Institution
Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University
Education•Paris, France•
About: Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University is a education organization based out in Paris, France. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Raman spectroscopy. The organization has 34448 authors who have published 56139 publications receiving 2392398 citations.
Topics: Population, Raman spectroscopy, Catalysis, Context (language use), Gene
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: In this article, the Lagrangian conservation principle for potential vorticity and potential temperature is extended to take the lower boundary condition into account, where the total mass under each isentropic surface is specified.
Abstract: The two main principles underlying the use of isentropic maps of potential vorticity to represent dynamical processes in the atmosphere are reviewed, including the extension of those principles to take the lower boundary condition into account. the first is the familiar Lagrangian conservation principle, for potential vorticity (PV) and potential temperature, which holds approximately when advective processes dominate frictional and diabatic ones. the second is the principle of ‘invertibility’ of the PV distribution, which holds whether or not diabatic and frictional processes are important. the invertibility principle states that if the total mass under each isentropic surface is specified, then a knowledge of the global distribution of PV on each isentropic surface and of potential temperature at the lower boundary (which within certain limitations can be considered to be part of the PV distribution) is sufficient to deduce, diagnostically, all the other dynamical fields, such as winds, temperatures, geopotential heights, static stabilities, and vertical velocities, under a suitable balance condition. the statement that vertical velocities can be deduced is related to the well-known omega equation principle, and depends on having sufficient information about diabatic and frictional processes. Quasi-geostrophic, semigeostrophic, and ‘nonlinear normal mode initialization’ realizations of the balance condition are discussed. an important constraint on the mass-weighted integral of PV over a material volume and on its possible diabatic and frictional change is noted.
Some basic examples are given, both from operational weather analyses and from idealized theoretical models, to illustrate the insights that can be gained from this approach and to indicate its relation to classical synoptic and air-mass concepts. Included are discussions of (a) the structure, origin and persistence of cutoff cyclones and blocking anticyclones, (b) the physical mechanisms of Rossby wave propagation, baroclinic instability, and barotropic instability, and (c) the spatially and temporally nonuniform way in which such waves and instabilities may become strongly nonlinear, as in an occluding cyclone or in the formation of an upper air shear line. Connections with principles derived from synoptic experience are indicated, such as the ‘PVA rule’ concerning positive vorticity advection on upper air charts, and the role of disturbances of upper air origin, in combination with low-level warm advection, in triggering latent heat release to produce explosive cyclonic development. In all cases it is found that time sequences of isentropic potential vorticity and surface potential temperature charts—which succinctly summarize the combined effects of vorticity advection, thermal advection, and vertical motion without requiring explicit knowledge of the vertical motion field—lead to a very clear and complete picture of the dynamics. This picture is remarkably simple in many cases of real meteorological interest. It involves, in principle, no sacrifices in quantitative accuracy beyond what is inherent in the concept of balance, as used for instance in the initialization of numerical weather forecasts.
2,763 citations
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TL;DR: It is shown that various inverse problems in signal recovery can be formulated as the generic problem of minimizing the sum of two convex functions with certain regularity properties, which makes it possible to derive existence, uniqueness, characterization, and stability results in a unified and standardized fashion for a large class of apparently disparate problems.
Abstract: We show that various inverse problems in signal recovery can be formulated as the generic problem of minimizing the sum of two convex functions with certain regularity properties. This formulation makes it possible to derive existence, uniqueness, characterization, and stability results in a unified and standardized fashion for a large class of apparently disparate problems. Recent results on monotone operator splitting methods are applied to establish the convergence of a forward-backward algorithm to solve the generic problem. In turn, we recover, extend, and provide a simplified analysis for a variety of existing iterative methods. Applications to geometry/texture image decomposition schemes are also discussed. A novelty of our framework is to use extensively the notion of a proximity operator, which was introduced by Moreau in the 1960s.
2,645 citations
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Cristen J. Willer1, Ellen M. Schmidt1, Sebanti Sengupta1, Gina M. Peloso2 +316 more•Institutions (87)
TL;DR: It is found that loci associated with blood lipid levels are often associated with cardiovascular and metabolic traits, including coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, blood pressure, waist-hip ratio and body mass index.
Abstract: Levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol are heritable, modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease. To identify new loci and refine known loci influencing these lipids, we examined 188,577 individuals using genome-wide and custom genotyping arrays. We identify and annotate 157 loci associated with lipid levels at P < 5 × 10(-8), including 62 loci not previously associated with lipid levels in humans. Using dense genotyping in individuals of European, East Asian, South Asian and African ancestry, we narrow association signals in 12 loci. We find that loci associated with blood lipid levels are often associated with cardiovascular and metabolic traits, including coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, blood pressure, waist-hip ratio and body mass index. Our results demonstrate the value of using genetic data from individuals of diverse ancestry and provide insights into the biological mechanisms regulating blood lipids to guide future genetic, biological and therapeutic research.
2,585 citations
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French Institute of Health and Medical Research1, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University2, University of British Columbia3, UBC Hospital4, Beta5, Sahlgrenska University Hospital6, University of Virginia7, McGill University8, Brigham and Women's Hospital9, Washington University in St. Louis10, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University11, University College London12, University of Antwerp13, University of Geneva14, University of California, San Diego15, University of Kentucky16, Karolinska University Hospital17, university of lille18, University of California, San Francisco19, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis20, Brown University21, University of Paris22, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais23, Maastricht University Medical Centre24, University of Southern California25, NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital26, VU University Amsterdam27, Lou Ruvo Brain Institute28
TL;DR: It is proposed that downstream topographical biomarkers of the disease, such as volumetric MRI and fluorodeoxyglucose PET, might better serve in the measurement and monitoring of the course of disease.
Abstract: In the past 8 years, both the International Working Group (IWG) and the US National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association have contributed criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that better define clinical phenotypes and integrate biomarkers into the diagnostic process, covering the full staging of the disease. This Position Paper considers the strengths and limitations of the IWG research diagnostic criteria and proposes advances to improve the diagnostic framework. On the basis of these refinements, the diagnosis of AD can be simplified, requiring the presence of an appropriate clinical AD phenotype (typical or atypical) and a pathophysiological biomarker consistent with the presence of Alzheimer's pathology. We propose that downstream topographical biomarkers of the disease, such as volumetric MRI and fluorodeoxyglucose PET, might better serve in the measurement and monitoring of the course of disease. This paper also elaborates on the specific diagnostic criteria for atypical forms of AD, for mixed AD, and for the preclinical states of AD.
2,581 citations
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TL;DR: The immune landscape in human colorectal cancer is revealed and the major hallmarks of the microenvironment associated with tumor progression and recurrence are revealed.
2,569 citations
Authors
Showing all 34671 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Zhong Lin Wang | 245 | 2529 | 259003 |
Guido Kroemer | 236 | 1404 | 246571 |
Krzysztof Matyjaszewski | 169 | 1431 | 128585 |
J. E. Brau | 162 | 1949 | 157675 |
E. Hivon | 147 | 403 | 118440 |
Kazuhiko Hara | 141 | 1956 | 107697 |
Simon Prunet | 141 | 434 | 96314 |
H. J. McCracken | 140 | 579 | 71091 |
G. Calderini | 139 | 1734 | 102408 |
Stefano Giagu | 139 | 1651 | 101569 |
Jean-Paul Kneib | 138 | 805 | 89287 |
G. Marchiori | 137 | 1590 | 94277 |
J. Ocariz | 136 | 1562 | 95905 |
Jean-Marie Tarascon | 136 | 853 | 137673 |
Alexis Brice | 135 | 870 | 83466 |