Showing papers by "Oregon State University published in 1971"

Fluorescence of the Purine and Pyrimidine Bases of the Nucleic Acids in Neutral Aqueous Solution at 300 degrees K

Abstract: Fluorescence of adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil at room temperature in neutral aqueous solution has been detected by means of a digital signal accumulation technique. Corrected emission and excitation spectra are presented and compared with low-temperature data. The quantum yields are, respectively, 2.6 x 10(-4), 3.0 x 10(-4), 0.8 x 10(-4), and 0.5 x 10(-4) when the bases are excited at their low-energy absorption maxima.

A comparison of molluscan and arthropod hemocyanin—I. Circular dichroism and absorption spectra

Abstract: 1. 1. The circular dichroic (CD) spectra of molluscan and arthropod oxyhemocyanins are qualitatively and quantitatively different. 2. 2. Molluscan oxyhemocyanins have three CD bands in the visible, a positive band near 450 nm, a negative band near 570 nm and a positive band near 710 nm. 3. 3. Arthropod oxyhemocyanins have only two visible CD bands, both positive, near 490 and 610 nm. 4. 4. Both types have a negative CD band near 340 nm. 5. 5. In the region between 260–300 nm, the CD of molluscan hemocyanins is positive, that of arthropods negative. 6. 6. These data indicate fundamental differences in the oxygen binding sites of these related proteins.

Measurements of the Turbulent Fluxes of Momentum, Moisture and Sensible Heat Over the Ocean,

Abstract: This paper describes results of measurements of the fluxes of momentum, moisture and sensible heat by both the eddy correlation and “dissipation” techniques. The data were collected on the R/V Flip during BOMEX (Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment) and during a pre-BOMEX trial cruise near San Diego in February 1969. The results are mainly based on data collected by personnel from Oregon State University and the University of British Columbia. We are grateful to the University of Washington personnel who have made their data and results available to us to check some of our results and allowed us to use their temperature fluctuation data from the San Diego cruise when our equipment failed to provide such data. The methods of determining the fluxes are discussed. The instrumentation and methods of data analysis are described. The effects of Flip's interference on the flow are described and the method of removing the interference from the results is given. The spectra of the three co...

Tectonics of the Panama Basin, Eastern Equatorial Pacific

Abstract: The Panama Basin includes portions of the Nazca, Cocos and South America lithospheric plates and borders the Caribbean plate. The complex interactions of these units have largely determined the topography, pattern of faulting, sediment distribution, and magnetic character of the basin. Only heat flow data fail to correlate with major structural features related to these units. The topographic basin appears to have been created by rifting of an ancestral Carnegie Ridge. The occurrence of a distinctive smooth acoustic basement and a characteristic overlying evenly stratified sedimentary sequence on virtually all elevated blocks in the basin suggest that they all once formed part of this ancestral ridge. The present Carnegie Ridge is the relatively undeformed southern half of this feature, while the Cocos Ridge is the northern half fragmented by left-lateral north-south transcurrent faulting. As blocks of the Cocos Ridge reach the Middle America Trench, they appear to clog the subduction zone and become welded to the Nazca plate. Thus, the active transform fault at the eastern edge of the Cocos plate has episodically shifted west as segments of the trench were deactivated. Such a shift appears to be occurring at the present time.

Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate Utilization by Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) Nodules and Assessment of Its Role in Maintenance of Nitrogenase Activity

Abstract: Soybean (Glycine max) nodule bacteroids contain high concentrations of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate and possess a depolymerase system that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the polymer. Changes in poly-β-hydroxybutyrate content and in activities of nitrogenase, β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate lyase in nodule bacteroids were investigated under conditions in which the supply of carbohydrate from the soybean plants was interrupted. The poly-β-hydroxybutyrate content of bacteroids did not decrease appreciably until the carbohydrate supply from the host plants was limited by incubation of excised nodules, incubation of plants in the dark, or by senescence of the host plant. Isocitrate lyase activity in bacteroids was not detected until poly-β-hydroxybutyrate utilization appeared to begin. The presence of a supply of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate in nodule bacteroids was not sufficient for maintenance of high nitrogenase activity under conditions of limited carbohydrate supply from the host plant. An unusually high activity of β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase was observed in bacteroid extracts but no significant change in the activity of this enzyme was observed as a result of apparent utilization of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate by nodule bacteroids.

Aspects of the cold-hardiness mechanism in plants

Abstract: I N T R O D U C T I O N ...................................................................................................... 37 P L A N T R A N G E A N D C O L D H A R D I N E S S ............................................................ 38 G R O W T H A N D C O L D H A R D I N E S S .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 E N V I R O N M E N T A L F A C T O R S A N D C O L D H A R D E N I N G .............................. 45 I N O R G A N I C N U T R I E N T S ................................................................................ 46 S O I L M O I S T U R E ............................................................................................... 4 9 L I G H T .................................................................................................................. 50 P h o t o s y n t h e t i c R o l e ..................................................................................... 50 P h o t o p e r i o d i c R o l e .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 H o r m o n e s .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 L O W T E M P E R A T U R E ................................................................................. 60 F r e e z i n g of P l a n t T i s s u e s .............................................................................. 60 V i t r i f i c a t i o n ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 F o r m a t i o n of I c e .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 P r o t o p l a s m i c C h a n g e s .................................................................................... 6 9 C h l o r o p l a s t s ............................................................................................. 71 N u c l e u s a n d N u c l e i c A c i d s .................................................................. 73 P r o t e i n s a n d A m i n o A c i d s ..................................................................... 75 P r o t e i n s ............................................................................................ 75 A m i n o ac ids .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 E n z y m e a c t i v i t y .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 P r o t e i n d e n a t u r a t i o n ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 L i p i d s a n d L i p o p r o t e i n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6 C e l l u l a r m e m b r a n e s 97 F a t t y a c i d s ..................................................................................... 101 Carbohydrates .......................................................................................... 102 C o m p l e x c a r b o h y d r a t e s ................................................................... 103 S i m p l e c a r b o h y d r a t e s ..................................................................... 105 C O L D I N J U R Y A N D D E S I C C A T I O N .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 D E H A R D E N I N G ...................................................................................................... 114 L I T E R A T U R E C I T E D .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

The Vema fracture zone and the tectonics of transverse shear zones in oceanic crustal plates

Abstract: At 11°N latitude, the Mid-Atlantic ridge is offset 300 km by the Vema fracture zone. Between the ridge offset, the fracture consists of an elongate, parallelogram-shaped trough bordered on the north and south by narrow, high walls. The W-E trending valley floor is segmented by basement ridges and troughs which trend W10°N and are deeply buried by sediment. Uniform high heat flow characterizes the valley area. Seismically inactive valleys south of the Vema fracture, also trending W10°N, are interpreted as relict fracture zones. We explain the high heat flow and the shape of the Vema fracture as the results of secondary sea-floor spreading produced by a reorientation of the direction of sea-floor spreading from W10°N to west-east. This reorientation probably began approximately 10 million years ago. Rapid filling of the fracture valley by turbidites from the Demerara Abyssal plain took place during the last million years.

Spectra of the Temperature and Humidity Fluctuations and of the Fluxes of Moisture and Sensible Heat in the Marine Boundary Layer

Abstract: Temperature and humidity fluctuation data were collected on the R/V Flip during BOMEK (Barbados Oceanographic and Meteorological Experiment) in May 1969 and during a pre-BOMEX trial cruise near San Diego in February 1969. The program was a cooperative one with a number of groups on board. In a companion paper with the personnel from the University of British Columbia, the equipment and data analysis are described in more detail and the results of measurements of the fluxes of momentum, moisture and sensible heat are given. The emphasis of this paper is on the similarities and differences between temperature and humidity and on their cospectra and correlations with the velocity fluctuations. During the San Diego experiment it was found that humidity and temperature fluctuations were very similar with only minor differences. During BOMEX the humidity fluctuations were similar to those obtained during the San Diego experiment and to measurements over land, but the low-frequency ends of the temperatu...

Method for measuring mineralization in lake sediments.

Abstract: A method is described for measuring the mineralization of an organic solute ((14)C-glucose) by the heterotrophic indigenous bacteria in lake sediments. Since there is no suitable procedure for the determination of in situ microbial activities in sediments, the procedure described is probably the best devised so far and may serve as a base for a more definitive procedure.

Surface Stresses Produced by Rainfall

Abstract: The previous solution to the problem of determining the effect of rainfall on the sea-surface stress is found to be inadequate A correct treatment confirms that rainfall may contribute significantly to the surface stress and may under some conditions produce stresses comparable in value to the wind stress Also the drag of the drops in the lower air layer may induce measurable distortions from the logarithmic wind profile

Early Silurian Spore Tetrads from New York: Earliest New World Evidence for Vascular Plants?

Abstract: Several taxa of abundant cutinized trilete spores from earliest Silurian shale in New York predate by almost an entire period vascular land plant megafossils. Paleoecological evidence suggests that these spores may represent vascular land or semiaquatic plants but a bryophytic origin cannot be precluded on the basis of spore characters. An algal origin is considered unlikely.

Nearshore Cell Circulation and the Formation of Giant Cusps

Abstract: Large cusps are common along many shorelines, sometimes isolated but at times forming a rhythmic series of such forms with a uniform spacing. The role of the cell circulation, rip currents and associated longshore currents, in producing such cusps is examined. A series of laboratory wave basin experiments is presented in which the cell circulation of water modifies an initially smooth and straight sand beach. In all cases, it is found that cusps develop in the lee of the rip currents so that a series of cusps is formed with the same spacing as the rip currents. These are compared with giant cusps and beach cusps observed on natural beaches. An equilibrium cusp development is found in the experiments in which, having produced the cusps, all cell circulation and other longshore currents suddenly cease to exist; the rip currents disappear. It is demonstrated that the equilibrium state consists of a balance between the forces that tend to drive a longshore current from an oblique wave approach to the flanks of the cusps, and the forces that normally produce the cell circulation. Cusps, having been produced by rip currents, can therefore be observed on beaches although the rips are no longer present. Language: en

Atmospheric Influences on Q-Switched Laser Sampling and Resulting Plumes:

Abstract: When a 10–100-mJ single-spike Q-switched Nd laser pulse is focused on a copper sample, the presence of an atmosphere affects the spectra, the crater size, and the amount of sample vaporized At 760 Torr the crater diameter (90 μ) and amount of sample vaporized (35 ng) remain relatively constant while at 1 Torr they both increase with increasing laser energy Spatial changes in the spectra occur with changes in ambient pressure The continuum intensity of the limited region just above the sample surface appears to be a better measure of the energy reaching the sample than does the energy of the laser beam The experimental results appear to be caused by absorption of a large fraction of the laser energy in an atmospheric plasma A radiation-supported shock-wave model is evaluated in detail and compared briefly with similar models as possible mechanisms for production of the atmospheric plasma The analytical chemical implications of the experimental and theoretical results are discussed

Timing and Coordination of Orogenic, Epeirogenic, and Eustatic Events

Abstract: The Devonian-Mississippian Antler Orogeny is analyzed and reasons are advanced to show that its movements were felt all around western and Arctic North America. The Antler Orogeny began in the Franklinian Geosyncline during late Early Devonian time and became pervasive in all Arctic regions by the beginning of the Late Devonian. Antler erogenic events migrated southward during the Devonian and reached a climax along the whole span of continental margin, from Ellesmere Island to California, at about the beginning of the Mississippian. The Acadian Orogeny of eastern North America involved deformation of similar timing, suggesting that the two named orogenies are mirror-image events of a single master orogeny. The timing of the three other major North American orogenies of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic is analyzed more briefly. During the Middle Ordovician to Cretaceous interval, the cratonic interior of North America underwent four major onlap-offlap cycles of sedimentation called sequences. Evidently orogeny, epeirogeny, and eustasy act in concert in response to the same driving mechanism, because the timing of orogeny in the geosynclines and of the spread of marine waters to their maximum extent on the cratonic interior is found to coincide with remarkable accuracy during three of the four orogenies, and to be permissively in accord with this correspondence of timing in the fourth. The name “Antler Effect” is suggested for this fundamental relation. Because eustatic sea-level fluctuations are inadequate by themselves to explain the cyclic nature of Permo-Carboniferous sediments of the North American cratonic interior, consideration of the Antler Effect suggests pulsating orogenic movements at the continental margins during that time. In terms of plate tectonic theory, the North American and the European and African plates, juxtaposed during the Carboniferous-Permian, still must have been subject to the driving forces that brought them together, resulting in alternating compressional and relaxatory movements, offering an explanation of the diastrophic theory for the origin of cyclothems. Interpretation of orogeny by investigation of the cratonic sedimentary sequences that are deposited in concert requires a view of orogeny as a long-lasting series of tectonic events separated by short anorogenic times in the geosynclines—a concept at odds with those offered up o t this time. If orogeny is the result of plate convergence, then transgression of epicontinental seas occurs when plates move. Short anorogenic interludes, corresponding to times of regression, appear to occur when the active vectors of the plate-driving force are reorienting. Eustatic sea-level fluctuations, resulting from the activity of oceanic rises, and epeirogenic warping of the continents, acting together, can explain the timing and paleogeographic patterns of the transgressive-regressive cycles on the continents. Because orogeny can occur simultaneously on opposite sides of a continental block, the driving mechanism for plates must involve processes which are independent of the plates themselves.

Autoxidation products of 2,4-decadienal

Abstract: 2,4-Decadienal was autoxidized by purging a purified sample with oxygen. An analysis of the autoxidative degradation products was made with tandem gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Additional information was obtained from the determination of the melting point of the dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives and IR absorbency data. Pentane, furan, ethanal, hexanal, acrolein, butenal, 2-heptenal, 2-octenal, benzaldehyde, glyoxal,trans-2-buten-1,4-dial, acetic acid, hexanoic acid, 2-octenoic acid, 2,4-decadienoic acid and benzene were identified.

Production and bioenergetic role of the midge glyptotendipes barbipes (staeger) in a waste stabilization lagoon1

Abstract: The biocnergctic role of a population of Glyptotendipes bnrhipes in the process of waste stabilization in two sewage lagoons was studied. Weekly production rates of the multivoltine midge were computed. Annual production of G. barbip.es was 808 kcal/m” in a narrow band ncarshore of the secondary lagoon containing 90% of the biomass. Biomass data from both lagoons in 1966 and 1967 were used to estimate production using a turnover ratio (TR) of 8.49 (ratio of production: mean biomass) from definitive data collected in 1967. Production in the secondary lagoon was 459 kcal/m2 in 1966 and 37 in 1967; in the primary lagoon it was 165 and 18 respectively. The factors causing these differences in production were probably the dissolved oxygen concentrations during the growing season, percent of the total lagoon bottom inhabitable by midge larvae, and the condition of the sludge substrate. The total energy removed by emergence and respiration of G. barbipes was compared with the energy in other pathways in the lagoon: import of sewage, primary production, community respiration, storage, and export. In 1966, G. burbipes removed about 6.6% of the net primary production in the secondary lagoon and 0.5% in 1967.

Consumption and the Problem of Time

Abstract: The author discusses the ways in which time enters into consumers’ product choices, how the consumer perceives the time involved in these choices, and the significance of adding consideration of time for marketing. Time is a neglected dimension in the study of consumer behavior in this article. The implications of time for marketing strategy are described, and new ways to look at both products and markets are suggested.

Physiological Chemistry of Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes

Abstract: The beneficial effects of including legumes in crop rotations were realized by early Greek, Roman and Chinese agriculturists centuries before the elementary principles of biological N2 fixation were established (Fred, Baldwin and McCoy, 1932; Stewart, 1966). Although the occurrence of nodules on roots of legumes had been described (Malpighi, 1675), and evidence for N2 fixation by leguminous plants in field plots had been reported (Boussingault, 1838), the basic biological aspects of symbiotic N2 fixation by legumes were not established until the results of the classical experiments of Hellriegel and Wilfarth (1888) were reported. They assumed that nodules on the roots of Pisum sativum were caused by bacteria and that nodulation enabled the plants to fix N2. Furthermore, both non-legumes and leguminous plants without nodules were considered to be dependent upon fixed nitrogen compounds in the soil. Experiments in which legumes and non-legumes were cultured in sterile soil with and without non-sterile extracts of garden soil provided conclusive evidence that the non-sterile extract was needed for nodulation and that nodulation was essential for normal growth without adequate combined nitrogen.

Effects of hydrostatic pressure and temperature on the uptake and respiration of amino acids by a facultatively psychrophilic marine bacterium.

Abstract: Studies of pressure and temperature effects on glutamic acid transport and utilization indicated that hydrostatic pressure and low temperature inhibit glutamate transport more than glutamate respiration. The effects of pressure on transport were reduced at temperatures near the optimum. Similar results were obtained for glycine, phenylalanine, and proline. Pressure effects on the transport systems of all four amino acids were reversible to some degree. Both proline and glutamic acid were able to protect their transport proteins against pressure damage. The data presented indicate that the uptake of amino acids by cells under pressure is inhibited, which is the cause of their inability to grow under pressure.

Linear analysis of switching nets.

Abstract: The switching net that has been used as a model of several biological systems is studied using the mathematical concept of finite field. Since every function over a finite field can be represented as a terminating series, all switching nets can be linearized and thus represented by a matrix. In fact two matrices—the function matrix and the transition matrix—both represent the net. These matrices are related by an orthogonal transformation. The autonomous behavior of switching nets is obtained from a consideration of the characteristic equation and eigenvectors of either of the matrices. A simple criterion for the invertibility of a set of switching functions is obtained from this formalism. A test for invertibility proposed by Huffman is discussed, and it is show that the Jacobian test is invalid for finite fields.