Showing papers by "Pennsylvania State University published in 1983"
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the canonical ensemble exists for asymptotically anti-de-Sitter space, unlike the case for the case of asymPTotically flat space.
Abstract: The Einstein equations with a negative cosmological constant admit black hole solutions which are asymptotic to anti-de Sitter space. Like black holes in asymptotically flat space, these solutions have thermodynamic properties including a characteristic temperature and an intrinsic entropy equal to one quarter of the area of the event horizon in Planck units. There are however some important differences from the asymptotically flat case. A black hole in anti-de Sitter space has a minimum temperature which occurs when its size is of the order of the characteristic radius of the anti-de Sitter space. For larger black holes the red-shifted temperature measured at infinity is greater. This means that such black holes have positive specific heat and can be in stable equilibrium with thermal radiation at a fixed temperature. It also implies that the canonical ensemble exists for asymptotically anti-de Sitter space, unlike the case for asymptotically flat space. One can also consider the microcanonical ensemble. One can avoid the problem that arises in asymptotically flat space of having to put the system in a box with unphysical perfectly reflecting walls because the gravitational potential of anti-de Sitter space acts as a box of finite volume.
2,923 citations
TL;DR: A simple algorithm is presented in this paper, which produces very good sequences in comparison with existing heuristics, and performs especially well on large flow-shop problems in both the static and dynamic sequencing environments.
Abstract: In a general flow-shop situation, where all the jobs must pass through all the machines in the same order, certain heuristic algorithms propose that the jobs with higher total process time should be given higher priority than the jobs with less total process time. Based on this premise, a simple algorithm is presented in this paper, which produces very good sequences in comparison with existing heuristics. The results of the proposed algorithm have been compared with the results from 15 other algorithms in an independent study by Park [13], who shows that the proposed algorithm performs especially well on large flow-shop problems in both the static and dynamic sequencing environments.
2,255 citations
TL;DR: Worry correlated more highly than general tension reports with a variety of affect scales and was characterized by feelings of anxiety, tension and apprehension; moderate awareness of somatic cues including muscle tension and upset stomach; and concerns over future rather than past or present situations.
1,263 citations
TL;DR: A description of recent spray evaporation and combustion models, taking into account turbulent two-and three-dimensional spray processes found in furnaces, gas turbine combustors, and internal combustion engines, is given in this paper.
747 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents and analyzes a bargaining model of bilateral monopoly under uncertainty that implies an offer strategy of each party that is monotonic in its own reservation price and depends on its assessment of the opponent's reservation price.
Abstract: This paper presents and analyzes a bargaining model of bilateral monopoly under uncertainty. Under the bargaining rule proposed, the buyer and the seller each submit sealed offers that determine whether the good in question is sold and the transfer price. The Nash equilibrium solution of this bargaining game implies an offer strategy of each party that is monotonic in its own reservation price and depends on its assessment of the opponent's reservation price. Issues of relative bargaining advantage and efficiency are examined for a number of special cases. Finally, we discuss the appropriateness of the Nash solution concept.
649 citations
TL;DR: The cardiovascular changes that occur during induced muscular con tractions are described and the skeletal muscle afferents and central pathways responsible for this reflex are examined.
Abstract: The neural control mechanisms responsible for the cardiovascular response to exercise are not yet completely understood. Experimental evidence sug gests two theories about the initiation and maintenance of this response. The first, called "central command," is that neural impulses, arising from the central activity that recruits motor units, excite medullary and spinal neuronal circuits that cause the cardiovascular changes during exercise (26, 67, 72). The second is that muscle contraction stimulates afferent endings within the skeletal muscle which in tum reflexly evoke the cardiovascular changes (15,50, 67).These two theories are not mutually exclusive; substan tial evidence suggests that both are applicable (54). The "exercise pressor reflex," broadly defined, comprises all of the car diovascular changes reflexly induced from contracting skeletal muscle that are responsible for the increase in arterial blood pressure. Here we describe the cardiovascular changes that occur during induced muscular con tractions and examine the skeletal muscle afferents and central pathways responsible for this reflex. Recently an exercise depressor reflex has been reported in rabbits (75), but controversy exists over whether the decrease in arterial blood pressure is due to a reflex (54, 58). The most direct method to study the exercise pressor reflex is to use anesthetized animals in which the cut peripheral ends of the ventral roots
599 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a demineralized lignite has been used in a fundamental study of the role of carbon active sites in coal char gasification, where the chars were prepared in N 2 under a wide variety of conditions of heating rate (10 K min −1 to 10 4 K s −1 ), temperature (975 − 1475 K) and residence time (0.3 s-1 h).
452 citations
01 Jan 1983
382 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of experiments were conducted in homogeneous bedrock to study knickpoint and longitudinal profile evolution, and it was shown that knickpoints do not undergo parallel head-ward retreat, given intermittent uplift, except in those possible cases of extensive and pervasive bedrock jointing.
Abstract: A series of experiments were conducted in homogeneous bedrock to study knickpoint and longitudinal-profile evolution. Knickpoints are created by successive drops in base level, which simulate intermittent uplift. Channel morphology and flow characteristics vary systematically along a knickpoint reach. As the knickpoint lip is approached, width decreases, but depth, velocity, and bottom shear stress increase. As a result, knickpoints are rapidly destroyed through the process of (1) knickpoint replacement and (2) subsequent knickpoint inclination. Knickpoint replacement consists of two morphologically distinct, erosional reaches: the knickpoint face below the knickpoint lip, which decreases in slope, and an incising reach above the knickpoint lip, which increases in slope. Knickpoint replacement is a significant process in the evolution of knickpoints in homogeneous bedrock. Within experimental limits, this study supports the notion that knickpoints do not undergo parallel head-ward retreat in homogeneous bedrock, given intermittent uplift, except in those possible cases of extensive and pervasive bedrock jointing. Only the erosional sediment-transport discontinuity above the knickpoint is developed in cohesive sediments. Below the knickpoint, a steep, bedrock channel slope, low sediment load, and rapid decrease in grain size of sediment load preclude development of the aggradational sediment-transport discontinuity. Knickpoint evolution can be characterized by three general models: parallel retreat, replacement, and inclination. These models are based on the following criteria within the knickpoint reach: (1) relationship between bottom shear stress, τ 0 , and critical shear stress needed to initiate motion, τ c ; (2) nature of the bed-load transport discontinuities; and (3) spatial variability of bedrock resistance to fluvial erosion.
377 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that fear of victimization is a multiplicative function of perceived risk and perceived seriousness, these two factors carry virtually identical weight (i.e., they may precisely offset each other), and fear is not necessarily highest for violent crimes.
Abstract: Research on fear of victimization continues to overlook the proximate causes offear, relying instead on tacit and untested assumptions about those causes. For example, it is widely accepted that Americans are most afraid of violent or personal crimes, as if the perceived seriousness of offenses were the only determinant of fear. Were that true, fear would almost certainly be immutable (how does one reduce the perceived seriousness of crimes?). Data from a 1981 mail survey of Seattle residents indicate that, among types of offenses, fear of victimization is a multiplicative function of perceived risk and perceived seriousness, these two factors carry virtually identical weight (i.e., they may precisely offset each other), and fear is not necessarily highest for violent crimes.
365 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, science is analyzed as a special case of marketing, the marketing of ideas in the form of substantive and methodological theories, and the marketing mix, target markets, and marketing objectives are defined.
Abstract: Science is analyzed as a special case of marketing—the marketing of ideas in the form of substantive and methodological theories. The marketing mix, target markets, and marketing objectives are dev...
TL;DR: The subsolidus mineralogy and the isobarically invariant solidus of peridotite in the presence of small amounts of H2O and CO2 have been determined from 13.5 to 26 kbar pressure.
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TL;DR: In this article, the interactive process leading to criminal violence was examined with respect to the actions of offenders, victims, and third parties, and the importance of situational identities for retaliating was suggested bg the moderately strong relationship observed between identity attack and counterattack.
Abstract: This article examines the interactive process leading to criminal violence. Official data from 159 incidents of homicide and assault that were not committed in conjunction with other crimes and that resulted in incarceration were examined with respect to the actions of offenders, victims, and third parties. These incidents tended to follow systematic patterns. They began with identity attacks, followed by attempts and failures to influence the antagonist. Threats were made and finally the verbal conflict ended in physical attack. It appears that retaliation is a key principle in the escalation of these incidents in that aggressive actions by the victim were associated with aggressive actions by the offender and the likelihood that the victim would be killed. The importance of situational identities for retaliating was suggested bg the moderately strong relationship observed between identity attack and counterattack. Retaliation also occurred for strategic reasons, in that offenders were more likely to kill aggressive victims when those victims used weapons.
TL;DR: Evaluated Adriamycin with and without dimethyl‐triazeno‐imid‐azole‐carboxamide in the treatment of Stage III or IV and recurrent sarcomas of the uterus and there was no survival advantage.
Abstract: Various drug combinations including Adriamycin have been tested in soft tissue sarcomas, but optimal treatment remains unclear. We have evaluated Adriamycin with and without dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole-carboxamide (DTIC) in the treatment of Stage III or IV and recurrent sarcomas of the uterus. Two hundred and forty cases of these rare tumors were evaluable. Of 146 evaluable patients with measurable disease, 13/80 (16.3%) of Adriamycin-treated patients and 16/66 (24.2%) of patients receiving the combination showed an objective response (P greater than 0.05). Lung metastases responded more frequently (P equal to 0.04) to combination therapy, but there was no survival advantage. For patients with nonmeasurable disease the progression-free interval was similar (10.0 months for Adriamycin and 8.0 months for the combination). Leiomyosarcomas had a significantly longer survival than other cell types (12.1 versus 6.0 months, P less than 0.001) but there was no advantage for either regimen. There was a suggestion that heterologous mixed mesodermal sarcomas were more responsive to the combination (27.3 versus 8.7%). The addition of DTIC produced significantly more hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicity. Other Adriamycin combinations should be evaluated in uterine sarcomas.
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical framework is offered that interprets Battig's conceptualization of contextual interference in terms of the multiple and variable processing that result from the concurrent presence of tasks in working memory.
Abstract: A theoretical framework is offered that interprets Battig's (1979) conceptualization of contextual interference in terms of the multiple and variable processing that result from the concurrent presence of tasks in working memory. The central role of cognitive processes in the learning of motor tasks and the influence of these processes on motor performance is emphasized. This theoretical interpretation switches emphasis away from a memorial representation of a motor act comprised of sensory attributes to an active, operationally defined representation.
TL;DR: The Troldahl-C Carter (1964) method as mentioned in this paper is one of the most commonly used methods for respondent selection in telephone surveys. But it requires the interviewer to ask potentially sensitive questions early in the interview, such as how many people 18 years or older live in the household and how many of them are men.
Abstract: RECENT and numerous additions to the survey methodology literature, especially in the area of random-digit-dialing, have helped researchers to generate samples of household units for telephone surveys. However, the literature on selecting survey respondents within those household units has not kept pace. In fact, after searching through the standard texts on telephone surveys (see for example, Blankenship, 1977, or Dillman, 1978) researchers might conclude that there is only one method of respondent selection-the Troldahl-Carter (1964) method. In the Troldahl-Carter method, one of four selection matrices which list various combinations of age and sex of household members is assigned randomly to telephone numbers in the sample. Thus, by asking only two questions (How many people 18 years or older live in your household, and how many of them are men?), the interviewer has enough information to select the respondent who is designated at the intersection point on the matrix. This method, which is less cumbersome and more appropriate to telephone interviews than the complete enumeration of the household proposed by Kish (1949), still requires the interviewer to ask potentially sensitive questions early in the interview. For example, two elderly women who live together
TL;DR: In this article, a stochastic model of particle dispersion by turbulence, proposed by Gosman and Ioannides (1981), is evaluated, which employs a k-epsilon model to estimate turbulence properties.
Abstract: A stochastic model of particle dispersion by turbulence, proposed by Gosman and Ioannides (1981), is evaluated. The method employs a k-epsilon model to estimate turbulence properties. Dispersion is determined by computing particle motion, with random sampling to obtain instantaneous flow properties for a statistically significant number of particle trajectories. The stochastic model yields good results particularly when eddy lifetimes are evaluated. The method allows the effects of large relative velocities between the particles and the flow, drag properties at Reynolds numbers greater than the Stokes flow regime, and the variations of local turbulence properties to be readily handled, at least for boundary layer flows.
TL;DR: It is shown that if the heart can be considered to be bounded by a closed surface, then the value of φm on this surface is uniquely related to the surface electrocardiogram to within a constant, provided there are no internal discontinuities.
Abstract: Cardiac muscle is considered to consist of an intracellular domain and an exracellular or interstitial domain. Current passes from one domain to the other through the cell membrane. Electric potentials in interstitial space are shown to be associated with current sources proportional to the spatial gradient of the cellular transmembrane action potential, φ
m
. Hence, given the distribution of φ
m
throughout the myocardium, one can calculate the surface electrocardiogram and extracorporeal magnetocardiogram. The problem is considerably complicated when anisotropy is considered. If interstitial space is approximately isotropic, however, the sources are still proportional to ∇φ
m
. It is shown that the effects of intracellular anisotropy on the surface electrocardiogram may be relatively small. The inverse problem is discussed briefly, with consideration of the relationship of the magnetocardiogram to the electrocardiogram. Finally, it is shown that if the heart can be considered to be bounded by a closed surface, then the value of φ
m
on this surface is uniquely related to the surface electrocardiogram to within a constant, provided there are no internal discontinuities. Such discontinuities, however, would be expected to occur in cases of ischemia and necrosis.
TL;DR: In this article, four distinct polarization regions are identified and characterized in terms of the tendency for selective dissolution, surface enrichment of the more noble component and the stability of a planar surface.
TL;DR: It is proposed that the use of budgeting, particularly in the nursing services area where centralized control by a hospital administration may not be attainable, is more complex than this traditional definition would suggest.
Abstract: Budgeting has been traditionally viewed as one means for achieving control over activities performed at middle and lower levels in the organization through an essentially downward flow of information. This paper proposes that the use of budgeting, particularly in the nursing services area where centralized control by a hospital administration may not be attainable, is more complex than this traditional definition would suggest. In such a setting, budgets may well be used as a negotiating tool with which middle level managers advocate the needs of the subunit to upper-level organizational members. Such a use of budgets would emphasize an upward flow of information which is, in turn, consistent with the image the organization wishes to portray to its environment.
TL;DR: A multiple factor instrument was designed to represent a multidimensional construct of metamemory, with young adults evincing higher levels of knowledge regarding the first three of these dimensions, and more internality on the fourth, than older adults.
Abstract: A multiple factor instrument was designed to represent a multidimensional construct of metamemory. Eight theoretically meaningful dimensions were defined: (a) Use of memory strategies (Strategy); (b) Knowledge of memory tasks (Task); (c) Knowledge of own memory capacities (Capacity); (d) Attitudes toward own memory: Perception of change (Change); (e) Activities supportive of memory (Activity); (f) Memory and state anxiety (Anxiety); (g) Memory and achievement motivation (Achievement); and (h) Locus of control in memory abilities (Locus). After content validity was established for a pool of items, the instrument was administered sequentially to three separate samples of adults. Computation of internal consistency estimates (by age and sample) and factorial validity (by sample) resulted in a 120-item instrument. Multivariate analyses of variance revealed robust significant age differences on the Task. Capacity, Change, and Locus subscales, with young adults evincing higher levels of knowledge regarding the first three of these dimensions, and more internality on the fourth, than older adults.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of Ln 2 S 3 compounds of α, δ, e and τ structure types were measured by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and the absorption edges were observed with band gaps ranging from 2.2 to 3.5 eV.
TL;DR: The results suggest that merocyanine 540 is able to sense the degree of lipid packing of bilayers and inserts preferentially into bilayers whose lipids are more widely spaced.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed a scale to measure the spatial experience of adolescents and adults and found that participants' judgments of the spatial nature of tasks were positively correlated with judged masculinity and with greater male than female participation.
Abstract: Explanations of sex-related differences in spatial ability emphasizing the role of sex-differentiated experience have not been supported by direct measurement of spatial activities during adolescence, the period when these differences seem to increase. The present research involved development of a scale to measure the spatial experience of adolescents and adults. In Study 1, a list, as complete as possible of adolescent activities was compiled and given to undergraduate judges for ratings of involvement of spatial skills and sex-typing. Judges also indicated whether they had participated in each activity. Activities considered spatial by 75% or more of the judges were used to develop a spatial experience questionnaire. Judgments of the spatial nature of tasks were positively correlated with judged masculinity and with greater male than female participation. In Study 2, participation in spatial activities by undergraduates was correlated with spatial ability as measured by the Differential Aptitude Test. The activity questionnaire should prove useful in studying the development of spatial ability in adolescents and adults.
TL;DR: In this article, a paper-and-pencil instrument is used to identify domains of burnout that are relatively consistent between people-intensive work and the broader range of activities found in a commercial enterprise.
Abstract: The term "burnout" represents a significant perspective on how people respond to their work, but the attention paid to this phenomenon has largely been clinical and often anecdotal In this article, the authors seek to expand the analysis of burnout in ways that permit comparative analysis, especially in large populations This study specifically addresses three questions First, does a paper-and-pencil instrument isolate domains of burnout that are relatively consistent between people-intensive work and the broader range of activities found in a commercial enterprise? Second, can we develop phases of progressive burnout? Third, can we test the efficacy of the burnout phases by searching for regularities in a panel of 22 variables commonly thought to tap the important facets of the work site? The author's analysis shows that we can answer these three central questions affirmatively, though occasionally with complex and potentially significant qualifications The results of the analysis provide further evidence of the usefulness of a convenient instrument for measuring burnout and also suggest that behavioral scientists will find valuable a phase model that distinguishes regular and robust covariation by using a panel of variables thought to tap the important aspects of organizational life
TL;DR: In this article, it has been shown that the commonly observed and heretofore empirically treated lignite char deactivation with increasing severity of pyrolysis conditions can be correlated with a measurable fundamental property of the chars: catalyst dispersion.
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of propositions and hypotheses linking female access to crime groups to their structure and methods of operation are presented. But the authors focus mainly on the social and work relations of the underworld by which crime is organized and through which social positions of individual criminals and crime groups become differentiated.
Abstract: In this report I examine institutionalized sexism in the underworld. Crime in its more organized and lucrative dimensions is virtually a male phenomenon. Still, sexsegregation in the underworld is variable, being more common in some crime groups than in others. To explain this, I offer a series of propositions and hypotheses linking female access to crime groups to their structure and methods of operation. The proposed framework elaborates on Cloward's opportunity theory by discriminating among illegitimate opportunities depending on whether they are for underworld or upperworld crime, for organized or unorganized crime, for lucrative or petty crime. The scheme can be extended, as well, to an interpretation of race and kinship segregation in the underworld and to an interpretation of sex differences in upperworld crime. My purpose in this report is to show how sex differences in crime are a function of underworld culture and organization and to offer a series of propositions which link properties of crime organizations to criminal roles of women. 1 I use the literature on criminal subcultures and crime organizations and also apply theory from the sociology of occupations and organizations2 to explain (1) the existence of sex-segregation in organized criminal enterprise, resulting in (a) the exclusion or underrepresentation of women in organized crime and (b) their allocation to less-valued roles within crime groups when they are allowed to participate; and (2) the variability of sexsegregation across the spectrum of organized crime activities. In examining these two, related issues, I focus mainly on the social and work relations of the underworld by which crime is organized and through which social positions of individual criminals and crime groups become differentiated. Whatever the historical reasons, roles and struc*For their helpful comments on earlier drafts of this paper I thank Lynne Appleton, Richard Bord, Gilbert Geis, John Hepburn, Roland Pellegrin, Larry Rhoades, Francis Slim Renee Hoffman Steffensmeier, Robert Terry, Mark Warr, and anonymous referees. ?' 1983 The University of North Carolina Press
TL;DR: Evidence suggests that drugs producing rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety show a more rapid development of tolerance and greater potential for drug dependence than benzodiazepines where the parent compound or its metabolites have a long elimination half-life.
Abstract: Rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety are clinical conditions related to withdrawal of certain benzodiazepine drugs. Numerous studies of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics conducted in our sleep laboratory demonstrated that rebound insomnia developed following withdrawal from benzodiazepines with a rapid or intermediate elimination rate. Several studies conducted by other investigators also indicated the development of rebound insomnia under similar conditions. Rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety are discussed in terms of their interrelationship, clinical implications, and receptor mechanisms. Evidence suggests that drugs producing rebound insomnia and rebound anxiety also show a more rapid development of tolerance and greater potential for drug dependence than benzodiazepines where the parent compound or its metabolites have a long elimination half-life.
TL;DR: In this article, a translog expected profit function consistent with multiple products, price uncertainty, climate constraints, acreage control policies, and possibly nonhomothetic technology is derived, and appropriate measures of elasticities of choice, returns to size, and biases in technological change are derived.
Abstract: Duality theory motivates a translog expected profit function consistent with multiple products, price uncertainty, preseason climate constraints, acreage control policies, and possibly nonhomothetic technology. Although multiple outputs are allowed, enterprise specific data is not necessary. Instead, time-series measures of output revenues and expected prices, input expenses and prices, and fixed input flows are employed. Appropriate measures of elasticities of choice, returns to size, and biases in technological change are derived. Results indicated decreasing returns to size, rather limited, though complementary, responsiveness of choices to price changes, and the nature of biases in technological changes.
TL;DR: This review is a survey of the literature published during the last 10 to 15 years and includes the contribution of peel to flavor, postharvest quality indices related to Flavor, storage and dehydration effects on flavor, juice extraction methods, sensory evaluation, and volatile separation and identification techniques.
Abstract: The retention flavor is of utmost importance during the harvesting, handling and/or further processing of apples. The complexity of the natural flavor of the apple or essence derived therefrom is attributed in part to the variety, post-harvest treatment, storage, and process manipulation. Some 266 volatile components isolated from apples include alcohols, esters, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, acids, bases, acetals, and hydrocarbons. This review is a survey of the literature published during the last 10 to 15 years and includes the contribution of peel to flavor, postharvest quality indices related to flavor, storage and dehydration effects on flavor, juice extraction methods, sensory evaluation, and volatile separation and identification techniques.