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Showing papers by "Paris West University Nanterre La Défense published in 2010"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study aimed to provide a quantitative description of cardiac function in the recipient twin as a marker of severity in twin–twin transfusion syndrome.
Abstract: Objectives Cardiomyopathy in the recipient twin is a marker of severity in twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), making it a potentially valuable tool for staging the disease. This study aimed to provide a quantitative description of cardiac function in the recipient twin. Methods Consecutive monochorionic pregnancies complicated with TTTS and treated by percutaneous laser coagulation underwent fetal echocardiography before surgery. An unsupervised classification analysis was conducted to identify groups of twins with similar cardiac profiles. The predictive value of the recipient twin's preoperative cardiac function based on these profiles was assessed, using perinatal death of at least one twin as the main outcome. The cardiac function profiles that we identified were compared with the current Quintero staging. Results A total of 107 pregnancies were included, with six of these lost to follow-up; 63/107 complete cases were available for multivariate description of the recipient's cardiac function. Three different preoperative cardiac profiles were identified with increasing right and left myocardial performance index, decreasing right and left shortening fraction, and increasing ductus venosus pulsatility index. Although the three groups represented progressive stages of the syndrome-related cardiomyopathy, no correlation was found with pregnancy outcome. Of Quintero Stage 1 cases, 55% showed significant alterations of cardiac function in the recipient twin. Conclusions Progressive cardiomyopathy can be assessed quantitatively in the recipient twin and does not influence pregnancy outcome when fetoscopic laser coagulation is the first-line treatment. Compared with the current staging, cardiac profiling allows discrimination of cases with significant myocardial dysfunction. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

111 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This task demanded not just a choice of delayed reward but the maintenance of delayed gratification and was clearly difficult for the parrots to learn; additional training or alternative paradigms are required to better understand the capacity for self-control in this and other species.
Abstract: Humans and other animals often find it difficult to choose a delayed reward over an immediate one, even when the delay leads to increased pay-offs. Using a visible incremental reward procedure, we tested the ability of three grey parrots to maintain delay of gratification for an increasingly valuable food pay-off. Up to five sunflower seeds were placed within the parrot’s reach, one at a time, at a rate of one seed per second. When the parrot took a seed the trial was ended and the birds consumed the accumulated seeds. Parrots were first tested in daily sessions of ten trials and then with single daily trials. For multiple trial sessions, all three parrots showed some limited improvement across 30 sessions. For single trial sessions, only one parrot showed any increase in seed acquisition across trials. This parrot was also able to consistently obtain two or more seeds per trial (across both multiple and single trial conditions) but was unable to able to wait 5 s to obtain the maximum number of seeds. This parrot was also tested on a slower rate of seed presentation, and this significantly reduced her mean seed acquisition in both multiple and single trial conditions, suggesting that both value of reward available and delay duration impact upon self-control. Further manipulation of both the visibility and proximity of seeds during delay maintenance had little impact upon tolerance of delays for both parrots tested in this condition. This task demanded not just a choice of delayed reward but the maintenance of delayed gratification and was clearly difficult for the parrots to learn; additional training or alternative paradigms are required to better understand the capacity for self-control in this and other species.

61 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluate mesalignements de taux de change effectifs reels (TCER) on the croissance des pays du G20, au cours de la periode 1980-2006.

41 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the relationship between corruption and economic growth is difficult to demonstrate and highlight two crucial factors that explain the lack of robustness of this relationship: (i) the methods of measurement, which are usually based on the building of indices, modelling and econometric techniques; and (ii) the dependence of causal processes on specific contexts.
Abstract: In the literature of development economics, corruption is usually conceived as detrimental to economic growth. This conventional wisdom, however, may be called into question. Many countries witnessed growth despite corruption, e.g., commodity-dependent and high-growth East Asian countries. The paper argues, through a comparison of Sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia, that the relationships between corruption and economic growth are difficult to demonstrate. It highlights two crucial factors that explain the lack of robustness of this relationship. Firstly, this lack of robustness stems from the methods of measurement, which are usually based on the building of indices, modelling and econometric techniques. These methods are inappropriate for a concept such as ‘corruption’, which refers to complex and heterogeneous phenomena that are difficult to subsume in a single and stable definition. A second set of factors underlying the weakness of the relationship between corruption and growth is the dependence of causal processes on specific contexts. The effects of corrupt practices on an economy depend on its particular history, its economic structures, its political economy and types of institutions: for these reasons, they vary across countries and regions. Causal links between corruption and growth may exist, but they are non-linear and subject to threshold effects. Beyond certain thresholds, which are built by specific contexts (i.e., the combination of many contextual factors, political, economic, institutional), corruption phenomena can be detrimental to growth; before reaching these thresholds, the impact of corruption on growth may be limited. These thresholds can be assessed only ex post: they cannot be measured ex ante, as they precisely depend on contexts that vary across space, countries and history. In some contexts, economic and political factors may reinforce each other, e.g. corruption, political instability, economic distortions and vulnerability, such as commodity-based market structures. This results in ‘low equilibria’ that combine low growth and pervasive corruption, and thresholds, which, once low equilibria are stabilised, it is very difficult to get out from under (‘poverty traps’). In other contexts, these factors may all exist. They remain separated, however; corruption does not combine with other economic and political factors and is contained, which makes it possible for countries not to fall into ‘lower’ equilibria. The state is here the core entity able to prevent the reciprocal reinforcement of corruption and other economic or political structures - and hence the formation of poverty traps -, and to make corruption subservient to growth objectives. This state capacity that can confine and control corruption, which exists in some countries but not in others, is a key factor in the differences in impacts of corruption on growth.

36 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that macro prudential policy should be the linchpin of relevant reforms, and that financial stability should be viewed as a primary public concern, rather than a top-down approach.

27 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an ex-ante analysis of the outcome of the selection process that took place before the implementation of the subsidies program, in order to assess whether the policy ended up in choosing winners or losers, is presented.
Abstract: In 2005 the French government launched a policy of competitiveness clusters, giving subsidies for innovative projects managed locally and collectively by firms, research centers and universities. This paper proposes an ex-ante analysis of the outcome of the selection process that took place before the implementation of the subsidies program, in order to assess whether the policy ended up in choosing winners or losers. We first ask how the clusters have been selected, and then focus on the selection of firms within the clusters, using export and productivity as a measure of performance. Our main conclusion is that public authorities have chosen the winners during the two-step selection procedure. Export premium, beyond what individual characteristics would predict, is however most visible within the category of clusters having no international ambition, where heterogeneity among firms is the largest.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the structural and strategic determinants of growth in French manufacturing were investigated using a unique data set covering French SMEs with between 10 and 250 employees and active from 1997 through 2007.
Abstract: This paper investigates the structural and strategic determinants of firmgrowth using a unique data set covering French firms with between 10 and 250employees and active from 1997 through 2007. On the basis of the propositionthat Gibrat’s Law does not hold in this case, we consider a growth model thatcombines different factors that may be determinants of the firm’s growth path.The results, which are based on two families of multinomial logit models, confirmthat firm growth is not only a random process. Instead, size, legal structure,market share and localization are found to have a significant impact on thedevelopment of the individual growth path. These environmental and structuralelements are not the only elements on which to focus when attempting to explainemployment growth on the firm level - strategic factors matter as well. In thisregard, we demonstrate the critical role of labor costs and financial structure asexplanatory variables in firm growth.Keywords: Firm growth, SMEs, Gibrat’s law, French manufacturing, multi-nomial logistic regression.JEL Codes: L25, C51, D22.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that these interventions of Sovereign Wealth Funds as domestic "investors of last resort" are far from marginal and that they are not a passing innovation of the last global crisis.

25 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
26 Sep 2010
TL;DR: In a perception experiment with delexicalized speech 70 listeners with varying experience in French were asked to identify four different types of discourse genres and a fair identification ability was revealed with a significant increase in performance with increasing experience inFrench.
Abstract: Speech can be divided into discourse genres based on the contextual environment it occurs in (e.g. political speech, sport commentary speech, etc.). The present study investigated whether listeners can distinguish between speech from different discourse genres on the basis of acoustic prosodic cues only 1 . In a perception experiment with delexicalized speech 70 listeners with varying experience in French (native speakers, nonnative speakers, and non-speakers) were asked to identify four different types of discourse genres (church service, political, journal, and sport commentary). Results revealed a fair identification ability with a significant increase in performance with increasing experience in French. Identification confusion was used to cluster discourse genres according to their perceptual similarity. The possible application of the results for the evaluation of speaking style speech synthesis will be discussed. Index Terms : discourse genre, speaking style, prosody, perception, speech synthesis.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, aupres de 806 participants in an association sportives and etudiants, permet de mettre en evidence le role des different dimensions de la personnalite dans l'explication de la dependance a l'exercice physique.
Abstract: Resume Il a ete mis en evidence que la pratique reguliere d’un exercice physique peut entrainer chez certains individus et dans certaines conditions des effets negatifs tant au niveau psychologique que physiologique. Certains auteurs ont ainsi developpe le concept de dependance a l’exercice physique. Malgre les recherches de plus en plus nombreuses sur ce theme, peu d’etudes se sont interessees aux relations entre la dependance a l’exercice physique et la personnalite. Notre etude, realisee aupres de 806 adherents d’associations sportives et etudiants, permet de mettre en evidence le role des differentes dimensions de la personnalite dans l’explication de la dependance a l’exercice physique. En ce qui concerne les adherents des associations sportives, ce sont les dimensions agreabilite et ouverture qui expliquent le plus la variance de la dependance a l’exercice physique. Les dimensions stabilite emotionnelle et ouverture quant a elles expliquent le plus la variance de la dependance a l’exercice physique pour les etudiants sciences et techniques des activites physiques et sportives (STAPS). Ces resultats et notamment le role de la dimension ouverture sont surprenants au regard de la litterature. En effet, le role de la dimension ouverture n’a jamais ete mis en evidence dans les etudes sur la dependance a l’exercice physique. Au-dela de ces resultats, le debat sur l’existence meme d’une personnalite type versus des personnalites types de personnes ayant des scores eleves dans l’echelle de dependance a l’exercice physique est rediscute.

16 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The model proposed in this article is a grade of membership model for heterogeneous random graphs, which assumes that each vertex is a mixture of extremal hypothetical vertices, and the connectivity properties of each vertex are deduced from those of the extreme vertices.
Abstract: The mixture model is a method of choice for modeling heterogeneous random graphs, because it contains most of the known structures of heterogeneity: hubs, hierarchical structures, or community structure. One of the weaknesses of mixture models on random graphs is that, at the present time, there is no computationally feasible estimation method that is completely satisfying from a theoretical point of view. Moreover, mixture models assume that each vertex pertains to one group, so there is no place for vertices being at intermediate positions. The model proposed in this article is a grade of membership model for heterogeneous random graphs, which assumes that each vertex is a mixture of extremal hypothetical vertices. The connectivity properties of each vertex are deduced from those of the extreme vertices. In this new model, the vector of weights of each vertex are fixed continuous parameters. A model with a vector of parameters for each vertex is tractable because the number of observations is proportional to the square of the number of vertices of the network. The estimation of the parameters is given by the maximum likelihood procedure. The model is used to elucidate some of the processes shaping the heterogeneous structure of a well-resolved network of host/parasite interactions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed pretrial negotiations and revisited the selection hypothesis in the case where these legal expenditures are private information and found that negotiations select cases with the smallest legal expenditures as those going to trial, while cases with largest costs prefer to settle.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, auteur rend hommage a l’ampleur et a la diversite de tout ce qu’a accompli Andre Clas, en soulignant l'importance qu'y revet la traduction, and notamment son travail editorial a la direction de la revue Meta.
Abstract: L’auteur rend hommage a l’ampleur et a la diversite de tout ce qu’a accompli Andre Clas, en soulignant l’importance qu’y revet la traduction, et notamment son travail editorial a la direction de la revue Meta. Puis il thematise quatre approches methodologiques fondamentales en traductologie : prescriptive ou normative, descriptive, inductive ou scientifique et productive (orientee vers la pratique). Il critique les contrastivistes, qui ne s’interessent a la traduction que dans la perspective d’une comparaison entre les langues, leur opposant les veritables traductologues, qui prennent pour objet la realite de la pratique traduisante. Enfin il reprend, sur de nouveaux frais, l’immemoriale question du litteralisme en traduction, aux termes de laquelle s’opposent sourciers et ciblistes.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, a soil salinity map of the Keriya County area was produced from Landsat ETM+ images, with an overall accuracy of 72.73% and kappa coefficient of 0.6689.
Abstract: Numerous natural and anthropogenic factors have caused soil salinization, land surface degradation, and desertification in Keriya County in China’s Xinjiang region. Information from multi-temporal remotely sensed data such as the Soil Salinity Index (SSI) has contributed significantly to an understanding of these environmental changes. The approach to calculating SSI is based on the spectral bands of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) or Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+). A soil salinity map of the Keriya County area was produced from Landsat ETM+ images, with an overall accuracy of 72.73% and kappa coefficient of 0.6689. The analysis of the recent evolution of the oasis of Keriya County was carried out by coupling climatic and socioeconomic data with information derived from multi-temporal remotely sensed data such as the SSI, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and different land use classes. Such analysis appeared to be very useful in identifying and monitoring changes occurring in the oasis ecosystem and for understanding the consequences of human-induced land degradation processes.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, a Stackelberg game model was developed to describe how a large agent may exercise market power at the expense of a competitive fringe in a tradeable permits system.
Abstract: Stemming from politically given market imperfections in a tradeable permits system, we develop a Stackelberg game model to describe how a large agent may exercise market power at the expense of a competitive fringe. In a dynamic framework with banking and borrowing, we explore how to restore the market equilibrium with an optimal allocation of permits. Overall, these results yield a better understanding of market mechanisms - and their potential for failure - to deliver CO2 emissions reductions needded to fight against climate change, and may be of interest for a wider audience composed of academic researchers and policy makers in the climate change policy arena.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess transmission mechanisms between global and domestic house prices, and possibly contagion effects, using a large database of macroeconomic variables for OECD countries and extract common factors to summarize the comovements of the variables and include them in stationary FAVAR models.
Abstract: In order to assess transmission mechanisms between global and domestic house prices, and possibly contagion effects, we use a large database of macroeconomic variables for OECD countries. We extract common factors to summarize the comovements of the variables and include them in stationary FAVAR models. We mainly focus on the "pandemic" view of contagion where local shocks, originating from a country or a local housing market, spread out to other domestic housing markets. An interesting finding is that, even allowing for other channels of international transmission (through global interest rates, or activity), the US real house price, which appears to be exogenous in the US dynamics, unidirectionally causes the international house price factor, which in turn causes the domestic real house price growth for several countries. The channels of contagion from the US appears therefore to be either direct, through house prices (in particular in the UK or Spain), or indirect through other variables

01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present 39 piezas decoradas with disenos geometric elements, which parecen haber sido puntas in the first lugar.
Abstract: presentaron al menos 39 piezas decoradas con disenos geometricos. El analisis tecnologico y estructural nos ha permitido poner en evidencia los principales criterios y conceptos que los magdalenienses han utilizado en la elaboracion de estas piezas. Mas alla de pocas variadas decoraciones, este corpus esta dominado por cuatros grupos de decoracion. Estas decoraciones recurrentes fueron esencialmente realizadas sobre el borde de puntas de proyectil y de objetos reutilizados como utiles de uso intermediario, que parecen haber sido puntas en primer lugar. Podria se tratar de armas relativamente poco corrientes, por tipos seleccionados y sus dimensiones frecuentemente muy importantes. Asi, las principales decoraciones geometricas parecen correlativas con una gama de objetos particular, que los confiere un sitio aparte en el equipo de los magdalenienses

Journal ArticleDOI
24 Dec 2010
TL;DR: The very meaning of the term "evolution" has been a subject of much controversy in the last few decades as discussed by the authors, with some historians suggesting that the word "evolved" was deliberately avoided by Darwin, since it was full of progressive or embryological connotations.
Abstract: Everybody now understands what Darwin meant when he published his epoch-making book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of favoured Races in the Struggle for life (1859). He, of course, meant evolution, i.e., the transformation of animals and plants, chance modifications, and speciation. Nevertheless, the very notion of “evolution” has aroused as much confusion as it has debate: some historians tend to suggest that Darwin intentionally avoided using the term, since it was supposedly full of progressive or embryological connotations; others claim that Darwin constantly employed the word (after all, they argue, the word “evolved” is the last one of the book). This disagreement regarding the supposed absence or presence of the term “evolution” is more than a sterile academic exercise: what is at stake in this debate is the very meaning of Darwin’s theory, as well as its relation to the contingent notions of “progress” and “development”.

Book
01 Apr 2010
TL;DR: Convergence and divergence of national financial systems : evidence from the gold standards, 1871-1971 as discussed by the authors, 1871 - 1971. But the divergence of the national financial system was not discussed in this paper.
Abstract: Convergence and divergence of national financial systems : evidence from the gold standards, 1871 – 1971

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present la mise en œuvre de cette demarche en precisant les outils utilises, which permis une adhesion de l'equipe soignante et a favorise des echanges pluridisciplinaires feconds.
Abstract: Resume Peu d’etudes se sont interessees a la prevalence des deces en milieu psychiatrique et a leurs causes. S’agissant du taux de mortalite par autolyse chez les patients hospitalises en psychiatrie, tres peu de donnees sont disponibles. Ces evenements indesirables graves, vraisemblablement lies a de multiples facteurs, sont importants a analyser collegialement au sein des equipes hospitalieres. Suite a la survenue de trois cas de tentative de suicide ou de suicide dans un espace de quelques mois, une equipe de psychiatrie a initie une demarche d’evaluation des pratiques professionnelles sur ce theme. La recherche des causes approfondies de survenue de ces cas a ete privilegiee et a ete integree dans une revue de mortalite-morbidite (RMM). Les auteurs presentent la mise en œuvre de cette demarche en precisant les outils utilises. L’utilisation d’une demarche clinique, dans l’analyse de probleme, a permis une adhesion de l’equipe soignante et a favorise des echanges pluridisciplinaires feconds. De meme, les outils proposes ont largement facilite l’identification des ameliorations possibles. Les resultats obtenus permettent ainsi d’envisager l’utilisation de la RMM dans d’autres thematiques ou registres de la gestion des risques.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a test procedure which compares the extreme value indices of two samples with heavy tail distributions is proposed, and the separating rate between the null hypothesis and the alternative of the procedure is analyzed.
Abstract: We propose a test procedure which compares the extreme value indices of two samples with heavy tail distributions. On a theoretical point of view, we adopt the minimax nonparametric point of view. We exhibit the separating rate between the null hypothesis and the alternative of our procedure. Next, we present a data driven test methodology and we evaluate its performance thanks to an extensive simulation study. As a practical real-life application, we compare the risk behaviors of a panel of different financial data.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: A methodological research triangle must integrate the following three components: a) translation studies theory; b) different translation practices that form its object of study and which it is called upon to clarify; c) the poles of the couple theory / practice will be re-situated in the logic of their respective common history as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Abstract The new discipline of translation studies clearly finds itself downstream among humanities and traditional disciplines. Essentially interdisciplinary, this “science” lends those major disciplines a fair amount of its methods and concepts. Within this interdisciplinary concert, history plays a crucial role: history of translation (or history of translations) and history as such. Therefore, a methodological research triangle must integrate the following three components: a) translation studies theory; b) different translation practices that form its object of study and which it is called upon to clarify; c) the poles of the couple theory / practice will be re-situated in the logic of their respective common history. Résumé La traductologie, discipline toute jeune, se situe nettement en aval des grandes sciences humaines et des disciplines traditionnelles. « Science » fondamentalement interdisciplinaire, elle emprunte à ces disciplines majeures une bonne part de sa méthodologie et des concepts qu’elle met en oeuvre. Au sein de ce concert interdisciplinaire, une place déterminante revient à l’histoire : à l’histoire de la traduction (ou l'histoire des traductions) et à l'histoire tout court. Un triangle méthodologique de la recherche devrait donc intégrer les trois composantes suivantes : a) la théorie traductologique ; b) les différentes pratiques de la traduction qu'elle prend pour objet et qu'elle elle a vocation d'éclairer ; c) les pôles du couple théorie / pratique seront resitués dans la logique de leur histoire respective et commune.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, a meta-analyse capable of explaining the source of l'heterogeneite of the result of a modelisation is presented, as well as of presenting a chiffrage des effets des subventions.
Abstract: Malgre le nombre important d’etudes sur les impacts des subventions sur le prix mondial du coton, il n’existe pas de consensus concernant la quantification de ces effets. L’objectif de cet article est de realiser une meta-analyse capable d’expliquer la source de l’heterogeneite des resultats, de donner des indications quant aux variables indispensables a la modelisation, mais aussi de presenter un chiffrage des effets des subventions. Nous montrons que les valeurs des elasticites, les montants des subventions et l’incorporation de certains facteurs-cles sont les sources principales des variations inter-etudes. Une modelisation appropriee requiert ainsi une estimation precise des elasticites et l’integration de certains facteurs constitutifs du prix mondial du coton tels que les niveaux de stocks ou le prix du polyester.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Aug 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, a politique d'ecoute, de soin et d'accueil qui concerne le soignant mais aussi la cite dans son ensemble, is proposed.
Abstract: Si l’errance apparait souvent comme un echec de la construction de son rapport social pour un jeune, l’auteur encourage a comprendre a quelles souffrance psychiques l’errance vient faire reponse. Cela afin de mieux penser une politique d’ecoute, de soin et d’accueil qui concerne le soignant mais aussi la cite dans son ensemble.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
02 Mar 2010
TL;DR: The results of this study provide a solid ground for further research using the presented datasets such as their indexability with index structures and estimation of intrinsic dimensionality.
Abstract: A comparative study of distributions and properties of datasets representing public domain audio and visual content is presented. The criteria adopted in this study incorporate the analysis of the pairwise distance distribution histograms and estimation of intrinsic dimensionality. In order to better understand the results, auxiliary datasets have been also considered and analyzed. The results of this study provide a solid ground for further research using the presented datasets such as their indexability with index structures.

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, a general static Cournot-game model is introduced to study the natural gas market, taking into account disruption risks from suppliers, and the authors derive interesting conclusions and insights concerning the amounts and prices of Natural Gas brought to the market.
Abstract: This paper introduces a general static Cournot-game model to study the Natural Gas market, taking into account disruption risks from suppliers. In order to most realistically describe the economical situation, our representation divides the market into two stages: the upstream market that links -by means of long-term contracts- local producers in exporting countries (Russia, Algeria, etc.) to foreign retailers who bring gas to the consuming countries to satisfy local demands in the downstream market. Thanks to short-run demand functions, we are able to introduce disruption costs to be paid to the consumers should disruption occur. First we mathematically develop our general model and write the associated KKT conditions, then we propose some case studies -under iso-elasticity assumptions- for the long-short-run inverse-demand curves in order to predict qualitatively and quantitatively the impacts of supply disruptions on Western European gas trade. In the second part, we study in detail the German gas market of the 80 to explain the supply choices of Germany, and we derive interesting conclusions and insights concerning the amounts and prices of Natural Gas brought to the market. The last part of the paper is dedicated to a study of the Bulgarian gas market, which is greatly dependent on the Russian gas supplies and hence very sensitive to interruption risks. Some thought-provoking conclusions are derived concerning the necessity to economically regulate the market, by means of gas amounts control, if the disruption probability is high enough.



Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, an institutionalist approach to healthcare needs is proposed, which emphasises the role of social processes in creating and consolidating specific and situated healthcare needs, and suggests that (against mainstream economics and dominant trends imported from moral philosophy) needs must be determined by explicitly political processes of negotiation and conventions.
Abstract: The concept of need plays an essential role in defining legitimate health inequalities. The debate on equity in healthcare policy has so far evolved independently of the philosophical discussions of need. This article draws on moral and political philosophy in order to develop a conception of need that goes beyond the current dichotomy between universal lists and individual preferences. We build on Wiggins’ and Hamiltons’ insights in an attempt to further develop an institutionalist health economics. Our contribution suggests that (against mainstream economics and the dominant trends imported from moral philosophy) needs must be determined by explicitly political processes of negotiation and conventions. We propose an institutionalist approach to needs that emphasises the role of social processes in creating and consolidating specific and situated healthcare needs.

Journal ArticleDOI
06 May 2010
TL;DR: In addition, Vitez et al. as discussed by the authors pointed out that Corneille n’a jamais pu etre totalement cerne par ces images, malgre la propagande lenifiante et desesperee d'un Delacour petainiste, and resiste, pour peu qu’on le lise et surtout qu'on le joue.
Abstract: Durant l’entre-deux-guerres, Corneille a, le plus souvent, ete l’embleme du national-classicisme bleu horizon, puis l’enseigne baroque de l’intellectuel « en crise », puis encore la figure fasciste, nazie, pedagogique, mais qui s’echappe quand on veut la saisir sous les feux des ceremonies, enfin Corneille est devenu le symbole de la famille et de la patrie vichystes. Mais il n’a jamais pu etre totalement cerne par ces images : malgre la propagande lenifiante et desesperee d’un Delacour petainiste, Corneille resiste, pour peu qu’on le lise et surtout qu’on le joue. Le public applaudit aux sentences hautaines, rit aux ambiguites, se moque d’Auguste qu’il imagine en Hilter, vibre lorsque Jean-Louis Barrault parcourt la scene l’epee a la main, tandis qu’Andre Castelot, dans La Gerbe et Rebatet, dans Le Cri du peuple, s’indignent. Brasillach l’a bien vu, Corneille n’est pas simple, et il joue des tours a ceux qui s’en emparent, il ne dit pas une chose puisqu’il met en place des contradictions. Il en dit beaucoup trop. Et si, tout a fait legitimement, la critique et la scene se sont empares du personnage Pierre Corneille et de ses textes pour les actualiser, au sens de Vitez, il est clair que jamais cette actualisation n’a pu etre totalement simple, ou satisfaisante parce que transparente. C’est peut-etre la l’interet d’un auteur majeur, ou plutot qu’un auteur de textes fondes sur la mise en place des contradictions, de comedies et de tragedies passionnees de complexite : qu’il resiste a l’interpretation, dans tous les sens qu’ont et qu’ont eu ces mots.