Showing papers by "Oregon State University published in 1972"

Chemical Reaction Engineering

Abstract: Partial table of contents: Overview of Chemical Reaction Engineering. HOMOGENEOUS REACTIONS IN IDEAL REACTORS. Introduction to Reactor Design. Design for Single Reactions. Design for Parallel Reactions. Potpourri of Multiple Reactions. NON IDEAL FLOW. Compartment Models. The Dispersion Model. The Tank--in--Series Model. REACTIONS CATALYZED BY SOLIDS. Solid Catalyzed Reactions. The Packed Bed Catalytic Reactor. Deactivating Catalysts. HETEROGENEOUS REACTIONS. Fluid--Fluid Reactions: Kinetics. Fluid--Particle Reactions: Design. BIOCHEMICAL REACTIONS. Enzyme Fermentation. Substrate Limiting Microbial Fermentation. Product Limiting Microbial Fermentation. Appendix. Index.

Extended surface heat transfer

Abstract: Preface. Convection with Simplified Constraints. Convection with Real Constraints. Convective Optimizations. Convection Coefficients. Linear Transformations. Elements of Linear Transformations. Algorithms for Finned Array Assembly. Advanced Array Methods and Array Optimization. Finned Passages. Compact Heat Exchangers. Longitudinal Fin Double-Pipe Exchangers. Transverse High-Fin Exchangers. Fins with Radiation. Optimum Design of Radiating and Convecting-Radiating Fins. Multidimensional Heat Transfer in Fins and Fin Assemblies. Transient Heat Transfer in Extended Surfaces. Periodic Heat Flow in Fins. Boiling From Finned Surfaces. Condensation on Finned Surfaces. Augmentation and Additional Studies. Appendix A: Gamma and Bessel Functions. Appendix B: Matrices and Determinants. References. Author Index. Subject Index.

Wave transmission through permeable breakwaters

Abstract: A theory is derived to predict ocean wave reflection and transmission at a permeable breakwater of rectangular cross section. The theory solves for a damped wave component within the breakwater and matches boundary conditions at the windward and leeward breakwater faces to predict the reflected and transmitted wave components. An approximate solution to conventional rubble mound breakwater designs is formulated in terms of an equivalent rectangular breakwater with an additional consideration for wave breaking. Experimental and theoretical results are compared and evaluated.

Circum-Caribbean Tectonic and Igneous Activity and the Evolution of the Caribbean Plate: Reply

Abstract: Convergence of the North and South American blocks and northeastward movement of the East Pacific-Caribbean plate during the Late Cretaceous and early Tertiary led to the Laramide tectonic and igneous activity that has been recorded in the geology of the circum-Caribbean region. Volcanism in Central America and the initiation of major transcurrent faulting along northern South America during the late Eocene suggest that the Caribbean decoupled from the East Pacific plate near the end of the Laramide Orogeny. Lack of post-Eocene structural activity in the Greater Antilles is consistent with the initiation of eastward movement of the Caribbean plate during the Eocene. The evolution of the Cayman Trough and the history of orogenic activity in Cuba can be explained by assuming that Caribbean lithosphere was transferred to the Americas plate as the trough developed from west to east. As each new section was added to the eastward-growing trough, a new transform fault formed in the Caribbean lithosphere to connect the eastern end of the trough with the Cuban Trench. This west to east stepping of the plate boundary transferred “Caribbean” lithosphere to the Americas plate and allowed underthrusting and related tectonic activity to continue longer in eastern than in western Cuba. The presence of intermediate depth earthquakes and high seismicity along the Puerto Rico Trench suggest that the Atlantic lithosphere which underthrust Puerto Rico prior to the Oligocene is beginning to break away from the Americas plate. Fault displacements inferred along the Caribbean-Americas boundary in the Greater Antilles are equivalent to a constant post-Eocene eastward movement of 0.5 cm/yr for the Caribbean plate.

Essential fatty acids in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): growth, feed conversion and some gross deficiency symptoms.

Abstract: Experiments are described to define further the fatty acid requirements of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). In all cases, feeding semipurified diets containing no polyunsaturated fatty acids resulted in poor growth and feed conversion. Linolenic acid was superior to linoleic in stimulating growth and improving feed conversion. The requirement of linolenic acid (ω3 fatty acids) for rainbow trout is 1% of the diet or approximately 2.7% of the dietary calories. Essential fatty acid deficiency symptoms that were cured or prevented by linolenic acid included fin erosion, heart myopathy, and a shock syndrome. It is concluded that linolenic acid has an essential role in rainbow trout similar to that assigned to linoleic acid in man and higher animals.

The Isotonic Regression Problem and its Dual

Abstract: The isotonic regression problem is to minimize Σt i = 1 [gi − xi]2wi subject to xi ≤ xj when where wi>0 and gi (i= 1, 2, …, k) are given and is a specified partial ordering on {1, 2, …, k}. The solution is called the isotonic regression on g. We formulate a generalization of this problem and calculate its Fenchel dual. A function of the isotonic regression also solves these problems. Problems in inventory theory and statistics are identified as dual isotonic regression problems.

Airy wave theory and breaker height prediction

Abstract: Using a critical value for Yt> = H./ h. as a wave breaking criterion, where Hb and hb are respectively the wave breaker height and depth, applying Airy wave theory, and assuming conservation of the wave energy flux, one obtains 1/5 2 2/5 Hb = k g (TH. ) relating Hb to the wave period T and to the deep-water wave height H^ . Three sets of laboratory data and one set of field data yield k = 0.39 for the dimensionless coefficient. The relationship, based on Airy wave theory and empirically fitted to the data, is much more successful in predicting wave breaker heights than is the commonly used equation of Munk, based on solitary wave theory. In addition, the relationship is applicable over the entire practical range of wave steepness values.

Lactic acid bacteria in food and health: a review with special reference to enteropathogenic Escherichia coli as well as certain enteric diseases and their treatment with antibiotics and lactobacilli

Abstract: Recent literature concerning enteropathogenesis and drug resistance transfer factors in Escherichia coli are summarized as well as related papers concerning the use of antibiotics in animal feed. E. coli infection in swine (colibacillosis) also is considered, especially citations indicating the similarity between the disease in man and animals. The role of intestinal bacteria in human health is reviewed, emphasizing the importance of (a) a maintained balance of organisms in the adult, (b) breast feeding in infants to establish a large population of bifidobacteria and (c) the presence of Lactobacillus organisms to maintain healthful conditions in the human vagina. The use of Lactobacillus organisms in intestinal and vaginal disease therapy is reviewed as well as the important ecological role that lactic acid bacteria play in the natural scheme where man is concerned.

Mechanical Interactions of Phenocrysts and Flow Differentiation of Igneous Dikes and Sills

Abstract: When a magma containing phenocrysts in concentrations greater than about 8 percent intrudes rock to form a dike or sill, mechanical interactions between the phenocrysts create a grain dispersive pressure. To maintain a balance in the dispersive pressure, the phenocryst concentration must decrease toward the walls of the intrusion because of the increase in the velocity gradient and the fluid viscosity. This mechanism offers an explanation for the observed rapid, but gradational, increases in content from phenocryst-poor margins to a phenocryst-rich center, especially in picritic dikes and sills. Using semi-empirical equations for the dispersive pressure, I found that a plug flow velocity profile yields a phenocryst distribution very similar to those observed in the field. If the phenocryst interactions are sufficiently intense, then the grain dispersive pressure would be also dependent upon the size of the phenocrysts. This dependence would cause the larger phenocrysts to migrate preferentially to the center of the intrusion and the smaller phenocrysts to the walls, giving a size variation as well as a concentration variation. It is uncertain whether the interactions are sufficiently intense to give size sorting by this mechanism. At the phenocryst concentrations normally encountered, a review of experimental studies indicates that the Magnus-effect and similar single particle forces are small in magnitude in comparison to the forces of grain interaction. They would have only a modifying effect on the phenocryst distribution produced by the grain dispersive pressure. Modifications of the phenocryst distribution produced by gravity during and after intrusion are examined. During intrusion, gravity settling of the phenocrysts would be balanced by a gradient of the grain dispersive pressure, causing the phenocryst distribution to be asymmetrical with respect to the center of the intrusion. Phenocryst interactions during gravity settling following intrusion, in which the faster settling larger grains capture smaller grains within their boundary layers, may be responsible for sharp discontinuities observed in the distributions of phenocrysts.

Sexual Dimorphism in Accipiter Hawks: A New Hypothesis

Abstract: morphism from vulturine species, through the intermediate mammalian and insect-feeding predators, to the extreme found in the highly active bird-capturing hawks (e.g., certain accipiters and falcons). Most of the theories offered in explanation of reversed sexual dimorphism can be categorized into two groups: (1) those which propose that the condition arose as an adaptation reducing intraspecific competition by creating differential feeding habits of the sexes (Briill 1937; Hagen 1942; Dementiev 1951; Storer 1955, 1966; Selander 1966); and (2) those that cite the need of female dominance to prevent the occurrence of filicidal behavior by the male (Hagen 1942; Amadon 1959). Another aspect of female dominance, proposed by Cade (1960), and presently accepted by Brown and Amadon (1968), is that dimorphism arose in response to the need of female dominance of the male in order to maintain him in his role

An Evaluation of Approximate Confidence Interval Estimation Methods for Lognormal Means

Abstract: Approximate confidence limits for EX, where X is lognormal (μ, σ2), are compared with corresponding exact limits obtained by an optimal method, for various sample sizes and values of the usual sufficient statistic. The approximatemethods examinedare “transformation methods” in which a confidence interval for E(log X) is transformed so as to approximately cover EX, and “direct methods” based on approximate distributions for estimates of EX or of some function of EX. The degree of agreement with the exact method, for the approximate methods examined, appears to be best when 2, the usual unbiased estimate of the variance of log X, is small and the number of degrees of freedom for 2 is large. As 2 increases, however, this agreement becomes less satisfactory, to the extent that, with one exception, the approximate methods examined appear to be of little use unless 2 is small, even for large samples. The exception, a direct method based on an estimate of log (EX), appears to be suitable as a computationally sim...

Plant growth stimulation by sublethal concentrations of herbicides

Abstract: Summary. Significant stimulation of root or shoot growth of oats (Avena sativa L.) resulted from pre-emergence applications of eleven herbicides at sublethal doses. Two additional herbicides stimulated cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) root growth. Several types of herbicides with different mechanisms of lethal action were represented. Three herbicides failed to stimulate plant growth significantly in these studies, although all of them have been observed to cause growth stimulation in other experiments. Studies on oat seedling respiration, photosynthesis, protein content, free amino acid content, and total available soluble carbohydrates failed to provide any consistent explanation for stimulation. These results provide further evidence of the validity of the Arndt-Schulz hypothesis which states that all poisons are stimulatory at sublethal concentrations. Stimulation de la croissance des plantes par des concentrations subletales d'herbiddes Resume. Une stimulation significative de la croissance des racines ou des tiges de I'avoine (Avena sativa L.) a ete provoquee par l'application en pre-levee de onze herbicides a des doses subletaies. Deux autres herbicides ont stimule la croissance des racines de concombre. Plusieurs types d'herbicides possedant des mecanismes diffrents d'action letale etaient representes. Trois herbicides n'ont pas provoque de stimulation significative de la croissance au cours de cette etude, bien qu'ils aient provoque une stimulation dans d'autres experiences. Des recherches sur la respiration, la photosynthese, la teneur en proteines, en amino-acides libres et le total disponible des hydrates de carbone solubles dans la plantule d'avoine n'ont fourni aucune explication logique de la stimulation. Ces resultats apportent une nouvelle preuve de la validite de l'hypothese d'Arndt-Schulz selon laquelle tous les poisons ont un effet stimulant a des concentrations subletaies. Forderung des Pflanzenwachstums durch Herbizide in sublethalen Konzentrationen Zusammenfassung. Die Vorauflaufanwendung von elf Herbiziden in sublethalen Dosen forderte das Wurzel- und Sprosswachstum von Hafer (Avena sativa L.) signifikant. Zwei weitere Herbizide stimulierten das Wurzelwachstum bei der Gurke (Cucumis sativus L.). Es waren Herbizide aus verschiedenen Gruppen mit unterschiedlichem Mechanismus der lethalen Wirkung vertreten. Drei Herbizide forderten in diesen Studien das Wachstum nicht signifikant, obwohl eine solche fordernde Wirkung in anderen Experimenten beobachtet worden war. Untersuchungen der Atmung von Haferkeimlingen, der Photosynthese, des Proteingehaltes, des Gehaltes an freien Aminosauren und der Gesamtmenge an loslichen Kohlenhydraten erbrachten keine einheitliche Erklarung fur die Forderung. Diese Ergebnisse stutzen die Gultigkeit der Arndt-Schulz Hypothese, die besagt, dass alle Gifte in sublethalen Dosen stimulierend wirken.

Effect of Dietary Selenium on N-2 Fluorenyl-Acetamide (FAA)-Induced Cancer in Vitamin E Supplemented, Selenium Depleted Rats

Abstract: (1972). Effect of Dietary Selenium on N-2 Fluorenyl-Acetamide (FAA)-Induced Cancer in Vitamin E Supplemented, Selenium Depleted Rats. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 187-194.

The dichroism of DNA in electric fields.

Abstract: We have studied the dichroism of various samples of calf thymus DNA (of molecular weight from 3 × 105 to 7 × 106) in pulsed electric fields. The results may be summarized as follows: 1 We find that calf thymus DNA behaves in electrical orientation as if it possessed a large permanent dipole moment. This apparent moment is sensitive to such effects as Mg++ binding which lower the net charge on DNA. 2 The limiting dichroism at infinite field corresponds to an angle of at least 80% between the transition moments at 265 nm and the helix axis, and could be consistant with a number of known forms of DNA. This result is independent of DNA molecular weight. There is evidence that the conformation may be different in 80% ethanol. 3 The dichroism relaxation curves contain a component with a relaxation time of about 8 μsec, which is nearly independent of molecular weight, and a longest component which behaves either according to the Broersma theory for low-molecular-weight samples, or the Zimm-Rouse theory at high molecular weights.

Flow Differentiation in Igneous Dikes and Sills: Profiles of Velocity and Phenocryst Concentration

Abstract: Mechanical interactions between phenocrysts during magma flow give rise to a grain-dispersive pressure. During intrusion into a dike or sill, in the absence of forces other than those of grain interaction, the grain-dispersive pressure must be constant across the flow width. As a result, the concentration of phenocrysts must decrease toward the walls to offset the increase in the velocity gradient as the walls are approached. This mechanism has been offered as an explanation for the observed rapid but gradational increases in content from phenocryst-poor margins to a phenocryst-rich center, especially in picritic dikes and sills. A relation for the grain dispersive pressure is solved together with the momentum equation of fluid flow, utilizing an empirical relation for the apparent viscosity of the phenocryst suspension. Solutions for steady flow between parallel walls demonstrate pluglike velocity profiles as well as phenocryst-concentration increases toward the center away from the walls. The velocity is nearly the maximum value within the central half of the flow. Therefore very strong pseudoplastic non-Newtonian behavior of the magma need not be assumed to explain the observed phenocryst concentration variations.

A laboratory study of the turbulent ekman layer

Abstract: Comparing characteristics of a turbulent Ekman boundary layer in a rotating apparatus with atmospheric observations and theories, we find that the similarity relations derived by Kazanski and Monin, and others, scale both laboratory and field data quite well, especially considering that the Coriolis parameter is larger by a factor of 105 in the experiment than it is in the atmosphere. Eddy viscosity models and Deardorff's numerical model predict the properties of both with varying degrees of success. High frequency spectra of velocity fluctuations scale with the Kolmogoroff length and time scales. Both magnitude and direction of the surface shear stress were measured directly, with a heated film stress gauge.

Lactose-hydrolyzing enzymes of Lactobacillus species.

Abstract: beta-Galactosidase (beta-gal, EC 3.2.1.23) and beta-D-phosphogalactoside galactohydrolase (beta-Pgal) activities were observed in all of 13 Lactobacillus species studied except L. casei and L. buchneri. Only the latter enzyme was detected in nine strains of L. casei. The beta-gal from L. thermophilus and the beta-Pgal from L. casei were purified and characterized. In comparison with beta-gal, the beta-Pal was slightly less active (V(max) values were 28.9 and 50.0 mumoles per mg per min, respectively), but the substrate affinitives were similar (K(m) values were 1.69 x 10(-3) M and 1.59 x 10(-3) M, respectively). Although the two enzymes had similar amino acid compositions, the molecular weight of beta-gal was 5.4 x 10(5) and that of beta-Pgal was 1.3 x 10(5). The beta-gal from L. thermophilus and the beta-Pgal from L. casei had optimal temperature and pH activity values of 55 C at pH 6.2 and 37 C at pH 5.0, respectively. The complete absence of beta-gal from a homofermentative Lactobacillus species of industrial importance is further evidence of the heterogeneity of this genus.

Head form and climatic stress.

Abstract: Empiric evidence indicates that the general distribution of the cephalic index is explicable in terms of climatic adaptation. Based on a sample of 339 populations, the magnitude of the index is statistically different between zones of predominantly dry heat, wet heat, wet cold and dry cold. There is an inverse relationship between the mean cephalic index and temperature. It is argued that the occupation of cold climates is one of the circumstances increasing the frequency of brachycephaly through time.

Interactions of food starter cultures and food-borne pathogens: streptococcus diacetilactis versus food pathogens

Abstract: The ability of Streptococcus diacetilactis to inhibit a variety of food spoilage organisms and pathogens in milk and broth cultures was demonstrated. Test organisms included Pseudomonas and Alcaligenes species, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In general, approximately 99.0% and 99.9% inhibition was observed in milk and broth, respectively. Possible practical applications of the inhibition were examined. Addition of S. diacetilactis extended the shelf life of artificially contaminated cottage cheese and prevented proteolysis in milk at 7.5 C by Pseudomonas fluorescens. Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited greater than 99% in vanilla cream filling, ham sandwich spread, chicken gravy, soy milk, and ground beef stored at 25 C for 24 hr. Development of the gram-negative flora of ground beef was also inhibited greater than 99% after storage at 7.5 C for 7 days. Possible roles for several factors in the mechanism of inhibition by S. diacetilactis are briefl...

Effect of Dinoflagellate Bioluminescence on Copepod Ingestion RATES1

Abstract: Grazing experiments were conducted with three calanoid copepods and three species of bioluminescent dinoflagellates, using procedures which yielded samples of cultures with high and low capacities for stimulable bioluminescence. In all cases the ingestion rates were lower for the highly bioluminescent samples than for the samples having a reduced capacity for bioluminescence. These results indicate that dinoflagellate bioluminescence has survival value as a defense against copepod grazing. Of several possible mechanisms, we propose that the flash is a visual, protean display which startles or confuses the copepod sufficiently to allow the dinoflagellate to escape. The net evolutionary value is that predation would be reduced on a dinoflagellate population as a whole.

Effect of dietary linolenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on growth and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Abstract: Methyl linolenate 18∶3ω3 and docosahexaenoate 22∶6ω3 were incorporated in semipurified diets at several levels and fed to trout previously maintained on a fat-free diet. After 14 weeks, the weight gain and feed conversion of the fish on each diet were determined. The fatty acid composition of the lipid from each group of fish was analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. Both 18∶3ω3 and 22∶6ω3 fed at the 1% level supported maximum growth of the fish. The control group, which were fed no ω3 fatty acids, exhibited a shock syndrome, poor appetite and a very slow growth rate. Tissue fatty acid analysis revealed eicosatrienoic acid 20∶3ω9 accumulated in the phospholipid fraction of this group. The 20∶3ω9 level was lowered when either 18∶3ω3 or 22∶6ω3 was included in the diet. Analysis showed that the dietary 18∶3ω3 was rapidly converted by the fish into 22∶6ω3 with a high concentration in the phospholipid. However 22∶6ω3 fed to the fish remained unchanged and little or no retroconversion of this fatty acid was observed.

Content of Adenosine Phosphates and Adenylate Energy Charge in Germinating Ponderosa Pine Seeds

Abstract: An average of 540 picomoles of total adenosine phosphates was found in the embryo of mature seeds of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) and 1140 picomoles in the gametophyte. Adenylate energy charges were 0.44 and 0.26, respectively. After stratification, total adenosine phosphates increased 7-fold and 6-fold in embryo and gametophyte, respectively, and energy charges rose to 0.85 and 0.75. During germination, total adenosine phosphates increased to a 20-fold peak on the 9th day in gametophytic tissue, parallel with the peak of reserve regradation and organellar synthesis, and then decreased. In embryo and seedling, total adenosine phosphates elevated 80-fold with two distinct oscillating increases of AMP and ADP. The oscillating increases occurred before the emergence of radicle and cotyledons during which the highest mitotic index prevailed in all tissues. Energy charges fluctuated between 0.65 at the rapid cell dividing stage to 0.85 at the fully differentiated stage of the seedling, while energy charges remained around 0.75 in the gametophyte. These data indicated that the content of adenosine phosphates of germinating seeds reflects growth, organogenesis, and morphogenesis, and that a compartmentalized energy metabolism must exist in dividing and growing plant cells.