Showing papers by "Oregon State University published in 1976"
TL;DR: An expansion of that work, improving the sensitivity and reproducibility of the method, as well as examination of solubilities of the copper soaps as a function of chain length and unsaturation, was described.
Abstract: In 1964, a method was described for the determination of free fatty acids (FFAs) in vegetable oil. This paper describes an expansion of that work, improving the sensitivity and reproducibility of the method, as well as examination of solubilities of the copper soaps as a function of chain length and unsaturation. Involvement of the micellar structure was reviewed. Finally, a procedure is described that permits very rapid determination of FFA at the 2.0–14.0 µmol (0.5–4.0 mg oleic acid) level, and the results with several oils are given. Particular attention was given to evaluation of solvent systems which would extract the copper complexes.
633 citations
TL;DR: It is revealed that hydrogen evolution is a general phenomenon associated with nitrogen fixation by many nodulated nitrogen-fixing symbionts and that the extent of hydrogen evolution during nitrogen reduction is a major factor affecting the efficiency of nitrogen fixation in many agronomically important legumes.
Abstract: Nitrogenase-dependent hydrogen evolution from detached legume nodules and from reaction mixtures containing cell-free nitrogenase has been well established, but the overall effect of hydrogen evolution on the efficiency of nitrogen fixation in vivo has not been critically assessed. This paper describes a survey which revealed that hydrogen evolution is a general phenomenon associated with nitrogen fixation by many nodulated nitrogen-fixing symbionts. An evaluation of the magnitude of energy loss in terms of the efficiency of electron transfer to nitrogen, via nitrogenase, in excised nodules suggested that hydrogen production may severely reduce nitrogen fixation in many legumes where photosynthate supply is a factor limiting fixation. With most symbionts, including soybeans, only 40-60% of the electron flow to nitrogenase was transferred to nitrogen. The remainder was lost through hydrogen evolution. In situ measurements of hydrogen evolution and acetylene reduction by nodulated soybeans confirmed the results obtained with excised nodules. In an atmosphere of air, a major portion of the total electron flux available for the reduction of atmospheric nitrogen by either excised nodules or intact nodulated plants was utilized in the production of hydrogen gas. Some non-leguminous symbionts, such as Alnus rubra, and a few legumes (i.e., Vigna sinensis) apparently have evolved mechanisms of minimizing net hydrogen production, thus increasing their efficiency of electron transfer to nitrogen. Our results indicate that the extent of hydrogen evolution during nitrogen reduction is a major factor affecting the efficiency of nitrogen fixation by many agronomically important legumes.
469 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the phase angle of the complex correlation coefficient is a good measure of the average relative angular displacement (veering) between a pair of two-dimensional vector series, and the correlation coefficient between the low-frequency (ω < 0.6 cpd) components of the current vectors at 20 m and 5 m heights from the ocean bottom at a station near the Oregon coast reveals an Ekman veering of 6°.
Abstract: It has been shown that the phase angle of the complex correlation coefficient is a good measure of the average relative angular displacement (veering) between a pair of two-dimensional vector series. The correlation coefficient between the low-frequency (ω<0.6 cpd) components of the current vectors at 20 m and 5 m heights from the ocean bottom at a station near the Oregon coast reveals an Ekman veering of 6°.
333 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an analysis of the low-frequency fluctuations of the currents near the Oregon coast is presented, based on the 1972 and 1973 measurements from moored current meters in CUEs 1 and CUE-2, where the mean alongshore velocity v has the structure of a baroclinic coastal jet, whose maximum speed occurs near the surface at a distance of about 15-20 km from the shore, whereas the fluctuating part of v has a roughly barotropic coastal jet whose maximum occurs very near the shore.
Abstract: An analysis is presented of the low-frequency fluctuations [ω<0.6 cycle per day (cpd)] of the currents near the Oregon coast, based on the 1972 and 1973 measurements from moored current meters in CUE-1 and CUE-2. Let u and v denote the eastward (approximately onshore) and northward (approximately alongshore) components of the currents. The mean alongshore velocity v has the structure of a baroclinic coastal jet, whose maximum speed occurs near the surface at a distance of about 15–20 km from the shore, whereas the fluctuating part of v has the structure of a roughly barotropic coastal jet whose maximum occurs very near (<4 km) the shore. The standard deviation of v is approximately depth-independent whereas that of u decreases with depth. As one approaches the coast, the standard deviation of u decreases whereas that of v rises steeply, consistent with the behavior expected of coastally trapped wave motion. A scatter plot of the velocity fluctuations in a hodograph plane indicates that the fluctu...
285 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that exposure to temperatures in excess of 22° C, as for example during low tides in the summer, might result in a cumulative stress on these populations of mussels by imposing a metabolic deficit which must be recovered at each subsequent high tide.
Abstract: Mytilus californianus regulated its rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) during decline in oxygen tension, but did not acclimate VO2 when held at 58 mm Hg PO2. In spite of a capacity to consume oxygen while exposed to air (the average VO2 in air being equivalent to 0.74xthe standard rate of oxygen consumption in water), these mussels acquired an “oxygen debt” during aerial exposure which was discharged on subsequent reimmersion. During exposure to air the oxygen tension of the fluid in the mantle cavity was rapdly reduced to approximately 40 mm Hg, in animals both in the laboratory and on the shore. Heart rate was also reduced during air exposure, though not to the point of cardiac arrest. The concentration of ammonia in the fluid of the mantle cavity increased during aerial exposure, but the rate of excretion of ammonia was much lower than during immersion. Observations of mussels on the shore at low tide indicated that dehydration of the tissues was not a serious threat, possibly due to the large volume of fluid retained in the mantle cavity. During aerial exposure some end-products of anaerobic metabolism (alanine and malate) accumulated in the posterior adductor muscle. Malate accumulation was rapid during the first hour of exposure; alanine accumulated more gradually. It is concluded that during aerial exposure M. californianus resorts to anaerobiosis in spite of a capacity to extract some oxygen from the atmosphere. This results in a metabolic deficit during each period of low tide which, coupled with the reduced time available for feeding, imposes a physiological stress on mussels distributed on the shore.
209 citations
TL;DR: Neither the activity nor the extent of adenylylation of the bacteroid enzyme was consistently affected by ammonium treatment of bacteroid suspensions, and a role of glutamine synthetase in the regulation of nitrogenase has been reported.
Abstract: The activity and extent of adenylylation of glutamine synthetase was examined in both free-living and bacteroid forms of Rhizobium japonicum in the presence of excess ammonia. Ammonia caused an apparent repression of glutamine synthetase in free-living R. japonicum and adenylylation of the enzyme was also increased. In contrast, neither the activity nor the extent of adenylylation of the bacteroid enzyme was consistently affected by ammonium treatment of bacteroid suspensions. Similar results were obtained after ammonium treatment of soybean plants even though nitrogenase activity was reduced markedly. We have been unable to demonstrate ammonium repression of nitrogenase activity in R. japonicum-Glycine max symbiotic association that is mediated through bacteroid glutamine synthetase. This result is in contrast to the situation in nitrogen-fixing strains of Klebsiella where a role of glutamine synthetase in the regulation of nitrogenase has been reported.
182 citations
164 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the pattern of faulting in southeastern Oregon is interpreted in terms of four major zones of right-lateral strike-slip faulting that separate blocks broken by normal faulting.
Abstract: The pattern of faulting in southeastern Oregon is interpreted in terms of four major zones of right-lateral strike-slip faulting that separate blocks broken by normal faulting. The total amount of east-west extension is considered to decrease in the block north of each strike-slip fault zone. The right-lateral offset results from the decrease in extension. Extension essentially dies out across the northern two fault zones, which are thus considered the northern limit of the Basin and Range province. The greatest offset is apparently recorded on the next zone to the south by the displacement of the eastern edges of the Sierra Nevada and Idaho batholiths. The two southern zones offset the Pleistocene to Holocene trend of the High Cascades by 10 to 20 km in a right-lateral sense. The Brothers fault zone, one of the northern zones, is regarded as of special interest because both ends of the fault are interpreted to be exposed at the surface.
154 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an 8% increase in the frequency of the inertial peak (ω≈0.064 cph) above the local f was observed, indicating an upward propagation of phases throughout the water column, at a speed of about 0.1 cm s−1 within the depth range 20-60 m, but generally higher both above and below this mid-depth.
Abstract: Nearly two months of current meter data taken during the summer of 1973 at eleven depths at a station off the coast of Oregon in 100 m of water have been analyzed. The spectra show an 8% increase in the frequency of the inertial peak (ω≈0.064 cph) above the local f (=0.059 cph). Because of the close proximity of the tidal frequencies to the local f, a sharp bandpass filter centered at ω = 0.064 cph was used to isolate the inertial motions. The results showed that the amplitude of the inertial oscillations decayed slowly with depth, but the decay within about 10 m of the bottom was more rapid. A lagged correlation of the inertial currents clearly showed an upward propagation of phases throughout the water column, at a speed of about 0.1 cm s−1 within the depth range 20–60 m, but generally higher both above and below this mid-depth. The inertial currents were found to turn clockwise (looking down) with depth, which corresponds to an upward phase and downward energy propagation, and the vertical pha...
146 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for the net entrapment of fine suspended sediment in the viscous sublayer of a turbulent boundary layer yields an expression of the same form as one derived previously on an empirical basis.
Abstract: A model for the net entrapment of fine suspended sediment in the viscous sublayer of a turbulent boundary layer yields an expression of the same form as one derived previously on an empirical basis. The expression is modified by a factor that takes into account the reduction in rate of deposition caused by occasional erosion, bottom roughness, and organic resuspension. A curve for the variation in critical deposition shear stress with particle settling velocity is constructed using the assumption that the critical deposition stress is equal to the critical erosion stress for fine noncohesive material. Application of the model to postglacial deposition rates using modern concentration data gives reasonable agreement and suggests values of the factor little less than unity. The model involves assumption of a constant near-bed suspended sediment concentration. An alternative case of decrease in concentration with distance along the flow path shows that the grain-size modes in the deposited sediment resemble the pattern of size modes found north of the Carnegie Ridge in the Panama Basin.
TL;DR: In this paper, an investigation has been conducted of the ureilites and the achondrite Chassigny to elucidate differences in their petrogenesis, and the experimental studies reported include the determination of elemental abundances by instrumental neutron activation analysis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the infusion rate of tracer into a batch mixer can be characterized by a single quantity, a decay rate constant, which is then used to define a dimensionless mixing-rate number.
TL;DR: In this article, a least square mixing program was used to calculate phase relations in the Holocene lavas from Craters of the Moon (COM) National Monument and showed that the observed range in composition among these lavas corresponds to at least 70 percent crystallization of a magma similar to the most mafic COM lavas.
Abstract: Holocene lavas from Craters of the Moon (COM) National Monument are representative of “differentiated” lavas which occur around the margins of the Snake River Plains (SRP) and they range serially in composition from alkali- and phosphorous-rich ferrobasalts to ferrolatites. Petrographic study indicates that these lavas evolved primarily by cotectic crystallization of olivine, plagioclase, magnetite and apatite in the mafic members of the suite (ferrobasalts), and by cotectic crystallization of plagioclase, magnetite, clinopyroxene and minor olivine in the salic members. Quantitative phase relations in the COM lavas, calculated by means of a leastsquares mixing program, indicate that the observed range in composition among these lavas corresponds to at least 70 percent crystallization of a magma similar to the most mafic COM lavas. Anhydrous one-atmosphere experimental crystallization studies fail to reproduce exactly the inferred phase relations; the discrepancy is attributed to the presence of water in the naturally crystallized magmas. The origin of COM parental magma cannot be unequivocably resolved. Available evidence suggests that COM lavas do not represent melts derived directly from the mantle: (1) high Sr87/Sr86 ratios (0.708 to 0.712), (2) relatively high Fe/(Fe+Mg) and excluded-element content in even the most mafic COM lavas, (3) occurrence of megacrysts of inferred high-pressure origin in the Lava Creek flow. Megacrysts occur in the Lava Creek flow as clusters of labradorite, aluminous clinopyroxene, and olivine. Analogy with the experiments of Thompson [1] and least squares mixing calculations indicate that intermediate (ca. 8 to 10 Kbar) pressure fractionation of such megacrysts from olivine tholeiite magma may yield derivative COM-type liquids.
TL;DR: It is concluded that during aerial exposure M. californianus resorts to anaerobiosis in spite of a capacity to extract some oxygen from the atmosphere, which results in a metabolic deficit during each period of low tide which imposes a physiological stress on mussels distributed on the shore.
Abstract: Mytilus californianus regulated its rate of oxygen consumption (VO2) during decline in oxygen tension, but did not acclimate VO2 when held at 58 mm Hg PO2. In spite of a capacity to consume oxygen while exposed to air (the average VO2 in air being equivalent to 0.74xthe standard rate of oxygen consumption in water), these mussels acquired an "oxygen debt" during aerial exposure which was discharged on subsequent reimmersion. During exposure to air the oxygen tension of the fluid in the mantle cavity was rapdly reduced to approximately 40 mm Hg, in animals both in the laboratory and on the shore. Heart rate was also reduced during air exposure, though not to the point of cardiac arrest. The concentration of ammonia in the fluid of the mantle cavity increased during aerial exposure, but the rate of excretion of ammonia was much lower than during immersion. Observations of mussels on the shore at low tide indicated that dehydration of the tissues was not a serious threat, possibly due to the large volume of fluid retained in the mantle cavity. During aerial exposure some end-products of anaerobic metabolism (alanine and malate) accumulated in the posterior adductor muscle. Malate accumulation was rapid during the first hour of exposure; alanine accumulated more gradually. It is concluded that during aerial exposure M. californianus resorts to anaerobiosis in spite of a capacity to extract some oxygen from the atmosphere. This results in a metabolic deficit during each period of low tide which, coupled with the reduced time available for feeding, imposes a physiological stress on mussels distributed on the shore.
TL;DR: A single dose of lead administered orally or intraperitoneally to mice stimulated formation of IgM antibody, and lead, orally or ip, significantly reduced IgG antibody but the IgG antibodies response decreased only when cadmium was given orally and increased when injected ip.
Abstract: Mice were given single doses of 4 mg of lead or 0.15 mg of cadmium, either intraperitoneally (IP) or orally by intubation. Eight hours later all mice were inoculated IP with 0.2 ml of a 2 percent suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Mice from each group were killed on days 3-6 to measure primary immune response (19s or IgM antibody) and on days 8-11 for the secondary response (7s or IgG antibody) after a second inoculation of SRBC on day 7. Lead administered orally or IP stimulated IgM antibody. Cadmium caused an increase in IgM when injected IP but resulted in a slight decrease when given orally. Lead, orally or IP, significantly reduced IgG antibody, but the IgG response decreased only when cadmium was given orally, and increased when injected IP. (JTE)
TL;DR: In this article, the interplay between contact of the volume functional and energy conditions was exploited to find that maximal surfaces are unique, they maximize volume, and they yield future and past singularities.
Abstract: Maximal surfaces and their implications for the ambient spacetime are studied. Our methods exploit the interplay between contact of the volume functional and energy conditions. Essentially, we find that in closed universes, maximal surfaces are unique; they maximize volume; and they yield future and past singularities.
TL;DR: In this article, a thermohaline diffusive interface between convecting layers, with heat fluxes more similar to natural ones than in previous studies, was investigated and a new formula for the dependence of heat flux on interface stability was proposed.
TL;DR: Fewer than expected drinking water sources were found to contain high arsenic content, so that the Lane County data do not necessarily contradict previous reports of positive correlation.
Abstract: It was expected that the incidence of skin cancer would be related to the known high arsenic levels in water supplies of Lane County, Oregon. Incidence rates were based on all histopathologically confirmed cases among Lane County residents diagnosed during 1958–1971 and were compared to mean water arsenic levels measured during 1968–1974. Basal cell carcinoma had a mean annual incidence rate of 88 per 100,000, a 5:4::M:F sex ratio, and an increasing risk for both sexes in urban areas. Squamous cell carcinoma incidence was 50 per 100,000 and showed 2::1:M:F sex ratio but no urban predilection. Neither type of skin cancer was directly related to the arsenic levels as expected, although sporadic individuals with sufficient exposure could manifest the relationship. Fewer than expected drinking water sources were found to contain high arsenic content, so that the Lane County data do not necessarily contradict previous reports of positive correlation. The basal cell carcinoma pattern suggested that this disease might be potentiated by urban air pollutants.
TL;DR: The extended spectrum of gelatin reveals that the circular dichroism of this unordered polymer is more closely related to the spectrum of charged polypeptides than might be evident from near ultraviolet work.
Abstract: Circular dichroism spectra for acid-soluble calfskin collagen, gelatin, and poly(proline) II in solution have been extended into the vacuum ultraviolet region. The extended spectrum of gelatin reveals that the circular dichroism of this unordered polymer is more closely related to the spectrum of charged polypeptides than might be evident from near ultraviolet work. A short-wavelength band is found at about 172 nm, which corresponds in position, magnitude, and sign to a band recorded earlier for poly(L-glutamic acid) at pH 8.0. This band is observed in a helical structure for the first time in the vacuum ultraviolet circular dichroism and absorption spectra of poly(proline) II. Both circular dichroism and absorption spectra point to the assignement of this band as the nσ*. Neither the nσ* nor the expected positive lobe of the ππ* helix band is observed in the extended circular dichroism spectrum of collagen. We postulate that these two bands cancel here in analogy to the case of α-helical poly(L-glutamic acid).
TL;DR: From 6 to 24 hours of embryo development, the proportion of the major polysaccharide components found in purified walls is stable, and the properties and function of alginic acid, the fucans, and cellulose are discussed in relation to changes in wall structure and function during development.
Abstract: Fertilization triggers the assembly of a cell wall around the egg cell of three brown algae, Fucus vesiculosus, F. distichus, and F. inflatus. New polysaccharide polymers are continually being added to the cell wall during the first 24 hours of synchronous embryo development. This wall assembly involves the extracellular deposition of fibrillar material by cytoplasmic vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane. One hour after fertilization a fragmented wall can be isolated free of cytoplasm and contains equal amounts of cellulose and alginic acid with no fucose-containing polymers (fucans) present. Birefringence of the wall caused by oriented cellulose microfibrils is not detected in all zygotes until 4 hours, at which time intact cell walls can be isolated that retain the shape of the zygote. These walls have a relatively low ratio of fucose to xylose and little sulfate when compared to walls from older embryos. When extracts of walls from 4-hour zygotes are subjected to cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 7, a single fucan (F1) can be detected. By 12 hours, purified cell walls are composed of fucans containing a relatively high ratio of fucose to xylose and high levels of sulfate, and contain a second fucan (F2) which is electrophoretically distinct from F1. F2 appears to be deposited in only a localized region of the wall, that which elongates to form the rhizoid cell. Throughout wall assembly, the polyuronide block co-polymer alginic acid did not significantly vary its mannuronic (M) to guluronic (G) acid ratio (0.33-0.55) or its block distribution (MG, 54%; GG, 30%; MM, 16%). From 6 to 24 hours of embryo development, the proportion of the major polysaccharide components found in purified walls is stable. Alginic acid is the major polymer and comprises about 60% of the total wall, while cellulose and the fucans each make-up about 20% of the remainder. During the extracellular assembly of this wall, the intracellular levels of the storage glucan laminaran decreases. A membrane-bound β-1, 3-exoglucanase is found in young zygotes which degrades laminaran to glucose. It is postulated that hydrolysis of laminaran by this glucanase accounts, at least in part, for glucose availability for wall biosynthesis and the increase in respiration triggered by fertilization. The properties and function of alginic acid, the fucans, and cellulose are discussed in relation to changes in wall structure and function during development.
TL;DR: In October 1974 the occurrence of a weak El Ni�o event was predicted for early 1975 on the basis of the southern oscillation index and an expedition was organized to study its occurrence and its development with time during two cruises in the waters off Peru and Ecuador.
Abstract: In October 1974 the occurrence of a weak El Nino event was predicted for early 1975 on the basis of the southern oscillation index. An expedition was organized to observe the event in the waters off Peru and Ecuador during two cruises in order to study its occurrence and its development with time. During the first cruise a massive transgression of warm low salinity water across the equator to 4 degrees S was observed, as well as a depression of the thermocline along the equator and off the coast of South America, indicating the start of El Nino development. During the second cruise the oceanographic situation had changed and conditions were returning to normal.
TL;DR: Pseudomonas fragi, a common psychrophilic recontaminant, is responsible for development of "fruity" flavors in processed dairy products by virtue of the organisms ability to hydrolyze milk fat and esterify certain of the lower fatty acids with ethanol as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The “malty” flavor defect that commonly develops in raw milk produced in certain areas of North America and Europe has long been known to be due to the metabolic activity of Streptococcus lactis var. maltigenes. The identification of the aldehydes and alcohols responsible for this flavor defect and the mechanisms involved in their formation from amino acids are discussed.
Pseudomonas fragi, a common psychrophilic recontaminant, is responsible for development of “fruity” flavors in processed dairy products by virtue of the organisms ability to hydrolyze milk fat and esterify certain of the lower fatty acids with ethanol. A similar esterase is present in certain lactic cultures used in the manufacture of cheddar cheese.
The “musty potato” aroma first described in eggs and milk and other dairy products due to the growth of Pseudomonas graveolens (Pseudomonas taetrolens) continues to be reported as a defect in eggs and carcass meats. Pseudomonas perolens has been found to produce a similar aroma in spoiling fish. Vapors entrained from milk and fish tissue cultures of these organisms, collected on porous polymer traps and analyzed by GLC-alkali flame and GLC-MS systems, revealed both organisms produce 2-methoxy-3-alkylpyrazines. 2-Methyoxy-3-isopropylpyrazine was found to be responsible for the musty potato aroma. A possible mechanism for the formation of pyrazines is discussed.
TL;DR: It is postulate that the orderly arrangement of core polypeptides protects discrete regions of DNA from nuclease attack, and bases on proposals for the structure of eukaryotic chromatin.
Abstract: Staphylococcal nuclease (nucleate 3'-oligonucleotidohydrolase; EC 3.1.4.7) cleaved DNA within disrupted adenovirus particles into a regular series of fragments with a repeat unit of 200 base pairs. Since this pattern did not eppear when DNA alone was digested, we postulate that the orderly arrangement of core polypeptides protects discrete regions of DNA from nuclease attack. The 23 X 10(6) dalton adenovirus DNA molecule can accommodate 180 units of roughly 200 base pairs. Based on the stoichiometry of core polypeptides, we calculate that each repeat unit contains six copies of polypeptide VII and a single copy of polypeptide V. This model is bases on proposals for the structure of eukaryotic chromatin. Very brief nuclease digestion generated 1800 base pair fragments (1/20 of the adenovirus chromosome). This result is discussed in terms of a higher order folding of viral DNA within the virus particle.
TL;DR: Hydrogen photoevolution has the following characteristics in common with N(2) fixation in these organisms: DCMU insensitivity; similar white light dependency with very low dark production rates; maximum efficiency in photosystem I light; inhibition by N( 2), O(2), and acetylene; and an apparent requirement for the presence of heterocysts.
Abstract: Two Clark-type polarographic electrodes were used to measure simultaneous H2 and O2 exchange from three species of the blue-green alga Anabaena. Maximum H2 photoevolution from N2-fixing cultures of Anabaena required only the removal of dissolved O2 and N2; no adaptation period was necessary. No correlation of H2 photoproduction with photosynthetic O2 evolution, beyond their mutual light requirement, was found. Hydrogen photoevolution has the following characteristics in common with N2 fixation in these organisms: DCMU insensitivity; similar white light dependency with very low dark production rates; maximum efficiency in photosystem I light; inhibition by N2, O2 and acetylene; and an apparent requirement for the presence of heterocysts. Growth on nitrate medium reduces, and on ammonium medium obliterates, both reactions. Cultures grown under limiting CO2 conditions have H2 photoproduction rates proportional to their growth rates. Hydrogenase activity is inferred from H2 uptake in the dark, but this activity apparently is independent of the photoevolution of H2 which is ascribed strictly to the nitrogenase system.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined data from the National Hail Research Experiment and the Wangara experiment to study vertical gradients of moisture in heated boundary layers which are well-mixed in virtual potential temperature.
Abstract: Radiosonde data from the National Hail Research Experiment and the Wangara experiment are examined to study vertical gradients of moisture in heated boundary layers which are well-mixed in virtual potential temperature. The frequent occurrence of a significant decrease of moisture with height in the mixed layer over the high plains region of the United States seems to be related in part to rapid growth of the mixed layer into very dry air aloft and/or height variations of horizontal advection of moisture. However, the exact cause cannot be unambiguously determined from the data.
TL;DR: It appears that vaccines prepared against IHNV and bacterins against V. anguillarum show potential for use in aquaculture.
Abstract: Experimental work done with the immunization against several fish pathogens is described. The agents studied included Flexibacter columnaris, Aeromonas salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum and Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHNV). At the present, it appears that vaccines prepared against IHNV and bacterins against V. anguillarum show potential for use in aquaculture.
TL;DR: In this article, the CaCO 3 content of the sample is used to estimate the in-situ dry bulk density and water content of pelagic sediments in the southeast Pacific Ocean.
TL;DR: Daily exposure to photoreactivating radiation (> 315nm) following UV‐B insult mitigated the potentially lethal damage to the tadpole population.
Abstract: — Effects of increased intensity of UV-B radiation (290–315nm) on the systemic development and viability of boreal toad tadpoles were studied. When compared with animals exposed to UV-B deficient radiation of similar irradiance, tadpoles exposed to UV-B enhanced radiation displayed (1) abnormal development of the presumptive cornea, (2) areas of hyperplasia in the integument, (3) an anomalous, concave curvature of the spine, and (4) increased mortality. Daily exposure to photoreactivating radiation (> 315nm) following UV-B insult mitigated the potentially lethal damage to the tadpole population.
TL;DR: In this article, the economic value of forecasted frost is estimated under various assumptions concerning prior information, accuracy of forecasts, and the shape of the orchard operator's utility functions.
Abstract: The economic value of frost forecasts is estimated under various assumptions concerning prior information, accuracy of forecasts, and the shape of the orchard operator's utility functions. The frost protection decision process is simulated in the context of Bayesian decision making under uncertainty. The averaged seasonal values estimated per day per acre were $5.39 for frost forecasts provided by the U.S. Weather Service, $8.57 for perfect frost forecasts, $4.73 for profit maximizers, and $191.39 for completely ignorant decision makers. The methodology used has general application to determination of economic value of information under conditions of uncertainty.