Paris Descartes University

About: Paris Descartes University is a government organization based out in Paris, France. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Transplantation. The organization has 20987 authors who have published 37456 publications receiving 1206222 citations. The organization is also known as: Université Paris V-Descartes & Université de Paris V.

EFSUMB Guidelines and Recommendations on the Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography. Part 1: Basic Principles and Technology

Abstract: The technical part of these Guidelines and Recommendations, produced under the auspices of EFSUMB, provides an introduction to the physical principles and technology on which all forms of current commercially available ultrasound elastography are based. A difference in shear modulus is the common underlying physical mechanism that provides tissue contrast in all elastograms. The relationship between the alternative technologies is considered in terms of the method used to take advantage of this. The practical advantages and disadvantages associated with each of the techniques are described, and guidance is provided on optimisation of scanning technique, image display, image interpretation and some of the known image artefacts.

Immune infiltration in human tumors: a prognostic factor that should not be ignored.

Abstract: The natural history of a tumor includes phases of 'in situ' growth, invasion, extravasation and metastasis. During these phases, tumor cells interact with their microenvironment and are influenced by signals coming from stromal, endothelial, inflammatory and immune cells. Indeed, tumors are often infiltrated by various numbers of lymphocytes, macrophages or mast cells. It is generally believed that the latter produce factors that maintain chronic inflammation and promote tumor growth, whereas lymphocytes may control cancer outcome, as evidenced in mouse models. In this study, we analyze data from large cohorts of human tumors, clearly establishing that infiltration of the primary tumor by memory T cells, particularly of the Th1 and cytotoxic types, is the strongest prognostic factor in terms of freedom from disease and overall survival at all stages of clinical disease. We review data suggesting that tertiary lymphoid structures adjacent to tumors and composed of mature dendritic cells (T and B cells organized as germinal centers) may be the site of an antitumor reaction. We propose an immune scoring based on the type, density and location of lymphocyte infiltrates as a novel prognostic factor for use in addition to tumor node metastasis staging to predict disease-free survival and to aid in decisions regarding adjuvant therapies in early stage human cancers.

Emerging regulation and functions of autophagy

Abstract: Autophagy maintains cell, tissue and organism homeostasis through degradation. Complex post-translational modulation of the Atg (autophagy-related) proteins adds additional entry points for crosstalk with other cellular processes and helps define cell-type-specific regulations of autophagy. Beyond the simplistic view of a process exclusively dedicated to the turnover of cellular components, recent data have uncovered unexpected functions for autophagy and the autophagy-related genes, such as regulation of metabolism, membrane transport and modulation of host defenses--indicating the novel frontiers lying ahead.