Showing papers by "Pennsylvania State University published in 1980"
TL;DR: The authors argue that the dichotomy between quantitative and qualitative methods is a rough and oversimplified one, and that the appropriateness of qualitative research derives from the nature of the social phenomena to be explored.
Abstract: Debates regarding research methods in the social sciences are linked directly to assumptions about ontology, epistemology, and human nature. After reviewing a range of positions relating to these assumptions, we argue that the dichotomy between quantitative and qualitative methods is a rough and oversimplified one. Contemporary social science is dominated by commitments to research methods almost as ends in themselves, resulting in abstracted modes of empiricism based on both quantitative and qualitative methods. Qualitative research is an approach rather than a particular set of techniques, and its appropriateness derives from the nature of the social phenomena to be explored.
1,814 citations
TL;DR: In this article, ultraviolet observations of nearby galaxies with the ANS were used to derive ultraviolet spectra for different galaxy types, and these spectra were used with existing visible spectrophotometry to calculate K-corrections, and to predict colors and magnitudes for various galaxy types as a function of redshifts, to z = 2.
Abstract: Ultraviolet observations of nearby galaxies with the ANS are used to derive ultraviolet spectra for different galaxy types. These spectra are used with existing visible spectrophotometry to calculate K-corrections, and to predict colors and magnitudes for various galaxy types as a function of redshifts, to z = 2. No evolutionary effects are considered. It appears that the first-ranked cluster galaxies on blue emulsions should be spirals for z greater than or approximately equal to 0.5.
1,301 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived a differential rate equation for silica-water reactions from 0-300°C based on stoichiometry and activities of the reactants in the reaction SiO2(s) + 2H2O(l) = H4SiO4(aq) ( ∂a H 4 SiO 4 ∂t ) P.T.
1,186 citations
TL;DR: Ground reaction forces and center of pressure (C of P) patterns were studied in 17 subjects running at 4.5 ms −1 and the implications in the areas of running mechanics, shoe design and sports injury are discussed.
1,179 citations
TL;DR: Day 18 and possibly day 19 post conception represent a critical period during which the central nervous system of the male is primed by high levels of testosterone, and the process of masculinization is completed by exposure to testosterone levels that are relatively low and need not be consistently higher than those of female littermates.
Abstract: Testosterone and progesterone titers were determined by RIA in the plasma of pregnant rats and their male and female fetuses from day 17 of gestation through the day of birth and in male and female neonates on days 3 and 5 post partum. Males had significantly higher mean testosterone levels than females from day 18 of gestation through day 5 post partum. Sex differences in plasma testosterone concentrations were greatest in the fetuses on days 18 and 19 of gestation when testosterone levels peaked in the males. Instances in which female fetuses had testosterone titers equal to or greater than their male littermates were found on every day of gestation except day 18. Mean testosterone concentrations in plasma of female fetuses were high throughout gestation (greater than 1000 pcg/ml). Testosterone concentrations decreased in both sexes after birth. Differences between the sexes remained significant, and although there was an overlap in the values for males and females, testosterone concentrations in females exceeded those of their male littermates in only one out of nine pairs of samples on day 5 and in none of seven pairs on day 3 post partum. There were no significant differences in progesterone levels in plasma of males and females, either pre- or postnatally. Progesterone titers changed as a function of days post conception in both the fetuses and their mothers. In the fetuses, progesterone levels declined progressively from day 18 post conception through the day of birth, while in the mother they rose from days 18 to 19 then declined between days 20 and 21 of pregnancy. Fetuses had lower progesterone titers than their mothers. From these data, we conclude that day 18 and possibly day 19 post conception represent a critical period during which the central nervous system of the male is primed by high levels of testosterone. Thereafter, the process of masculinization is completed by exposure to testosterone levels that are relatively low and need not be consistently higher than those of female littermates.
824 citations
TL;DR: Reinforcement of incompatible behavior was more acceptable than other treatments which followed, in order, time out from reinforcement, drug therapy, and electric shock, with all treatments being rated as more acceptable with more severe cases.
Abstract: The acceptability of alternative treatments for deviant child behavior was evaluated in two experiments. In each experiment, clinical cases were described to undergraduate students along with four different treatments in a Replicated Latin Square Design. The treatments included reinforcement of incomparible behavior, time out from reinforcement, drug therapy, and electric shock and the treatments were described as they were appliedto children with problem behaviors. Experiment 1 developed an assessment device to evaluate treatment acceptability and examined whether treatments were rated as differentially acceptable. Experiment 2 replicated the first experiment and examined whether the severity of the presenting clinical problem influenced ratings of acceptability. The results indicated that treatments were sharply distinguished in overall acceptability. Reinforcement of incompatible behavior was more acceptable than other treatments which followed, in order, time out from reinforcement, drug therapy, and electric shock. Case severity influenced acceptability of alternative treatments with all treatments being rated as more acceptable with more severe cases. However, the strength of case severity was relatively small in relation to the different treatment conditions themselves which accounted for large portions of variance.
670 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the capability of the follower for self-management is discussed, where individuals manage their own behaviors by setting personal standards, evaluating their performance in terms of these standards, and self-administering consequences based on their self-evaluations.
Abstract: Kerr [1976] has coined the term “substitutes for leaders hip” in reference to nonleader sources of task structure and direction. We focus on one such substitute, the capability of the follower for self-management Individuals manage their own behaviors by setting personal standards, evaluating their performance in terms of these standards, and by self-administering consequences based on their self-evaluations. Specific techniques such as self-observation, goal specification, cueing strategies, incentive modification, and rehearsal can be used to exercise self-management behavior. Organizational leaders can help subordinates develop self-management skills.
644 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors address the major theoretical and methodological problems encountered in attempts to arrive at valid and reliable measures of organizational strategy, and present a series of empirical studies of the strategic behaviors of nearly 200 organizations in ten industries.
Abstract: In this article we address the major theoretical and methodological problems encountered in attempts to arrive at valid and reliable measures of organizational strategy. Our discussion is based on a series of empirical studies of the strategic behaviors of nearly 200 organizations in ten industries. In these studies, four different approaches for measuring strategy have been employed. We describe each approach and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
560 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of 32 dissolved thorium species and 9 thorium-bearing solid phases have been collected from the literature, critically evaluated and estimated where necessary for 25°C and 1 atm pressure.
519 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a single-phase forced convection in a circular tube containing a two-dimensional rib roughness was investigated and the authors extended the state-of-the-art by examining the effect of the rib helix angle.
461 citations
TL;DR: This is the slowest metabolic event involved in the catabolism of asialofetuin by the liver both in the perfused organ and in vivo, and in situ electron microscopic autoradiography revealed that fusion between pinocytic vesicles and lysosomes did not occur below 20 degrees C, despite the continued endocytosis.
TL;DR: In this paper, X-ray powder diffraction is used to identify the strong superlattice reflections associated with the ordering of scandium and tantalum ions in the B-site, and to demonstrate quantitatively how the degree of ordering can be modified by suitable thermal treatment.
Abstract: Simple crystal-chemical arguments were used to suggest that in the ferroelectric perovskite lead-scanium-tantalate (PbSc0.5Ta0.5O3) the B-site cations in this simple ABO3 structure should be close to the boundary between order and disorder. Both polycrystal ceramic and single crystal materials of this composition have been grown. In this study X-ray powder diffraction is used to identify the strong superlattice reflections associated with the ordering of scandium and tantalum ions in the B-site, and to demonstrate quantitatively how the degree of ordering can be modified by suitable thermal treatment. Thermal changes associated with the ferroelectric Curie temperature have been measured by differential scanning calorimetry and show very clearly the manner in which the diffuse (broadened) transition in this crystal is sharpened by increase in the B-cation ordering.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyze the relationship between the configuration of the major airstreams and features such as the jet streams and dry tongue, and attach special significance to airstream boundaries, which manifest themselves as sharp discontinuities in cloud and weather patterns.
Abstract: Airflow through a developing midlatitude disturbance is analyzed in a relative-wind isentropic system in order to provide insight into how the cloud pattern evolves into the familiar comma shape. The model presented makes use of various concepts such as that of the conveyor belt and explores the relationship between the configuration of the major airstreams and such features as the jet streams and the dry tongue. The model also relates vertical motion and precipitation to the origin and vertical displacement of the airstreams and attaches special significance to airstream boundaries, which manifest themselves as sharp discontinuities in cloud and weather patterns.
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01 Jan 1980TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a context for L2 research, case-study approaches, correlation approaches, and survey research ethnographic research experimental research multisite, multimethod and large-scale research researchers, teachers and inquiry concluding remarks.
Abstract: Part 1 Contexts for L2 research: introduction to L2 research some developments in L2 research. Part 2 Approaches to research: correlation approaches case-study approaches survey research ethnographic research experimental research multisite, multimethod and large-scale research researchers, teachers and inquiry concluding remarks.
TL;DR: In this paper, a combined longwave and shortwave radiative transfer model was used to determine effects of Saharan dust on the radiative fluxes and heating/cooling rates in the atmosphere.
Abstract: A combined longwave and shortwave radiative transfer model was used to determine effects of Saharan dust on the radiative fluxes and heating/cooling rates in the atmosphere. Cases are treated for cloud-free and overcast conditions over the ocean and for cloud-free sky over desert. A benchmark comparison, made for the cloud-free ocean case between our calculations and those from Wiscombe’s detailed model, yielded results which were in close agreement. For moderately heavy dust amounts commonly measured over the Sahara and the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean, typical calculated aerosol heating rates for the combined longwave and shortwave spectrum were in excess of 1 K day−1 for all three cases for most of the atmosphere beneath the top of the dust layer (500 mb). For the ocean case, maximum heating rates are found near the level of maximum concentration (700 mb), and also near the surface beneath the Saharan air layer (below 900 mb). Net fluxes determined at the top of the atmosphere for the ocean...
TL;DR: In this article, the longitudinal elastic strain was measured for electric fields applied along the 〈100〉 direction in single crystals of lead magnesium niobate [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)03], using a bonded strain gauge technique.
Abstract: Transverse and longitudinal elastic strain have been measured for electric fields applied along the 〈100〉 direction in single crystals of lead magnesium niobate [Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)03], using a bonded strain gauge technique. A quadratic electrostrictive relation holds between induced elastic strain and electric polarization for temperatures near the low‐frequency dielectric maximum. The electrostriction coefficients are almost temperature independent with values Q11=2.50×10−2 m4/C2 and Q12=−0.96×10−2 m4/C2. To check the direct measurements, the hydrostatic Q coefficient was determined independently by measuring the pressure dependence of the dielectric permittivity. The value Qh =0.60×10−2 m4/C2 obtained is in good agreement with that calculated from the direct measurements.
TL;DR: A survey of the developmental, genetic, paleoneurological, comparative behavior, and neuropsychological evidence indicates that the neural organization responsible for handedness and laterality in humans is a heritable, species-specific trait.
Abstract: A survey of the developmental, genetic, paleoneurological, comparative behavior, and neuropsychological evidence indicates that the neural organization responsible for handedness and laterality in humans is a heritable, species-specific trait Handedness and laterality in monkeys, the most intensively studied nonhuman taxon, are not homologous to handedness and laterality in humans Monkeys learn hand preferences through experience and display no difference in learning by the hemispheres ipsi- and contralateral to the preferred hand Differences in the functions of the two hemispheres are found in several other nonhuman species, but none has been correlated with paw preferences
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the photocurrent as a function of wavelength and found several peaks that coincide with optical absorption bands predicted by ligand field theory and SCF-Xα calculations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Pb3MgNb2O9-PbTiO3 family of relaxor ferroelectrics are proposed for use as active elements in adaptive optic systems and similar applications.
Abstract: Lead magnesium niobate and other relaxor ferroelectrics are promising transducer materials for use as active elements in adaptive optic systems and similar applications. These ceramics are dominantly in the paraelectric phase, and dimension control is obtained through the high intrinsic quadratic electrostrictive effect. Since stable ferroelectric domain structures do not occur, the problems of dimensional creep and non-reproducibility (aging and de-aging effects) of the conventional poled piezoelectric ceramic are largely eliminated. Suitably chosen compositions in the Pb3MgNb2O9-PbTiO3 family give electrostriction strains ten times larger than those of conventional BaTiO3-based ceramics. Low expansion coefficients are an added advantage for thermal stability.
TL;DR: In this paper, three hundred and thirty new 13C analyses of diamonds are presented, indicating, in conjunction with earlier published work, a range of about 30% in the carbon isotopic composition of diamonds.
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of acoustic radiation generated by instability waves of a compressible plane turbulent shear layer is solved, and the solution provided is valid up to the acoustic far-field region.
Abstract: The problem of acoustic radiation generated by instability waves of a compressible plane turbulent shear layer is solved. The solution provided is valid up to the acoustic far-field region. It represents a significant improvement over the solution obtained by classical hydrodynamic-stability theory which is essentially a local solution with the acoustic radiation suppressed. The basic instability-wave solution which is valid in the shear layer and the near-field region is constructed in terms of an asymptotic expansion using the method of multiple scales. This solution accounts for the effects of the slightly divergent mean flow. It is shown that the multiple-scales asymptotic expansion is not uniformly valid far from the shear layer. Continuation of this solution into the entire upper half-plane is described. The extended solution enables the near- and far-field pressure fluctuations associated with the instability wave to be determined. Numerical results show that the directivity pattern of acoustic radiation into the stationary medium peaks at 20 degrees to the axis of the shear layer in the downstream direction for supersonic flows. This agrees qualitatively with the observed noise-directivity patterns of supersonic jets.
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01 Jan 1980TL;DR: This article applied the structured observation technique developed by Mintzberg to the high school principalship and found that administrators exercised building-level authority over such matters as organi zational maintainance, the administration of the instructional program, pupil control, and extra-curricular activities.
Abstract: This study applied the structured observation technique developed by Mintzberg to the high school principalship. Observation of the activities performed by five principals resulted in a characterization of school administration that paralleled private sector management in many respects. Principals exercised building-level authority over such matters as organi zational maintainance, the administration of the instructional program, pupil control, and extra-curricular activities. They spent comparatively little time on affairs external to the school organization. Although their work pace was hectic, there were certain cyclic features which could be identified.
TL;DR: In this paper, a technique which images the source vector intensity as well as the sound pressure amplitude with a resolution independent of the wavelength of the radiation was presented, which is not necessarily true in acoustical holography.
Abstract: It is usually assumed in both optical and acoustical holography that the resolution of a reconstructed image is limited by the wavelength of the radiation. In this paper it is demonstrated that this is not necessarily true in acoustical holography. A technique which images the source vector intensity as well as the sound pressure amplitude with a resolution independent of the wavelength is presented. Application to electromagnetic radiation may be possible.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simplified fabrication technique has been developed by mixing volatilizable plastic spheres and PZT powder, and when sintered and backfilled with epoxy, and poled, these composites give excellent piezoelectric voltage coefficients.
TL;DR: Vagally mediated sensory or reflex effects initiated by bradykinin in the lung are probably due to stimulation of "bronchial" C-fibers.
Abstract: Bradykinin is released in the lungs in asthma and pulmonary anaphylaxis. It has negligible direct bronchoconstrictor effects in humans or dogs, but inhaled as aerosol it causes cough and reflex bro...
TL;DR: The data appear to fit a 'two threshold' multifactorial mode of inheritance, which supports the hypothesis that sleepwalking and night terrors share a common genetic predisposition, with sleepwalking being a more prevalent and less severe manifestation of the same substrate that underliesNight terrors.
Abstract: The families of 25 probands with sleepwalking and 27 probands with night terrors were studied. Eighty per cent of the sleepwalking pedigrees and 96 per cent of the night terror pedigrees included one or more individuals, other than the proband, who were affected by sleepwalking, night terrors, or both. Our data appear to fit a 'two threshold' multifactorial mode of inheritance. This finding supports the hypothesis that sleepwalking and night terrors share a common genetic predisposition, with sleepwalking being a more prevalent and less severe manifestation of the same substrate that underlies night terrors. Heritable factors predispose an individual to develop sleepwalking and/or night terrors, but expression of the trait may be influenced by environmental factors.
TL;DR: A 34 item scale entitled Statistics Attitude Survey (SAS) was developed and administered to three samples of students taking a beginning statistics course as discussed by the authors, and the scale was highly homogeneous and the total scale scores had moderate correlations with statistics grades.
Abstract: A 34 item scale entitled Statistics Attitude Survey (SAS) was developed and administered to three samples of students taking a beginning statistics course. Analyses showed that the scale was highly homogeneous and that total scale scores had moderate correlations with statistics grades.
TL;DR: Clostridum perfringens types A,B,C,D, and E produce at least 12 different antigens, referred to as toxins, that may be involved in pathogenesis though their exact role in disease is not clear in most cases.
TL;DR: This DNA-mediated transformation system for the blue-green alga Agmenellum quadruplicatum, strain PR-6, is described and characterized and used to transform a strain with a mutational lesion in assimilatory nitrogen metabolism to a wild-type genotype.
Abstract: A DNA-mediated transformation system for the blue-green alga Agmenellum quadruplicatum, strain PR-6, is described and characterized for DNA concentration dependence, dependence on time of exposure to DNA, phenotypic expression, sensitivity to various enzymes, and competence. The stability of the transformants has been investigated, and genetic backcross and selfing experiments have been performed. This system fulfills all of the criteria established for the well-characterized transformation systems in heterotrophic bacteria and demonstrates significant similarities to at least one of these systems for all characteristics examined. The efficiency of transformation is high. This system fills a need for a well-characterized genetic system in an oxygen-evolving photoautotroph. We have used it to transform a strain with a mutational lesion in assimilatory nitrogen metabolism to a wild-type genotype.
TL;DR: In this paper, the acceptability of time out and reinforcement procedures as applied to deviant child behavior was evaluated in two experiments, and the results indicated that acceptance of alternative treatments can be readily distinguished and that procedures can be added to a particular treatment to increase its acceptability.