Abstract: The research process is never devoid of value judgments. Nevertheless, motivation of the researcher does not necessarily render work unobjective in a scientific sense. Threats to scientific objectivity include the difficulty of changing a publicly expressed viewpoint, a vested interest in a particular theory, the desire to avoid controversy, and the desire for financial gain. The researcher must be careful, however, to avoid equating his own views with the "public interest" and condemning those with opposing views as lacking scientific objectivity.
94 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used gas entrainment, on-column trapping, and a modified GLC technique to determine the concentration of diacetyl in both heated and raw milk, while the amount in the heated milk was 38 ppb.
90 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the characteristic value-vector problem is formulated as a nonlinear problem in a Banach space, and the continuous dependence on T of characteristic values and vectors is investigated.
Abstract: LetT(?) be a bounded linear operator in a Banach spaceX for each? in the scalar fieldS. The characteristic value-vector problemT(?)x = 0 with a normalization condition? x = 1, where? ? X *, is formulated as a nonlinear problem inX xS:P(y) ? (T(?)x, ? x - 1) = 0,y= (X, A). Newton's method and the Kantorovia? theorem are applied. For this purpose, representations and criteria for existence ofP?(y)?1 are obtained. The continuous dependence onT of characteristic values and vectors is investigated. A numerical example withT(?) =A +?B +? 2 C is presented.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the possibility of long waves in a rotating ocean being trapped along a straight discontinuity in depth and showed that the trapped waves always travel along the transition zone with the shallower water to their right and to their left in the southern hemisphere.
Abstract: The possibility of long waves in a rotating ocean being trapped along a straight discontinuity in depth was demonstrated in a recent paper (Longuet-Higgins 1968). The analysis is now extended to the situation where the depth varies continuously, in a zone separating two regions of different depths. The trapping of waves in the transition zone is investigated, taking full account of the horizontal divergence of the motion.If the profile of the depth is assumed to be monotonic, then it is shown that the trapped waves always travel along the transition zone with the shallower water to their right in the northern hemisphere and to their left in the southern hemisphere. The wave period must always exceed a pendulum-day. The period is also bounded below by a quantity depending inversely on the maximum bottom gradient.By allowing the width W of the transition zone to vary, asymptotic forms for the trapped modes are obtained, both as W → 0 and as W → ∞. In the limit as W → 0 the depth becomes discontinuous, and it is shown that the lowest mode then becomes a double Kelvin wave (Longuet-Higgins 1968) propagated along the discontinuity. The periods of the higher modes, on the other hand, all tend to infinity; these modes become steady currents.Numerical calculations of the trapped modes are presented for two different laws of depth in the transition zone. It is found that as W → 0 the lowest mode is insensitive to the form of the depth profile. Higher modes depend on the details of the profile. Hence the lowest mode is the most likely to be observed in the real ocean.The dispersion relation is also investigated. It is shown that the group-velocity of all modes must change sign at some point in the range of wave-numbers, if the divergence is taken into account. When the divergence was neglected the lowest mode appeared to be exceptional, in that the group-velocity was always in the same direction. This anomaly is now removed.
TL;DR: Characteristics of 10 strains of Cytophaga psychrophila isolated during a number of epizootics of bacterial cold-water disease showed that the organisms were very closely related.
Abstract: Characteristics of 10 strains of Cytophaga psychrophila isolated during a number of epizootics of bacterial cold-water disease were compared. Morphological, cultural, biochemical, and serological data showed that the organisms were very closely related. The isolates exhibited gliding motility, formed neither fruiting bodies nor microcysts, were actively proteolytic, and grew only at low temperatures. Data presented extend the description of C. psychrophila.
TL;DR: In this article, general equations in terms of mass balances were developed to relate the particle size distributions and flow rates of feed and outflow streams in fluidized beds, taking into account the size distribution of feed solids, arbitrary particle growth or shrinkage within the bed, and the effect of elutriation of fines on the properties of both outflow and carryover streams.
TL;DR: The nitrogenase system in cell-free extracts of soybean nodule bacteroids was fractionated into 2 components by use of protamine sulfate or polypropylene glycol precipitation followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and struck stimulation in activity relative to the activity of individual fractions.
Abstract: The nitrogenase system in cell-free extracts of soybean nodule bacteroids was fractionated into 2 components by use of protamine sulfate or polypropylene glycol precipitation followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Iron and molybdenum were concentrated in 1 fraction and iron in the other. Combination of fractions resulted in a striking stimulation in activity relative to the activity of individual fractions. The effect of different proportions of the 2 fractions on specific activities was studied. The ratios of the rates of reduction of acetylene and N(2) by extracts or fractions of different purities were relatively constant. Extracts or fractions retained most of their nitrogenase activities when stored in liquid N(2).
TL;DR: In this paper, Paraquat decreased both the total mold and bacterial populations in Chehalis silt loam and Woodburn soils, while ammonification of soil organic-matter nitrogen was slightly retarded.
Abstract: Summary. When paraquat was added to four different soils, nitrification was not appreciably affected but ammonification of soil organic-matter nitrogen was slightly retarded. Carbon dioxide evolution as well as oxygen consumption was used as an index of metabolic activity of soil micro-organisms and paraquat had a stimulatory effect at higher concentrations. Oxidation of added sulphur was slightly depressed. Paraquat decreased both the total mould and bacterial populations in Chehalis silt loam. After 30 days incubation the percentages of Streptomyces and Penicillia were markedly increased by most treatments but were little affected in Chehalis silt clay and Woodburn soils. Except for the temporary suppression of nitrification, paraquat had no significant influence on general microbial activities of importance to soil fertility. Some bimodal effects or toxicity inversions were observed with intermediate concentrations.
Effet du paraquat sur les activites microbiennes dans les sols
Resume. L'addition de paraquat a quatre sols differents n'a pas affecte la nitrification de faon appreciable maics l'ammonification de l'azote de la matiere organique du sol a iti Ugerement retardde. L'Evolution du gaz carbonique et la consommation de l'oxygene ont ete utilisees comme un index de Pactivite metabolique des micro-organismes du sol. Le paraquat manifesta un effet stimulant aux concentrations les plus elevens. L'oxydation du soufre ajoutd a ete legerement ralentie. Le paraquat reduiccsit les populations totales, a la fois des moisissures et des bacteries dans un limon argileux de Chehalis. Apres 30 jours d'incubation les pourcentages des Streptomyces et de Penicillia furent accrus d'une faon marquee par la plupart des traitements, mais furent peu affected dans le limon argileux de Chehalis et dans les sols de Woodburn. Sauf en ce qui concerne la suppression temporaire de la nitrification, le paraquat n'eut pas d'influence significative sur les activites microbiennes generates qui sont importantes pour la fertilite du sol. Quelques effets bimodaux ou des inversions de toxicite furent observes aux concentrations inter-mediaires.
Zusammenfassung. Zugabe von Paraquat zu vier verschiedenen Boden wurde die Nitrifikation nicht wesentlich beeinflusst, die Ammonifikation des Stickstoffs aus der organischen Bodensubstanz jedoch leicht gehemmt. Kohlendioxydabgabe und Sauer-stoffaufnahme wurden als Mass fur die Stoffwechselaktivitat der Bodenmikroorganismen herangezogen. Hierbei hatte Paraquat in hoheren Konzentrationen eine stimulierende Wirkung. Die Oxydation von Schwefel wurde leicht gehemmt. Durch Paraquat wurde die Zahl von Pilzen und Bakterien in ‘Chehalis’-Lehni vermindert. Nach 30-tagiger Inkubationszeit war der Anteil an Streptomyces und Penicillia in den meisten Behand lungen stark erhoht, in ‘Chehalis’-Lehm und ‘Woodburn’-Boden wurden die Anteile dieser Arten jedoch nur wenig verandert. Ausser der temporaren Hemmung der Nitrifikation hatte Paraquat keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die allgemeinen mikrobiellen Aktivita-ten, die fur die Bodenfruchtbarkeit von Bedeutung sind. Einige bimodale Effekte oder Toxizitats-Inversionen wurden bei mittleren Konzentrationen beobachtet.
TL;DR: A water-soluble complex containing ergosterol together with a component of yeast has been isolated, and the binding between the sterol and the polysaccharide appears to be noncovalent.
TL;DR: The bioenergetic aspects of pentachlorophenol poisoning and exercise in fish are discussed and it is suggested that when maximum effort is involved each succeeding mile and each succeeding hour is more difficult and more costly to the salmon.
Abstract: The bioenergetic aspects of pentachlorophenol poisoning and exercise in fish are discussed. When cichlids are exposed to 0.2 ppm of pentachlorophenol, the intake of food was increased and energy losses were also increased. Growth was decreased. The cost of specific dynamic action was higher and the cost of exercise was increased above the cost of similar exercise in nonpoisoned controls. In salmon swimming to exhaustion at 52 cm/sec fatty acids 18:1, 16:0, and 16:1, and at 59 cm/sec fatty acids 22:6, 18:2, and 20:4 suffered the greatest depletion. At 52 and 59 cm/sec, respectively, average exhaustion times were 1141 and 398 minutes; the equivalents of distance traveled were 26.0 and 12.7 miles; the loss in lipids, 54 and 10 mg; and the average weight losses, 830 and 480 mg per salmon. Total caloric losses calculated from the data on lipid and weight losses were approximately 1118 and 566 calories. Calculated from the data of Brett (1964) on O2 consumption, caloric losses were estimated at only 344 and 188 calories. The difference between observed values and values calculated from the data of Brett may lie in the duration and severity of the exercise. Brett collected his data on O2 consumption on the basis of at most two hours at high velocity. Possibly when maximum effort is involved each succeeding mile and each succeeding hour is more difficult and more costly to the salmon.
TL;DR: Complete or nearly complete inhibition of the steady-state phase by low temperature, dinitrophenol, and azide provides strong evidence that Mn transport into this tissue was metabolically mediated.
Abstract: Short-term absorption studies with 5-day-old excised barley roots revealed that the basic aspects of Mn absorption were similar to those of other metabolically absorbed cations. Following an initial non-metabolic equilibration with the root, Mn was absorbed for several hours at a slower steady-state rate comparable to that of other inorganic cations. Complete or nearly complete inhibition of the steady-state phase by low temperature, dinitrophenol, and azide provides strong evidence that Mn transport into this tissue was metabolically mediated. Within limits, the rate of transport was strongly dependent upon the concentrations of Mn and the hydrogen ions in the ambient solution. Absorption increased rapidly with increasing concentrations of Mn up to 1 meq per liter. Above this concentration, the rate leveled off, apparently due to a saturation of the transport mechanism. Within the physiological pH range in which Mn is soluble (below pH 7), absorption increased greatly with decreasing hydrogen-ion concentration.
TL;DR: All efforts to coutple nitrogen fixation by cell-free extracts of these organisms to naturally occutrring oxidation-redutction reactions have failed and there are no reports of the identification in azotobacter or legume nodules of a low potential electron carrier analogous to ferredoxin.
Abstract: The catalysis of nitrogen reduction by extracts of nitrogen-fixing organisms requires an ATPgenerating system and a source of electrons (1, 2, 5, 11, 13). The phosplhoroclastic reaction provides botlh ATP anid electrons for the reduction of nitrogen by cell-free extracts of Clostridium1t pasteurianumn (2, 5, 13) and ferredoxin functions as the natural electron carrier from the phlosphoroclastic reaction to nitrogenase ('12). Some evidence has been reported (2) that boro,hydride, hydrogen, NADH or NAiDPH, in presence of ferredoxin, will serve as a reductant for nitrogen fixation by the clostridial system. Cell-free extracts of Azotobacter vinelandiz (1) and bacteroids from soybean nodules (11) also catalvze the reduction of N. to NH, but an exogenous souirce of both reductant and ATP must be furnisihed. Probablv the phvsiological source of reductant and ATP for nitrogen fixation by leguime nodules and azotobacter is the respiratory electron transport chain with its associated oxidative phosphorvlation. All efforts however to coutple nitrogen fixation by cell-free extracts of these organisms to naturally occutrring oxidation-redutction reactions have failed. There are no reports of the identification in azotobacter or legume nodules of a low potential electron carrier analogous to ferredoxin. Using the reduction of acetylene to etlhy-lene as a measure of nitrogenase activity (3, 14), evidence has been obtaiined that NADH genierated by the fl-hydroxybutyrate dehvdrogenase reaction or high concentrations of NADH supplied directly function as a source of electrons for acetvlene redutction by extracts of nodule bacteroids or azotobacter. Activity also is dependent 1110pon an ATP-generating system and a suiitable dye. Cell-free extracts of soybean nodlules were prepared by the nmetho(d of Kochi, Evan,s, and Ruissell (10, 11) with minor changes to improve the nitrogenase activity. Ethyrlene production from acetylene was measuired by a method described by Kelly,
TL;DR: Rates of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) were measured under controlled conditions of soil water suction and soil temperature to study changes in the viscosity of water.
Abstract: Rates of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration of Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) were measured under controlled conditions of soil water suction and soil temperature. Air temperature, relative humidity, light intensity, and air movement were maintained constant. Rates of net photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration decreased with increasing soil water suction. The decrease in the rates of net photosynthesis and transpiration as a function of the soil temperature at low soil water suctions may be attributed to changes in the viscosity of water. At soil water suctions larger than 0.70 bars rates of transpiration and net photosynthesis may be affected in the same proportion by changes in stomatal apertures.
TL;DR: In this paper, a finite-difference method was developed for the numerical analysis of BOD and dissolved oxygen profiles confined to cases which may be treated as one-dimensional problems.
Abstract: Finite-difference methods are developed for the numerical analysis of BOD and dissolved oxygen profiles confined to cases which may be treated as one-dimensional problems. Temporal and spatial variations of hydraulic parameters and sources and sinks of BOD and dissolved oxygen can be incorporated into the models developed. Results obtained by the methods developed compare favorably to the results of available analytical solutions. For estuaries, the methods are applicable to the analysis of the variations of BOD and dissolved oxygen profiles within a tidal cycle. Significant variations of these profiles from those obtained by the commonly used quasi steady-state approach are demonstrated. The spreading which results from the tidal velocity variation is shown to have a significant effect on the BOD and dissolved oxygen profiles. The methods developed should prove useful in studies of estuaries in which the tidal variations are large and the temporal variations in the strengths of the BOD and dissolved oxygen inputs are great.
TL;DR: Cultures of Pseudomonas fragi isolated from fruity flavored Cottage cheese and pasteurized milk were grown in sterile homogenized milk at 21 and 7C and the volatile constituents in the cultures were examined by gas-liquid chromatography.
TL;DR: A survey of the methods currently being used by firms to evaluate multinational financing investments indicates that a better conceptual framework for such evaluation is needed as discussed by the authors, and solutions to capital budgeting problems are suggested.
Abstract: A survey of the methods currently being used by firms to evaluate multinational financing investments indicates that a better conceptual framework for such evaluation is needed. Solutions to capital budgeting problems are suggested.
TL;DR: An ineffective strain of Rhizobium trifolii, T24, produced an antibiotic active against other strains from several species of Rhuzobium, which was relatively stable to heat treatment below 90° C but was irreversibly inactivated by low pH and by unidentified microbial contaminants.
Abstract: An ineffective strain of Rhizobium trifolii, T24, produced an antibiotic active against other strains from several species of Rhizobium. The antibiotic was relatively stable to heat treatment below 90° C but was irreversibly inactivated by low pH and by unidentified microbial contaminants. Activity was readily destroyed by papain but not by trypsin, chymotrypsin, lysozyme, α-amylase, ribonuclease or deoxyribonuclease. The molecular weight of the active substance was estimated by gel filtration and dialysis procedures to be within the range of 1000 to 2000, probably at the lower end of this range. Growth inhibition of sensitive rhizobia appeared to occur mainly by bacteriostasis, and inhibition was reversible by some basic metabolites. Effective nodulation of clover seedlings by antibiotic-sensitive strains of R. trifolii was strongly suppressed by mixed inocula including T24. Predominance of ineffective symbiosis was apparently due to competitive advantage associated with antibiosis.
TL;DR: Cell-free extracts prepared from young vegetative shoot tips of Mentha piperita L. (peppermint) utilize 14 C-labelled pulegone, and extracts prepared by a similar procedure from M. arvensis and M. sylvestris have been shown to reduce puleg one to menthone and isomenthone in the presence of NADPH 2.
TL;DR: Recent findings in cultured product flavors and the role of starter bacteria in formation and degradation of these flavors are discussed with reference to the most common microorganisms found in lactic starter cultures.
TL;DR: Serological procedures appear promising as a rapid means for distinguishing pathogenic myxobacteria from one another and from saprophytic myxOBacteria commonly found on fish.
Abstract: A study was made of 32 nonpathogenic myxobacterial isolates obtained from a variety of fish taken in the Pacific Northwest. Morphological, cultural, biochemical, and serological studies were carried out on these strains. All were found to be members of the genus Cytophaga. Two myxobacterial strains pathogenic to fish were also included in this study for comparative purposes. These pathogenic organisms were found to be culturally and physiologically similar to some of the nonpathogenic strains. Antiserum against the pathogenic species, however, showed no cross agglutination when tested against the other myxobacterial isolates. As a result, serological procedures appear promising as a rapid means for distinguishing pathogenic myxobacteria from one another and from saprophytic myxobacteria commonly found on fish.