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Showing papers by "Oregon State University published in 1969"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that the experimental results find a natural explanation in terms of this model: Conduction is by hopping when the concentration of electrons is low and the Fermi energy lies below ${E}_{c}$; but when higher and the concentration is higher, conduction is by the usual band mechanism with a short mean free path.
Abstract: Anderson has shown that there is no diffusion of an electron in certain random lattices, and Mott has pointed out that, for electrons in materials in which there is a potential energy varying in a random way from atom to atom, Anderson's work predicts that there should be a range of energies at the bottom of the conduction band for which an electron can move only by thermally activated hopping from one localized state to another. An energy ${E}_{c}$ will separate the energies where this happens from the nonlocalized range of energies where there is no thermal activation. Cerium sulfide, investigated some years ago by Cutler and Leavy, is a particularly suitable material testing whether this is so because, in the neighborhood of the composition ${\mathrm{Ce}}_{2}$${\mathrm{S}}_{3}$, $\frac{1}{9}$ of the cerium sites are vacancies distributed at random, and the number of free electrons can be varied with only very small changes in the number of vacancies. It is shown that the experimental results find a natural explanation in terms of this model: Conduction is by hopping when the concentration of electrons is low and the Fermi energy ${E}_{F}$ lies below ${E}_{c}$; but when the concentration is higher and ${E}_{F}g{E}_{c}$, conduction is by the usual band mechanism with a short mean free path. The thermoelectric power is examined in both ranges, and the Hall mobility in the hopping region (${E}_{F}l{E}_{c}$) seems in fair agreement with the theory of Holstein and Friedman.

905 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that in regions of small bottom gradient the Stokes velocity is in the same direction as the phase velocity, but in the region of large bottom gradient it is reversed.

257 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that monoterpenes may serve as substrates for energy metabolism in the secretory cells after other stored substrates have been depleted.
Abstract: Two types of experimental evidence are presented which suggest that the monoterpenes of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) are subject to metabolic turnover. In kinetic studies with 14CO2, peppermint cuttings rapidly incorporate label into the monoterpenes and then lose most of the label from the monoterpenes, without corresponding changes in the amount of monoterpenes present. When peppermint plants are grown in a controlled environment (16-hr photoperiod, 24° day, 8° night) and analyzed at intervals leaf pair by leaf pair, there is a steady increase in monoterpenes until the time of floral initiation, followed by a rapid decrease. It is suggested that monoterpenes may serve as substrates for energy metabolism in the secretory cells after other stored substrates have been depleted.

176 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
28 Nov 1969-Science
TL;DR: The thesis of this article is that the common area shared by these two subsets contains most of the critical problems that threaten the very existence of contemporary man.
Abstract: There has developed in the contemporary natural sciences a recognition that there is a subset of problems such as population atomic war and environmental corruption for which there are no technical solutions (1 2). There is also an increasing recognition among contemporary social scientists that there is a subset of problems such as population atomic war environmental corruption and the recovery of a livable urban environment for which there are no current political solutions [(3)]. The thesis of this article is that the common area shared by these two subsets contains most of the critical problems that threaten the very existence of contemporary man. (excerpt)

163 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical analysis of the loss of energy by wave breaking in a random sea state in terms of the spectral density function was made, and it was shown that α ≑ -1/8/ln[1600C 3/2 ( ρ air/ ρ water)].
Abstract: A theoretical calculation is made of the loss of energy by wave breaking in a random sea state in terms of the spectral density function. In the special case of the equilibrium spectrum F(σ) = αg 2 σ -5 the proportion ɷ of energy lost per mean wave cycle is found to be given by ω ≑ e -1/8α irrespective of the low-frequency cut-off in the spectrum. Assuming that in the equilibrium state the loss of energy by breaking is comparable to that supplied by the wind, one can estimate the constant α in terms of the drag coefficient of the wind on the sea surface. It is found that α≑ -1/8/ln[1600C 3/2 ( ρ air/ ρ water)]. Taking a representative value of C one finds α ≑ 1.3 x 10 -2 , which falls within the range of observed values of α. The above equation for α is rather insensitive to the various assumptions made in the analysis. There is some evidence, derived from observation, that α may not in fact be quite constant, but may decrease slightly as the wave age ( gt/U ) or the non-dimensional fetch ( gx/U 2 ) is increased. It is suggested that the drag coefficient may behave similarly.

150 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the pH-partial pressure of carbon dioxide combination is used to study the oceanic COz system, where the present-day analytical precision and the normal oceanic variances of the above four parameters are considered.
Abstract: ABsTRAcr By combining two or more of the parameters pH, carbonate alkalinity, total carbon dioxide, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide, six equations can be obtained to express the concentration of carbonic acid that include molecular carbon dioxide, ten equations for bicarbonate ion, and eleven equations for carbonate ion concentrations. When the presentday analytical precision and the normal oceanic variances of the above four parameters are considered, the pH-partial pressure of carbon dioxide combination is the most promising to study the oceanic COz system.

146 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Dimensions in solution, as estimated from sedimentation velocity, intrinsic viscosity and the radius of gyration are somewhat larger than implied by most electron microscope studies.

145 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a theoretical model for the flow of these currents agrees well with density, thickness, and composition parameters that can be derived from the deposits and points to the occurrence of a hydraulic jump at the base of the slope.
Abstract: The numerous valleys of the flanks of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge are partly filled with sediment. The petrology of sediments from two such valleys (ponds) near 22° N. latitude shows that the material has been deposited by turbidity currents. The material has been derived from calcareous pelagic deposits which mantle the surrounding hills. The turbidite sequences show peculiarities which can be explained by assuming that the currents rebounded repeatedly from the pond walls. A theoretical model for the flow of these currents agrees well with density, thickness, and composition parameters that can be derived from the deposits and points to the occurrence of a hydraulic jump at the base of the slope. Adjacent valleys are separated by divides, and each valley contains an independent sedimentation unit. Good correlation exists between the volume of sediment in each valley and the size of the surrounding hill area from which the sediment was derived. Removal of 15 m of sediment from the entire region is required to account for the sediment that now fills the valleys. The oldest sediment outcropping in this region is upper Miocene, and the average sedimentation rate of the pelagic deposits can be estimated as approximately 3 mm/1000 years. In the ponds, the rate is much greater; more than 9 m of late Quaternary sediment have been found. Recently, the valleys have been faulted and partly uplifted. The accompanying earthquake activity may have initiated the turbidity currents responsible for the present rapid deposition on the valley floors.

133 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new wave generation mechanism based on the idea of a maser-like action of the short waves on the longer waves was proposed, which is capable of imparting energy to sea waves at the rate observed.
Abstract: Recent observations of the growth of sea waves under the action of wind have established that the rate of growth is several times greater than has yet been accounted for. In this paper a new mechanism of wave generation is proposed, based on the idea of a maser-like action of the short waves on the longer waves. It is shown that when surface waves decay they impart their momentum to the surrounding fluid. Short waves are readily regenerated by shear instability. But a longer wave passing through shorter waves causes the short waves to steepen on the long-wave crests. Hence the short waves impart more of their momentum to the crests of the long waves, where the orbital motion of the long waves is in the direction of wave propagation. If the short waves are decaying only weakly (under the action of viscosity), the effect on the long waves is slight. But when the short waves are forced to decay strongly by breaking on the forward slopes of the long waves the gain of energy by the latter is greatly increased. Calculations suggest that the mechanism is capable of imparting energy to sea waves at the rate observed.

132 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Kallio-Kolltveit interaction was used as the effective interaction in a distorted-wave approximation analysis of a few transitions in the reactions at energies ranging from 25 to 55 MeV, and a comparison was made with results obtained using Yukawa interactions parametrized on the basis of low-energy nucleon-nucleon and nuclear data.
Abstract: The Kallio-Kolltveit interaction is used as the effective interaction in a distorted-wave-approximation analysis of a few transitions in the reactions ${\mathrm{C}}^{12}(p,{p}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ and ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{40}(p,{p}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ at energies ranging from 25 to 55 MeV, and a comparison is made with results obtained using Yukawa interactions parametrized on the basis of low-energy nucleon-nucleon and nuclear data. It is concluded that the Kallio-Kolltveit interaction gives a good account of the basic features of the reactions, whereas the other interactions considered lead to somewhat poorer overall agreement with experiment.

Journal ArticleDOI
17 Oct 1969-Science
TL;DR: Fine scale measurements of the vertical temperature profile in an Arctic water column show the presence of several cascaded isothermal layers.
Abstract: Fine scale measurements of the vertical temperature profile in an Arctic water column show the presence of several cascaded isothermal layers. Layers between the depths of 300 anid 350 meters range from 2 to 10 meters in thickness, while the temperature change between adjacent layers is approximately 0.026 degrees C. The individual layers are isothermal to within +/- 0.001 degrees C.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: All efforts to show a potassium requirement for glycogen synthetase from rat liver have been negative and the content of endogenous univalent cations in the reactions may be sufficient to account for the activities observed.
Abstract: An investigation was made to determine the univalent cation requirements of starch synthetase from a variety of plant species of economic importance. The particulate enzyme from sweet corn was shown to have an absolute requirement for potassium, with the optimum activation occurring at 0.05 M KCl. Rubidium, cesium, and ammonium were 80% as effective as potassium while sodium and lithium were respectively 21% and 8% as effective as potassium. The K(A) for potassium was determined to be 6 mM. In the case of the particulate starch synthetase from wheat, bush beans, field corn, soybeans, peas, or potatoes, considerable stimulation of enzyme activity was obtained by the addition of potassium to the reaction mixture. In these studies, low enzyme activity was observed in the absence of added potassium, but the content of endogenous univalent cations in the reactions may be sufficient to account for the activities observed. Anions of various types had no effect on starch synthetase activity. Divalent cations produced slight activation in the presence or absence of potassium. All efforts to show a potassium requirement for glycogen synthetase from rat liver have been negative.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a variation in the depth and the frequency of burrows within these deposits has been recognized and correlated over a distance of 65 km within Cascadia Channel, and it is postulated that turbidity flows create a unique environment in the channel and that the fauna is affected by differences in sediment size and composition and by the increased supply of utilizable organic material.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: During the time that eggs are developing, the fat body from female Leucophaea maderae synthesizes a protein with characteristics similar to a subunit of the major yolk protein during density gradient centrifugation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A glutamic acid-dependent reaction, which releases P i from ATP and which is inhibitable by proline, was identified in extracts of Escherichia coli and was implicated in proline biosynthesis.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Different mechanisms of lactose utilization exist in the two strains, with a phosphorylation step dependent on PEP involved in S. lactis C(2)F, and two mechanisms to hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose are confirmed.
Abstract: The effect of sodium fluoride on lactose metabolism and o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside (ONPG) hydrolysis by Streptococcus lactis strains 7962 and C(2)F suggested that different mechanisms of lactose utilization existed in the two strains. Sodium fluoride prevented lactose utilization and ONPG hydrolysis by whole cells of S. lactis C(2)F but had no effect on S. lactis 7962. Although hydrolysis of ONPG by toluene-treated cells of S. lactis 7962 occurred without addition of phospho-enolpyruvate (PEP), toluene-treated cells of S. lactis C(2)F required the presence of this cofactor. Concentrated cell extracts of S. lactis C(2)F hydrolyzed ONPG; this hydrolysis was inhibited by NaF, but the addition of PEP, in the presence of NaF, restored maximal activity. Addition of acetyl-phosphate, carbamyl-phosphate, adenosine-5'-triphosphate, guanosine-5'-triphosphate, or uridine-5'-triphosphate did not stimulate activity. The presence of cofactors did not stimulate and NaF did not inhibit the hydrolysis in extracts of S. lactis 7962. To confirm the operation of two mechanisms, S. lactis 7962 was shown to hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose, whereas S. lactis C(2)F was unable to split the disaccharide. In addition, whole cells of S. lactis C(2)F rapidly accumulated a phosphorylated derivative of thiomethyl-beta-d-galactoside (TMG) which behaved chromatographically and electrophoretically like TMG-PO(4). Unexpectedly, S. lactis 7962 also accumulated a TMG derivative, although the rate was extremely low. These data indicate that different mechanisms of lactose utilization exist in the two strains, with a phosphorylation step dependent on PEP involved in S. lactis C(2)F.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured thresholds of 31 volatile compounds found in butter were measured in deodorized butter and thresholds of seven volatiles were tested in fresh butter, including Butyric acid, diacetyl, delta-decalactone, 2-nonanone, gamma-undecal-actone and n-hexanal, oftreported constituents of milk fat.
Abstract: SUMMARY —Taste thresholds of 31 volatile compounds found in butter were measured in deodorized butteroil and thresholds of seven volatiles were measured in fresh butter. Thresholds of mixtures of each of the major classes of volatile compounds (free fatty acids from C2 through C12, gamma-lactones from C7 through C11, even-numbered deltalactones from C8 through C14 and methyl ketones from C3 through C13 except C12 were determined as well as thresholds of single compounds of these classes. Butyric acid, diacetyl, delta-decalactone, 2-nonanone, gamma-undecalactone and n-hexanal, oftreported constituents of milk fat, had thresholds in butteroil of 0.66, 0.055, 1.4, 7.7, 0.95 and 0.19 ppm, respectively. The threshold of a mixture of free fatty acids from C2 through C12 was 0.55 ppm. Synergistic interactions among methyl ketones and free fatty acids were pronounced and interactions among aldehydes were weak, while interactions among lactones were not apparent.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 1969-The Auk
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on estimates of mortality rates derived from reports of band recoveries from a segment of the northeastern population of Ospreys banded in New York and New Jersey from 1926 to 1961.
Abstract: MANY ornithologists have noted declines in Osprey (Pandion haliatus carolinensis) populations in the United States since the beginning of the twentieth century (Bent, 1937; Stone, 1937; Kenyon, 1947; Ames and Mersereau, 1964; Schmid, 1966; and others). The acceleration of these declines in the last 15 to 20 years is causing much concern among conservationists. It is axiomatic that, assuming no permanent emigration, a decline in population size results from (1) increased mortality, (2) decreased productivity, or (3) a combination of both of these. This paper reports on estimates of mortality rates derived from reports of band recoveries from a segment of the northeastern population of Ospreys banded in New York and New Jersey from 1926 to 1961. Although these estimates do not necessarily reflect the mortality rates now being sustained by this population, they show the amount of production per nest needed to maintain the population and bring into focus the dynamics of the decline that has taken place.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it is proposed that solitary waves can be used as the initial wave shape to simulate the shoaling and breaking of large, long waves on a beach, and experiments were conducted with solitary waves to determine criteria for wave growth, celerity, and breaking height on various beach slopes.
Abstract: It is proposed that solitary waves can be used as the initial wave shape to simulate the shoaling and breaking of large, long waves on a beach. Experiments were conducted with solitary waves to determine criteria for wave growth, celerity, and breaking height on various beach slopes. Various analytical means of representing shoaling waves are considered. Further considerations are given to the method of characteristics as a means of analyzing shoaling waves, and a qualitative analysis is presented of the effect of vertical acceleration terms on the characteristics solution. A comparison is made between experimental results and the analytical solutions.

Journal ArticleDOI
23 May 1969-Science
TL;DR: The strength of treated subjects increased significantly; their mean weight gain was 2.48 kilograms with no significant change in skin fold thickness, as did oxygen uptake ability and nitrogen retention by the blood.
Abstract: Twelve matched pairs of subjects, fed a high protein diet, were trained with weights for 6 weeks. In the final 3 weeks twelve subjects received 5 milligrams of methandrostenolone (Dianabol) twice daily. Maximum weight lifting, thickness of skin folds, oxygen uptake, blood chemistry profile, and concentration of blood lipids were determined. Also used were cable tensiometry and anthropometric measurements. The strength of treated subjects increased significantly; their mean weight gain was 2.48 kilograms with no significant change in skin fold thickness. Several anthropometric measurements increased significantly, as did oxygen uptake ability and nitrogen retention by the blood.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The rate of development of hypo-osmoregulation is influenced by prior acclimation to waters of lower salinity and by the growth of the experimental animals, which appears to be similar for individuals in both races.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The binding constant of proflavine to DNA is insensitive to the base content of the DNA and can be qualitatively accounted for by assuming that nearest‐neighbor interaction between bound dyes quenches the fluorescence.
Abstract: The binding of proflavine to DNA has been studied by measuring the polarization and intensity of emission of DNA–dye complexes. Such measurements also permit the determination of the fluorescence of the bound dye as a function of the degree of binding. Techniques of emission spectroscopy permit the study of complexing at high phosphate to dye ratios, and we have examined complexes formed at up to 12,300:1 phosphates to dye. At high phosphate to dye ratios, we find that equilibrium plots of the binding data show only one type of binding. Reports in the literature of multiple binding constants are shown to be due to the incorrect assumption that the fluorescence of the bound dye is independent of the amount bound. The emission properties can be qualitatively accounted for by assuming that nearest-neighbor interaction between bound dyes quenches the fluorescence. We report that, within experimental error, the binding constant is insensitive to the base content of the DNA. The DNA-dye complexes show a temperature dependent depolarization, the cause of which is, as yet, unknown. Heat denaturation of the DNA–dye complex may be followed on a Perrin plot.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although divalent cation absorption from the Ca-Mg-Mn system was essentially nil, K absorption was greatly stimulated in the presence of these cations.
Abstract: Mutual effects between Mn, Ca, and Mg were studied during steady-state absorption experiments with excised barley roots. Calcium appeared to enhance the rate of Mn absorption; whereas, Mg had a highly depressive effect. The combination of both Ca and Mg was even more inhibitory to Mn absorption than Mg alone. Manganese had no effect on the usual negligible Ca absorption by this tissue, but effectively inhibited the absorption of Mg. Although divalent cation absorption from the Ca-Mg-Mn system was essentially nil, K absorption was greatly stimulated in the presence of these cations. These mutual effects and others reported in the literature are explained by the hypothesis that selectivity in ion absorption results from cation-induced conformational changes in the structure of the carrier molecule.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the ribonucleotide reductases in extracts of Rhizobium leguminosarum, R. meliloti 3DOal (ineffective in nitrogen fixation) are dependent upon B12 coenzyme for activity.
Abstract: This investigation revealed that the ribonucleotide reductases in extracts of Rhizobium leguminosarum, R. trifolii, R. phaseoli, R. japonicum, and R. meliloti 3DOal (ineffective in nitrogen fixation) are dependent upon B12 coenzyme for activity. Rhizobium and certain Lactobacillus species are the only two groups of organisms known to contain B12 coenzyme-dependent ribonucleotide reductases. Extracts of cobalt-deficient R. meliloti cells assayed in the presence of optimum B12 coenzyme showed a 5- to 10-fold greater ribonucleotide reductase activity than comparable extracts from cells grown on a complete medium. Furthermore, cobalt-deficient cells were abnormally elongated and contained reduced contents of deoxyribonucleic acid. The addition of purified deoxyribonucleosides to cobalt-deficient cultures of R. meliloti failed to alleviate deficiency symptoms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the Cenozoic era, Radiolaria living in tropical waters developed progressively lighter skeletons, apparently as a result of an evolutionary trend as mentioned in this paper, and the average skeletal weight of Quaternary Radiology is only one-fourth that of Eocene Radiology.
Abstract: During the Cenozoic Era, Radiolaria living in tropical waters developed progressively lighter skeletons, apparently as a result of an evolutionary trend. The average skeletal weight of Quaternary Radiolaria is only one-fourth that of Eocene Radiolaria. If the rate of production of these organisms has remained constant, the amount of silica delivered to the ocean floor per unit time by Eocene Radiolaria is four times greater than that being deposited by Quaternary Radiolaria. Species from the various Cenozoic faunas differ in their resistance to solution. Thus, in assemblages from sediment samples, the presence, absence, and abundance of certain species provide a key to the amount of mixing of faunas and the degree of corrosion of assemblages.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: On the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics, the Pacific Northwest strains of Vibrio were found to be closely related to V. anguillarum, a known fish pathogen.
Abstract: Cultural characteristics and serological relationships of pathogenic marine vibrios isolated from fish in the Pacific Northwest were studied. These organisms were compared with cultures of Vibrio anguillarum, a known fish pathogen. On the basis of morphological and cultural characteristics, the Pacific Northwest strains of Vibrio were found to be closely related to V. anguillarum. Serological analyses of thermostable antigens served to distinguish three serotypes among the vibrios. Serotype 1 was composed of organisms isolated from Northwest salmonids; serotype 2 of strains of V. anguillarum from European waters; and serotype 3 of organisms isolated from Pacific herring. The epidemiology of vibrio disease among populations of fish in the Pacific Northwest is discussed.