Phillips Petroleum Company

About: Phillips Petroleum Company is a based out in . It is known for research contribution in the topics: Catalysis & Polymerization. The organization has 6302 authors who have published 12712 publications receiving 156967 citations. The organization is also known as: Phillips Petroleum.

Compositions that can produce polymers

Abstract: This invention provides a compositions that are useful for polymerizing at least one monomer into at least one polymer.

Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves

Abstract: This Faper shows that the decline-curve analysis approa~h does have a solid fundamental basis. The exFonent.ialdecline is shown to be a longtime soluticm of the constant-pressure caie. The constant-pressureinfinite and finite reservcir solutions are placed on a common dimensionless curve with all the standard “empirical” expmential, hyperbolic, arid harmoni> decline-curve equations. Simple combinations of material balance equations and new forms of oil well rate equaticms fo: solution-gas drive reservoirs illustrate under what circumstances speoifis values of the hyperbolic de:line exponent (l/b) or “b” should result. kg-log type curve analysis can be performed Gn declining rate data (constant-terminal pressure case) completely analogous to the loglog type curve matching procedure presently teing employed with constant-rate case pressure transient data. Production forecasting is done by extending a line drawn through the rate-time data cverlain along the uniquely matched or best theoretical type curve. Future rates are then simply read from the real time scale on which the rate-time data is plotted. The ability to calzulate kh from decline-curve dzta by tyFe .-.eferen:es and illustrationsat end o? yapr, curve matching is demonstrated. This paper demonstrates that decline-curve analysis not only has a solid fundamentalbase, but provides a tool with more diagnostic power than has previouslybeen suspected. The type curve approach provides unique eolutions upon whish engineers can agree, or shows when a unique solution is not pssible with a type curve only. INTRODUCTION Fiate-timedecline-curve extrapolationis one of the oldest and most often used tools of the petroleum engineer. The various methods used have always been regarded as strictly empirical and not very scientific. Results obtained for a well or lease are subject to a wide range of alternate interpretations,mostly as a function of the experience and objectives of the evaluator. Recent efforts in the area of decline-curve analysis have been directed towards a ~urely computerized statistical approach. Its basic objective being to arrive at a unique “unbiased”interpretation. AS pointed out in a com rehensive review of the !? literature by R2msa , “in the period from 1964 to date, (1968 , several additional papers were publishedwhich contribute to the understanding of decline-curvesbut add’litt.lenew JIECL.INE CURVE ANALYSIS USI technology”. A new direction for decline-curve analysis was given by Slider2 with his development of an overlay method to analyze rate-time data. Because his method was rapid and easily apFlied, it was used extensivelyby Ikunsayin his evaluation of some 200 wells to determine the distribution o the decline-curve exponent term “b”. GentryIsJ Fig. 1 displaying the Arps’4 exponential, hyperbolic, and harmonic solutions all on one curve could also be used as an overlay to match all of a wells’ decline data. He did not, however, illustrate this in his example application of the zurve. The overlay method of SMder is similar in principal to the log-log tyFe zurve matching procedure presently being employed to analyze constant-rata Fressure build-up and drawdown data 5-$’. The exponential decline, often used in decliae-curveanalysis, can be readily shown to be a long-time solution of the constant-pressurezase10-13● It followed then that a log-lo~pe curve matching procedure could be develcFed to analyze decline-zurve data. This pap?r demonstrates that both the analytical 3onstant-pressureinfinite (early transient pericd for finite systems) and finite reservoir solutions ~an be placed on a common dimensionless log-log type curve with all the standard “empirical“ exponential, hyperbolic, and ha~monic decline curve equations developed by Arps. Simple combinations of material balance equations and new forms of oil well ratt equations from the recent work of Fatkovich~ illustrate under what circumstances specific values of the hyperbolic decline expnent “b” should result in dissolved-gas drive reservoirs Log-log type curve analysis is then Ferformed using these curves with declining rate data completely analogous to the log-log type curve natcliingprocedure presently being employed with constant-rate case pressure transient data BASIC EQUATIONS AIISl RATE-TIWW4U ATIONS Nearly all conventional decline-curve analysis is based on the empirical rate-time 3quations qi.venby Arps4 as For b = 0, we aan obtain the exponential declin aa.uationfrom E@. 1 4JLJ_ ‘ “ “ “ “ ● ‘(2) . D:t TYPE CURVES SPE 4% — nd for b = 1, referred tc as harmonic decline, e have y=.— (3) i [l+;it] “ “ “ ● , ● A unit solution (Di = 1) of Eq. 1 was eveloped for values of “b” between O and 1 n 0.1 increments. The results are lotted as 7 set of log-log type curves (Fig. 1 in t~~s f a decline-curve dimensionless rate ‘Dd ES&l ● ● ● * ● ● “(k) i nd a decline-curve dimensionless time ‘Od =Dit . . . . . . . . (5) From Fig. 1 we see that when all the basic lecline-curvesand normal ranges of “b” are Iisplayedon a single graph, all cur~es coincide md become indistinguishableat t 9 =0.3. Any Iataexisting prior to a t,~dof O. till ,&P~T ;Obe an exponential decline regardless of the ;ruevalue of b and thus plot as a straight lin< )n semi-log paper. A statistical or leastSquaresapproach could calculate any valus of J between O and 1. \NALYTICALSOLUTIONS (CONSTANT-Pi’iSSURE AT [NNERBOUNDARY) Constant well pressure solutions to prediziecliningproduction rates with time were first pklished in 1933 b l;iore,Schilthui.sand I fiesultswere pssented {u::stlO,and Hurstl . fcr infinite and finite, slightly compressible, ~in.gle-phaseplane radial flow systems. The rf2SUltS were presented in graphical fcrm in Lerms of a dimensionless flow rate and a ji,mensionlesstime. The dimensionless flow rat ~D ,?anbe ex~ressed as %++&+&v””””(’) and the dimensionless time tu as t = 0.00634 kt . . . . . (7) D !J~~trw2 The original publication did not inulude tabular values of q and t . For use in this ?? paper infinite SOIU ion va ues were obtained from Ref. 15, while the finite values were obtained from Ref. 16. The infinite solution, and finite solutions for r /r from 10 to 100,000, are Tlot.tedon Fif$~.w2-a ant!~-b.

Swelling of filler‐reinforced vulcanizates

Abstract: A theory is developed to account for the restricted swelling in solvents of crosslinked elastomers containing reinforcing fillers. Assuming swelling to be completely restricted at the filler-rubber interface due to adhesion, the following relation is obtained: where vr is the volume fraction of rubber in the swollen rubber phase, Vro is the same quantity referred to on otherwise analogous, unfilled vulcanizate, Φ is the volume fraction of filler, and c a parameter depending on the filler, but independent of Φ and Vro. This equation is shown to hold for a large volume of experimental data on carbon blacks, involving four rubbers, several sulfur vulcanizing systems, five solvents, and a wide range of crosslinking. Conformance with the theory indicates that carbon blacks are firmly bonded to the rubber and that, in the sulfur crosslinking systems investigated, they have no significant effect on the stoichiometry of vulcanization (although they may affect the rate of vulcanization). Illustrative examples of applications of the theory to problems in filler reinforcement and vulcanization are shown.

Transformation of yeasts of the genus pichia

Abstract: 57 Process for transforming yeast strains of the genus Pichia is disclosed. Novel yeast strains of the genus Pichia which can be transformed with recombinant DNA material are also disclosed. In addition, a method for isolating functional genes and other functional DNA sequences from yeast strains of the genus Pichia is described.