Showing papers by "P A College of Engineering published in 2020"

Challenges and opportunities in IoT healthcare systems: a systematic review

Abstract: In this study, the latest research articles which are involved in the Internet of Things (IoT) based healthcare system are analyzed as the IoT is growing enormously in the healthcare systems such as health monitoring, fitness programs, etc. Numerous research has been carried out in the IoT based healthcare system to improve monitoring efficiency. The architecture used in the IoT especially the cloud integrated systems are investigated in this work. The factors such as accuracy and power consumption are the important concern in the IoT, hence the research works which are involved in improving the performance of the IoT based healthcare systems are discussed. Data management methods in the IoT based healthcare system with cloud facilities are also systematically analyzed in this study. The performance of the IoT based healthcare system along with its advantages and limitations are reviewed. Most research works are efficient in detecting several symptoms and can accurately predict the diseases. The IoT based healthcare system designed especially for elders is an efficient solution in monitoring their healthcare issues. Major limitations in the existing systems are high power consumption, availability of fewer resources and security issues due to the utilization of many devices.

Study of diesel engine characteristics by adding nanosized zinc oxide and diethyl ether additives in Mahua biodiesel–diesel fuel blend

Abstract: This study deals with an experimental investigation to assess the characteristics of a modified common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine utilizing diesel, Mahua biodiesel, and their blends with synthesized zinc oxide (ZnO) nano additives. The physicochemical properties of diesel, diesel + 30 ppm ZnO nanoparticles (D10030), 20% Mahua biodiesel (MOME20), and Mahua biodiesel (20%) + 30 ppm ZnO nanoparticles (MOME2030) were measured in accordance to the American Society for Testing and Materials standards. The effects of modification of fuel injectors (FI) holes (7-hole FI) and toroidal reentrant combustion chamber (TRCC) piston bowl design on the performance of CRDI using different fuel blends were assessed. For injection timings (IT) and injection opening pressure (IOP) average increase in brake thermal efficiency for fuel blend D10030 and MOME2030 was 9.65% and 16.4%, and 8.83% and 5.06%, respectively. Also, for IT and IOP, the average reductions in brake specific fuel consumption, smoke, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions for D10030 and MOME2030 were 10.9% and 7.7%, 18.2% and 8.6%, 12.6% and 11.5%, 8.74% and 13.1%, and 5.75% and 7.79%, respectively and 15.5% and 5.06%, 20.33% and 6.20%, 11.12% and 24.8%, 18.32% and 6.29%, and 1.79% and 6.89%, respectively for 7-hole fuel injector and TRCC. The cylinder pressure and heat release rate for D10030 and MOME2030 were enhanced by 6.8% and 17.1%, and 7.35% and 12.28%. The 7-hole fuel injector with the nano fuel blends at an injection timing and pressure of 10° btdc and 900 bar demonstrated the overall improvement of the engine characteristics due to the better air quality for fuel mixing. Similarly, the TRCC cylinder bowl geometry illustrated advanced ignition due to an improved swirl and turbulence. Also, the engine test results demonstrated that 30 ppm of ZnO nanoparticles in Mahua biodiesel (MOME2030) and diesel (D10030) with diethyl ether resulted overall enhancement of CRDI engine characteristics.

Investigation on the effect of cottonseed oil blended with different percentages of octanol and suspended MWCNT nanoparticles on diesel engine characteristics

Abstract: In the present work, a series of experiments were designed and conducted to prepare biodiesel from cottonseed oil and to blend it with octanol. The thermal and mass transfer characteristics of the biodiesel were further improved by adding functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The performance of the engine with the blended fuel was analyzed through characterization and measurement of the gas emissions from the engine. Four blends of cottonseed oil (B20, B40, B60, and B100) were prepared initially, and each blend was added with octanol additive of 5%, 10%, and 15% together with 3% of functionalized MWCNTs by mass. The performance analysis showed that B20 with 5%, 10%, and 15% octanol represented relatively lower brake specific fuel consumption relative to all test fuels. Likewise, the addition of MWCNT nanoparticle further stabilized the rate of fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency. It was also identified that at larger values of diesel and biodiesel blends, the performance and also the quantity of gas emission were the same.

Optimum location and influence of tilt angle on performance of solar PV panels

Abstract: With the growing demand of economically feasible, clean, and renewable energy, the use of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is increasing. The PV panel performance to generate electrical energy depends on many factors among which tilt angle is also a crucial one. Among hundreds of research work performed pertinent to solar PV panels performance, this work critically reviews the role of tilt angles and particularly locating the optimum tilt angle using different methods. The past data collected for analysis can be categorized mainly into mathematical model based, experimental based, simulation based, or combination of any of these. Single-axis tracking, dual-axis tracking, simple glass cover, hydrophobic glass cover, soiled glass, clean glass, partial shadow, use of phase-change material, computational fluid dynamic analysis, etc., are the novel methods found in the literature for analysis and locating the optimum tilt angle. For illustration purpose, few figures are provided in which the optimum tilt angle obtained on monthly, seasonally, and annual basis is shown. Research works are growing in the field of computations and simulations using online software and codes. Pure mathematical-based calculations are also reported but the trend is to combine this method with the simulation method. As the PV panel performance is found to be affected by number of parameters, their consideration in any single study is not reported. In future, work is required to carry out the experiment or simulation considering the effect of soiling, glass material, temperature, and surrounding ambience on the location of optimum tilt angle. As a whole, the optimum tilt angles reported for locations exactly on the equator line, i.e., 0° latitude, ranges between − 2.5° and 2.5°, for locations just above the equator line, i.e., latitude 2.6°–30° N ranges between 5° and 28°, for 40°–70° N, it is 29°–40°, and for 71°–90° N, it is 41°–45°. For locations at 2.6°–30° S, optimum tilt angles range between − 4° and − 32°, 30°–46° S, it is − 33° to − 36°, 47°–65° S, it is − 34° to − 50°, and for 66°–90° S it is − 51° to − 62°.

Multi-objective optimization of thermal performance in battery system using genetic and particle swarm algorithm combined with fuzzy logics

Abstract: A novel technique for multi-objective optimization of thermal management in battery system using hybrid Genetic algorithm and Fuzzy logic is developed. Secondly, Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm combined with Fuzzy logic is also proposed for the same. The combined algorithms and fitness function for fitness evaluation is written in-house C code. For the thermal performance fitness evaluation, realistic conjugate heat transfer condition at the battery and coolant interface is adopted. The objective functions are average Nusselt number, friction coefficient, and maximum temperature. Maximizing one causes proportional increase in another, hence to achieve a moderate condition of better Nusselt number with low pumping power cost and temperature within allowable limits, these algorithms assist in optimization. Five different independent operating parameters are selected for the Multi-objective optimization and brief results are presented. The Fuzzy logic membership functions adopted can be easily modified/selected by the user to suite the battery thermal problem at hand and to assign weight to each fitness function. The fitness function obtained using the proposed multi-objective optimization technique are closer and indicate safe temperature of battery with enhanced Nusselt number and minimum friction coefficient. The maximum multi-objective fitness obtained after normalization is 0.9.

Investigation and back-propagation modeling of base pressure at sonic and supersonic Mach numbers

Abstract: The experimental analysis of base pressure in a high-speed compressible flow is carried out. The flow is made to expand abruptly from the nozzle into an enlarged duct at fifteen sonic and supersonic Mach numbers. The analysis is made for variation in the nozzle pressure ratio (NPR), length to diameter ratio, and area ratio. The effect of active micro-jets on the base and wall pressure is assessed. The data visualization of the huge experimental data generated is performed using heat maps. For the first time, six back-propagation neural network models (BPMs) are developed based on input and output possibilities to predict the pressure in high-speed flows. The experimental analysis revealed that depending upon the type of expansion, the base pressure changes. A jet of air blown at the base using micro-jets is found to be effective in increasing the base pressure during the under-expansion regime, while the wall pressure remains unaffected. The data visualization provided an insight into the highest impact on the base pressure by the NPR. The six BPMs with two hidden layers having four neurons per layer are found to be most suitable for the regression analysis. BPM 5 and BPM 6 accurately predict the highly non-linear data of the base and wall pressure.

Thermal analyses of minichannels and use of mathematical and numerical models

Abstract: Growth in electronic devices comes with a challenge to engineers to provide proficient cooling mechanism in order to evade performance decline. Minichannel heat sinks are one among type of cooling ...

Maximum temperature analysis in a Li-ion battery pack cooled by different fluids

Abstract: The use of Li-ion battery in electric vehicles is becoming extensive in the modern-day world owing to their high energy density and longer life. But there is a concern of proper thermal management to have consistent performance. Therefore, proper cooling mechanism to have a good life and reliability on the battery system is necessary. The main objective of this analysis is to assess the maximum temperature that causes thermal runaway when the battery pack is cooled by several fluids. Five categories of coolants are passed over the heat-generating battery pack to extract the heat and keep the temperature in the limit. Different kinds of gases, conventional oils, thermal oils, nanofluids, and liquid metals are adopted as coolants in each category. This analysis is a novel study which considers different categories of coolant and conjugate heat transfer condition at the battery pack and coolant interface. In each group of coolant, five types of fluids are selected and analyzed to obtain the least maximum temperature of battery. The flow Reynolds number (Re), heat generation (Qgen), and conductivity ratio (Cr) are other parameters considered for the analysis. The Nusselt number for air and water as coolant with increase in Re is studied separately at the end. The maximum temperature is found to increase with Qgen and decrease for Re and Cr. Thermal oils, nanofluids, and liquid metals are found to provide maximum temperature in the same range of 0.62 to 0.54. At the same time, gases have nearly the same effect at different values of Re and Cr.

Waste coconut oil methyl ester with and without additives as an alternative fuel in diesel engine at two different injection pressures

Abstract: The performance and emission from diesel engine using biodiesel from waste coconut oil (WCOO) with and without additives is accessed in this article. WCOO biodiesel is produced from coconuts which ...

Steady and Transient State Analyses on Conjugate Laminar Forced Convection Heat Transfer

Abstract: The term ‘conjugate heat transfer’ refers to a heat transfer process involving an interaction of heat conduction within a solid body with either of the free, forced, and mixed convection from its surface to a fluid flowing over it. It finds application in numerous fields starting from thermal interaction between surrounding air and fins to thermal interaction between flowing fluid and turbine blades. In this article, a systematic literature review of studies pertinent to laminar conjugate conduction-forced convection heat transfer analysis subjected to internal and external flow conditions is performed. The review reports both steady and unsteady state analyses related to experimental, analytical and numerical investigations, in both rectangular and cylindrical geometries with an exemption to micro and mini channel related studies. The studies are categorically put forth initially and an overview of these studies is presented in tabular and graphical form for a swift glance later under each section. This paper is concluded highlighting the salient features of the review, with respect to physical and mathematical models, methodology and applications. The challenges and scope for future study reported at the end of this paper gives the reader an insight into the gaps in the area of conjugate heat transfer analysis of steady and transient state under laminar forced convection flow regimes.

Computational finite element analysis of brake disc rotors employing different materials

Abstract: In this paper, numerical simulation of transient thermal and static structural analysis was performed here sequentially with coupled thermo-structural method. Numerical procedure of calculation was...

Optimum spacing between grooved tubes: An experimental study

Abstract: An experimental study on optimum spacing between grooved tubes is reported in this paper. Two grooved tubes having pitch of 10 mm and 15 mm and a plain tube were considered for the heat transfer analysis. The spacing between two tubes with same pitch was varied from 10 mm to 35 mm with a step size of 5 mm. Velocity of air flowing over the tube surfaces was changed from 0.4 m/s to 1 m/s using a blower fan. Based on Nusselt number (Nu) the optimum spacing between the tubes was decided. The optimum spacing between grooved tubes of pitch 10 mm and 15 mm was compared with that of plain tubes. From the experimental analysis it was noticed that with increase in air velocity (increase in Reynolds number) the tube surface temperature reduced irrespective of any tube considered. Nu increased with increase in air velocity for all the tubes. The important conclusion drawn from the present study was that, there exists a limiting spacing (optimum) between the tubes above which no change in Nu was observed. Spacing of 30 mm was found to be the optimum spacing between the tubes irrespective of its surface geometry modifications.

An Analysis of Distributed Document Clustering Using MapReduce Based K -Means Algorithm

Abstract: Clustering is considered as one of the important data mining techniques. Document clustering is among many applications of clustering. The traditional clustering algorithms are proven inefficient for clustering rapidly generating large real world datasets. As a solution, traditional clustering algorithms are modified using distributed programming paradigm. MapReduce is a popular distributed programming paradigm designed for Hadoop distributed framework. This paper demonstrates a MapReduce based modification of K-Means clustering algorithm for document datasets. The result shows that the proposed algorithm is efficient than traditional K-Means for all size of document datasets clustering. The experiments also show that the MapReduce clustering works more efficiently when the dataset size and Hadoop cluster sizes are large.

IOT Assisted MQTT for Segregation and Monitoring of Waste for Smart Cities

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a design for segregation and monitoring of waste using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) in order to manage the waste collection. Smart waste management is essential for maintaining clean environment. Because, now-a-days unorganized and non-systematic waste collection is the major issue in the society. Therefore, in need of solution to collect waste in effective manner. The solution for this problem is given by embedded IoT system that will monitor the amount of waste deposited, for which an integrated platform where segregation and monitoring of waste have been presented. In segregation part, wastes are separated as dry waste and wet waste and in monitoring part, the bins with dry and wet wastes are embedded with sensors and the level of bin is transmitted via IoT. IoT is the system of interrelated computing devices which transfer data without requiring human to human interaction, it also introduce economical solution for massive data collection. The proprietary communication protocol that is used for transmission is MQTT. This protocol is the very light weight protocol used for messaging, designed with embedded systems, sensors and mobile applications in mind.

Parallelization of Numerical Conjugate Heat Transfer Analysis in Parallel Plate Channel Using OpenMP

Abstract: Conjugate heat transfer and fluid flow is a common phenomenon occurring in parallel plate channels. Finite volume method (FVM) formulation-based semi-implicit pressure linked equations algorithm is a common technique to solve the Navier–Stokes equation for fluid flow simulation in such phenomena, which is computationally expensive. In this article, an indigenous FVM code is developed for numerical analysis of conjugate heat transfer and fluid flow, considering different problems. The computational time spent by the code is found to be around 90% of total execution time in solving the pressure (P) correction equation. The remaining time is spent on U, V velocity, and temperature (T) functions, which use tri-diagonal matrix algorithm. To carry out the numerical analysis faster, the developed FVM code is parallelized using OpenMP paradigm. All the functions of the code (U, V, T, and P) are parallelized using OpenMP, and the parallel performance is analyzed for different fluid flow, grid size, and boundary conditions. Using nested and without nested OpenMP parallelization, analysis is done on different computing machines having different configurations. From the complete analysis, it is observed that flow Reynolds number (Re) has a significant impact on the sequential execution time of the FVM code but has a negligible role in effecting speedup and parallel efficiency. OpenMP parallelization of the FVM code provides a maximum speedup of up to 1.5 for considered conditions.

Statistical analysis and visualization of the potential cases of pandemic coronavirus

Abstract: A local outbreak of initially unknown cause pneumonia was detected in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December 2019 and a novel coronavirus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, was quickly found to be causing it. Since then, the epidemic has spread to all of China's mainland provinces as well as 58 other countries and territories, with more than 87,137 confirmed cases around the globe, including 79,968 from China, 7169 from other countries as of 1 March 2020, as stated by the World Health Organization in the COVID-19 situation report-41. In response to this current public health emergency, this study done a statistical analysis and visualized reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on the open data collection provided by Johns Hopkins University. Where the location and number of confirmed infected cases have been shown, there have also been deaths, recovered cases and comparisons of the growth rates between the Globe countries. This was intended to provide researchers, public health officials and the general public with exposure to the epidemic.

Pole Clustering-Based Modified Reduced-Order Model for Boiler System

Abstract: A modified reduction order is proposed for the LTI boiler system from the pole clustering method to reduce the higher-order system which yields an exact system model also to minimize the complexity...

Investigation of Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Short Palmyra Palm Leaf Stalk Fiber (PPLSF) Reinforced Polymer Composites

Abstract: The research work is focused toward determining the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the composites made by reinforcing untreated and alkali-treated short palmyra palm leaf stalk fibers ...

Combined Effect of Synthesized Waste Milk Scum Oil Methyl Ester and Ethanol Fuel Blend on the Diesel Engine Characteristics

Abstract: Milk scum is a waste obtained in milk dairies, which can be used as a raw material for producing biodiesel by a transesterification process In this research study, the biodiesel obtained from milk scum was blended with diesel to make binary blends (B20D80, B60D40 and B100) These binary blends were further blended with ethanol in different percentages to make ternary blends (B20E05D75, B20E10D70, B20E15D65) Physical and chemical properties of binary and ternary blends were investigated and compared Degradation of physical properties of the prepared biodiesels with respect to time was studied, which is the salient part of the work Engine performance test was conducted in a single-cylinder diesel engine Performance of the engine for different blends (both binary and ternary) was recorded and compared Addition of 5% ethanol showed a decrease in fuel consumption, whereas higher content (15%) of ethanol showed rapid increase in fuel consumption as compared to that of binary blends Ternary blend containing 5% ethanol showed higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) compared to D100 (diesel only), while ternary blends containing 10 and 15% ethanol gave lower BTE compared to 5% ethanol and D100 The blend B20E05D75 is considered as better alternative fuel upon comparing mass fuel consumption, air fuel ratio and brake thermal efficiency with all rest of blends tested in this study

Parallel performance analysis of coupled heat and fluid flow in parallel plate channel using CUDA

Abstract: The heat transfer analysis coupled with fluid flow is important in many real-world application areas varying from micro-channels to spacecraft’s. Numerical prediction of thermal and fluid flow situation has become very common method using any computational fluid dynamics software or by developing in-house codes. One of the major issues pertinent to numerical analysis lies with immense computational time required for repeated analysis. In this article, technique applied for parallelization of in-house developed generic code using CUDA and OpenMP paradigm is discussed. The parallelized finite-volume method (FVM)-based code for analysis of various problems is analyzed for different boundary conditions. Two GPUs (graphical processing units) are used for parallel execution. Out of four functions in the code (U, V, P, and T), only P function is parallelized using CUDA as it consumes 91% of computational time and the rest functions are parallelized using OpenMP. Parallel performance analysis is carried out for 400, 625, and 900 threads launched from host for parallel execution. Improvement in speedup using CUDA compared with speedup using complete OpenMP parallelization on different computing machines is also provided. Parallel efficiency of the FVM code for different grid size, Reynolds number, internal flow, and external flow is also carried out. It is found that the GPU provides immense speedup and outperforms OpenMP largely. Parallel execution on GPU gives results in a quite acceptable amount of time. The parallel efficiency is found to be close to 90% in internal flow and 10% for external flow.