Showing papers by "Polytechnic University of Valencia published in 2014"
TL;DR: In this article, the main opportunities of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as heterogeneous catalysts are highlighted and the most important issues that still need to be addressed before commercial implementation of MOF catalysis are discussed.
Abstract: In this perspective, we highlight the main opportunities of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as heterogeneous catalysts. Along with our personal view on the most promising catalytic applications, the most important issues that still need to be addressed before commercial implementation of MOF catalysis are discussed.
818 citations
Warsaw University of Life Sciences1, Federal University of Alagoas2, Sofia University3, Russian Academy of Sciences4, University of Florence5, Tanta University6, University of Ferrara7, Central University of Jharkhand8, Polytechnic University of Valencia9, Roanoke College10, University of Łódź11, University of Aveiro12, National University of La Plata13
TL;DR: Practical information on the hardware, methodology, and the hands on application of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence technology is provided to scientists who have some experience with the application but are still in the process of discovering what it all means and how it can be used.
Abstract: The aim of this educational review is to provide practical information on the hardware, methodology, and the hands on application of chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence technology. We present the paper in a question and answer format like frequently asked questions. Although nearly all information on the application of Chl a fluorescence can be found in the literature, it is not always easily accessible. This paper is primarily aimed at scientists who have some experience with the application of Chl a fluorescence but are still in the process of discovering what it all means and how it can be used. Topics discussed are (among other things) the kind of information that can be obtained using different fluorescence techniques, the interpretation of Chl a fluorescence signals, specific applications of these techniques, and practical advice on different subjects, such as on the length of dark adaptation before measurement of the Chl a fluorescence transient. The paper also provides the physiological background for some of the applied procedures. It also serves as a source of reference for experienced scientists.
577 citations
TL;DR: This paper aims to demonstrate the efforts towards in-situ applicability of EMMARM, as to provide real-time information about concrete mechanical properties such as E-modulus, compressive strength, and other properties related to E-commerce.
Abstract: Financial support by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO, Severo Ochoa program, CTQ 2012-32315 and CTQ2010-18671) and Generalitat Valenciana (GV/2013/040) is gratefully acknowledged. A.D.M. thanks University Grants Commission, New Delhi for the award of Assistant Professorship under its Faculty Recharge Programme.
560 citations
TL;DR: By characterizing the target sequence specificity of 63 plant TFs representing 25 families, using protein-binding microarrays, the data support the correlation between cis-regulatory elements in vivo and the sequence determined in vitro and provides a framework to explore regulatory networks in plants.
Abstract: Transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression through binding to cis-regulatory specific sequences in the promoters of their target genes. In contrast to the genetic code, the transcriptional regulatory code is far from being deciphered and is determined by sequence specificity of TFs, combinatorial cooperation between TFs and chromatin competence. Here we addressed one of these determinants by characterizing the target sequence specificity of 63 plant TFs representing 25 families, using protein-binding microarrays. Remarkably, almost half of these TFs recognized secondary motifs, which in some cases were completely unrelated to the primary element. Analyses of coregulated genes and transcriptomic data from TFs mutants showed the functional significance of over 80% of all identified sequences and of at least one target sequence per TF. Moreover, combining the target sequence information with coexpression analysis we could predict the function of a TF as activator or repressor through a particular DNA sequence. Our data support the correlation between cis-regulatory elements and the sequence determined in vitro using the protein-binding microarray and provides a framework to explore regulatory networks in plants.
553 citations
TL;DR: A mechanism in which the role of Au is to respond under visible light and Cu binds to CO and directs the reduction pathway is proposed.
Abstract: Commercial P25 modified by Au–Cu alloy nanoparticles as thin film exhibits, for CO2 reduction by water under sun simulated light, a rate of methane production above 2000 μmol (g of photocatalyst)−1 h–1. Although evolution of hydrogen is observed and O2 and ethane detected, the selectivity of conduction band electrons for methane formation is almost complete, about 97%. This photocatalytic behavior is completely different from that measured for Au/P25 (hydrogen evolution) and Cu/P25 (lower activity, but similar methane selectivity). Characterization by TEM, XPS, and UV–vis spectroscopy shows that Au and Cu are alloyed in the nanoparticles. FT-IR spectroscopy and chemical analysis have allowed one to detect on the photocatalyst surface the presence of CO2•–, Cu–CO, and elemental C. Accordingly, a mechanism in which the role of Au is to respond under visible light and Cu binds to CO and directs the reduction pathway is proposed.
500 citations
TL;DR: The fault diagnosis of rotating electrical machines has received an intense amount of research interest during the last 30 years as discussed by the authors, and this topic has become far more attractive and critical as the population of electric machines has greatly increased in recent years.
Abstract: The fault diagnosis of rotating electrical machines has received an intense amount of research interest during the last 30 years. Reducing maintenance costs and preventing unscheduled downtimes, which result in losses of production and financial incomes, are the priorities of electrical drives manufacturers and operators. In fact, both correct diagnosis and early detection of incipient faults lead to fast unscheduled maintenance and short downtime for the process under consideration. They also prevent the harmful and sometimes devastating consequences of faults and failures. This topic has become far more attractive and critical as the population of electric machines has greatly increased in recent years. The total number of operating electrical machines in the world was around 16.1 billion in 2011, with a growth rate of about 50% in the last five years [1].
473 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review examines climate change effects on groundwater and dependent ecosystems, focusing on the impacts of changes to groundwater on GDE biodiversity and future threats posed by climate change.
419 citations
01 Oct 2014
TL;DR: A multi-building and multi-floor localization database based on WLAN fingerprinting is presented, which not only is the biggest database in the literature but it is also the first publicly available database.
Abstract: Although indoor localization is a key topic for mobile computing, it is still very difficult for the mobile sensing community to compare state-of-art localization algorithms due to the scarcity of databases Thus, a multi-building and multi-floor localization database based on WLAN fingerprinting is presented in this work, being its public access granted for the research community The here proposed database not only is the biggest database in the literature but it is also the first publicly available database Among other comprehensively described features, full raw information taken by more than 20 users and by means of 25 devices is provided
401 citations
TL;DR: This review discusses the most relevant studies on electric demand prediction over the last 40 years, and presents the different models used as well as the future trends, and analyzes the latest studies on demand forecasting in the future environments that emerge from the usage of smart grids.
Abstract: Recently there has been a significant proliferation in the use of forecasting techniques, mainly due to the increased availability and power of computation systems and, in particular, to the usage of personal computers. This is also true for power network systems, where energy demand forecasting has been an important field in order to allow generation planning and adaptation. Apart from the quantitative progression, there has also been a change in the type of models proposed and used. In the `70s, the usage of non-linear techniques was generally not popular among scientists and engineers. However, in the last two decades they have become very important techniques in solving complex problems which would be very difficult to tackle otherwise. With the recent emergence of smart grids, new environments have appeared capable of integrating demand, generation, and storage. These employ intelligent and adaptive elements that require more advanced techniques for accurate and precise demand and generation forecasting in order to work optimally. This review discusses the most relevant studies on electric demand prediction over the last 40 years, and presents the different models used as well as the future trends. Additionally, it analyzes the latest studies on demand forecasting in the future environments that emerge from the usage of smart grids.
398 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, chitosan (CH) was blended with poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) in different compositions to obtain biodegradable films, which were characterized for their thermal behavior, structural, mechanical and barrier properties as well as antimicrobial activity.
369 citations
TL;DR: This study aims to assist highway agencies, researchers, and practitioners on when and how to apply available methods based on a comparative analysis of the current state of the practice.
Abstract: Pavement maintenance is one of the major issues of public agencies. Insufficient investment or inefficient maintenance strategies lead to high economic expenses in the long term. Under budgetary restrictions, the optimal allocation of resources becomes a crucial aspect. Two traditional approaches (sequential and holistic) and four classes of optimization methods (selection based on ranking, mathematical optimization, near optimization, and other methods) have been applied to solve this problem. They vary in the number of alternatives considered and how the selection process is performed. Therefore, a previous understanding of the problem is mandatory to identify the most suitable approach and method for a particular network. This study aims to assist highway agencies, researchers, and practitioners on when and how to apply available methods based on a comparative analysis of the current state of the practice. Holistic approach tackles the problem considering the overall network condition, while the sequential approach is easier to implement and understand, but may lead to solutions far from optimal. Scenarios defining the suitability of these approaches are defined. Finally, an iterative approach gathering the advantages of traditional approaches is proposed and applied in a case study. The proposed approach considers the overall network condition in a simpler and more intuitive manner than the holistic approach.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated how NO sensing is integrated across multiple physiological processes by direct modulation of transcription factor stability and identifies group VII ERFs as central hubs for the perception of gaseous signals in plants.
TL;DR: In this paper, the AHP and ANP are applied to help the managing board of an important Spanish solar power investment company to decide whether to invest in a particular solar-thermal power plant project and, if so, to determine the order of priority of the projects in the company's portfolio.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors put MOFs into perspective with respect to their homogeneous counterparts and more conventional heterogeneous catalysts to show their advantages and limitations, and illustrate using selected examples what the potential advantages of MOF catalysts could be, and how they may outperform the potential of other solid catalysts.
Abstract: Metal–organic frameworks have recently attracted attention as heterogeneous catalysts due to their high content of metal centres and large surface area and pore volume, along with their impressive topological richness. Therefore, many studies describing the use of MOFs as heterogeneous Lewis acid catalysts have been published. In this regard, these efforts have been directed towards probing the catalytic activity. Further information is required in terms of kinetic parameters and comparison of performance with their homogeneous counterparts, or other conventional heterogeneous catalysts. Here we have attempted to put MOFs into perspective with respect to their homogeneous counterparts and more conventional heterogeneous catalysts to show their advantages and limitations. We have exemplified a number of reactions reported in the literature wherein MOFs have been used as catalysts, and we have carried them out using homogeneous counterparts, i.e. benzoates and acetates, and other well defined conventional solid catalysts. The activities and selectivities of the catalysts are compared and then put into perspective on the basis of kinetic parameters, such as turnover numbers and turnover frequencies. Additionally, we illustrate using selected examples what the potential advantages of MOF catalysts could be, and how they may outperform the potential of other solid catalysts.
TL;DR: In this article, a terpene d -limonene (LIM) was used to increase PLA crystallinity and to obtain flexible films intended for food packaging applications, and structural and surfaces properties were evaluated.
Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures1, University of Johannesburg2, Beijing Forestry University3, Royal Botanic Gardens4, Rovira i Virgili University5, University of Pretoria6, Universidade Federal de Viçosa7, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg8, Federal University of Bahia9, Polytechnic University of Valencia10, Madawalabu University11, Chiang Mai University12, University of Alcalá13, University of Foggia14, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio15, University of the Republic16, Air Force Research Laboratory17, University of Findlay18, University of Sydney19
TL;DR: In this article, a number of microfungi were described from South Africa, including Cercosporella dolichandrae from Dolichandra unguiscati, Seiridium podocarpi from Podocarpus latifolius, Pseudocercospora parapseudarthriae from Pseudarthria hookeri, Neodevriesia coryneliae from Corynelia uberata on leaves of Afrocarpus falcatus, Ramichloridium eucleae from Euclea undulata and
Abstract: Novel species of microfungi described in the present study include the following from South Africa: Cercosporella dolichandrae from Dolichandra unguiscati, Seiridium podocarpi from Podocarpus latifolius, Pseudocercospora parapseudarthriae from Pseudarthria hookeri, Neodevriesia coryneliae from Corynelia uberata on leaves of Afrocarpus falcatus, Ramichloridium eucleae from Euclea undulata and Stachybotrys aloeticola from Aloe sp. (South Africa), as novel member of the Stachybotriaceae fam. nov. Several species were also described from Zambia, and these include Chaetomella zambiensis on unknown Fabaceae, Schizoparme pseudogranati from Terminalia stuhlmannii, Diaporthe isoberliniae from Isoberlinia angolensis, Peyronellaea combreti from Combretum mossambiciensis, Zasmidium rothmanniae and Phaeococcomyces rothmanniae from Rothmannia engleriana, Diaporthe vangueriae from Vangueria infausta and Diaporthe parapterocarpi from Pterocarpus brenanii. Novel species from the Netherlands include: Stagonospora trichophoricola, Keissleriella trichophoricola and Dinemasporium trichophoricola from Trichophorum cespitosum, Phaeosphaeria poae, Keissleriella poagena, Phaeosphaeria poagena, Parastagonospora poagena and Pyrenochaetopsis poae from Poa sp., Septoriella oudemansii from Phragmites australis and Dendryphion europaeum from Hedera helix (Germany) and Heracleum sphondylium (the Netherlands). Novel species from Australia include: Anungitea eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus leaf litter, Beltraniopsis neolitseae and Acrodontium neolitseae from Neolitsea australiensis, Beltraniella endiandrae from Endiandra introrsa, Phaeophleospora parsoniae from Parsonia straminea, Penicillifer martinii from Cynodon dactylon, Ochroconis macrozamiae from Macrozamia leaf litter, Triposporium cycadicola, Circinotrichum cycadis, Cladosporium cycadicola and Acrocalymma cycadis from Cycas spp. Furthermore, Vermiculariopsiella dichapetali is described from Dichapetalum rhodesicum (Botswana), Marasmius vladimirii from leaf litter (India), Ophiognomonia acadiensis from Picea rubens (Canada), Setophoma vernoniae from Vernonia polyanthes and Penicillium restingae from soil (Brazil), Pseudolachnella guaviyunis from Myrcianthes pungens (Uruguay) and Pseudocercospora neriicola from Nerium oleander (Italy). Novelties from Spain include: Dendryphiella eucalyptorum from Eucalyptus globulus, Conioscypha minutispora from dead wood, Diplogelasinospora moalensis and Pseudoneurospora canariensis from soil and Inocybe lanatopurpurea from reforested woodland of Pinus spp. Novelties from France include: Kellermania triseptata from Agave angustifolia, Zetiasplozna acaciae from Acacia melanoxylon, Pyrenochaeta pinicola from Pinus sp. and Pseudonectria rusci from Ruscus aculeatus. New species from China include: Dematiocladium celtidicola from Celtis bungeana, Beltrania pseudorhombica, Chaetopsina beijingensis and Toxicocladosporium pini from Pinus spp. and Setophaeosphaeria badalingensis from Hemerocallis fulva. Novel genera of Ascomycetes include Alfaria from Cyperus esculentus (Spain), Rinaldiella from a contaminated human lesion (Georgia), Hyalocladosporiella from Tectona grandis (Brazil), Pseudoacremonium from Saccharum spontaneum and Melnikomyces from leaf litter (Vietnam), Annellosympodiella from Juniperus procera (Ethiopia), Neoceratosperma from Eucalyptus leaves (Thailand), Ramopenidiella from Cycas calcicola (Australia), Cephalotrichiella from air in the Netherlands, Neocamarosporium from Mesembryanthemum sp. and Acervuloseptoria from Ziziphus mucronata (South Africa) and Setophaeosphaeria from Hemerocallis fulva (China). Several novel combinations are also introduced, namely for Phaeosphaeria setosa as Setophaeosphaeria setosa, Phoma heteroderae as Peyronellaea heteroderae and Phyllosticta maydis as Peyronellaea maydis. Morphological and culture characteristics along with ITS DNA barcodes are provided for all taxa.
TL;DR: It is discovered that plant roots can sense microscale heterogeneity in water availability across their circumference, which causes dramatic differences in the patterning of tissues along this axis, which suggests that water availability is sensed and interpreted at the suborgan level and locally patterns a wide variety of developmental processes in the root.
Abstract: The architecture of the branched root system of plants is a major determinant of vigor. Water availability is known to impact root physiology and growth; however, the spatial scale at which this stimulus influences root architecture is poorly understood. Here we reveal that differences in the availability of water across the circumferential axis of the root create spatial cues that determine the position of lateral root branches. We show that roots of several plant species can distinguish between a wet surface and air environments and that this also impacts the patterning of root hairs, anthocyanins, and aerenchyma in a phenomenon we describe as hydropatterning. This environmental response is distinct from a touch response and requires available water to induce lateral roots along a contacted surface. X-ray microscale computed tomography and 3D reconstruction of soil-grown root systems demonstrate that such responses also occur under physiologically relevant conditions. Using early-stage lateral root markers, we show that hydropatterning acts before the initiation stage and likely determines the circumferential position at which lateral root founder cells are specified. Hydropatterning is independent of endogenous abscisic acid signaling, distinguishing it from a classic water-stress response. Higher water availability induces the biosynthesis and transport of the lateral root-inductive signal auxin through local regulation of TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE OF ARABIDOPSIS 1 and PIN-FORMED 3, both of which are necessary for normal hydropatterning. Our work suggests that water availability is sensed and interpreted at the suborgan level and locally patterns a wide variety of developmental processes in the root.
TL;DR: In this article, financial support by Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (project MULTICAT), Spanish MICINN (Projects MAT2011-28009 and CTQ-2011-27550) and Program Severo Ochoa are gratefully acknowledged.
Abstract: Financial support by Consolider-Ingenio 2010 (project MULTICAT), Spanish MICINN (Projects MAT2011-28009 and CTQ-2011-27550) and Program Severo Ochoa are gratefully acknowledged.
TL;DR: This paper analyzes and tracks the evolution of the inverse methods over the last decades, mostly within the realm of hydrogeology, revealing their transformation, motivation and recent trends.
TL;DR: This work has updated maSigPro to support RNA-seq time series analysis by introducing generalized linear models in the algorithm to support the modeling of count data while maintaining the traditional functionalities of the package.
Abstract: This work has been funded by the STATegra project, EU FP7 grant number 30600 and the Spanish MINECO grant BIO2012-40244.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a review of the most outstanding applications of small pore microporous materials in catalysis, such as methanol-to-olefins or selective catalytic reduction of NOx.
Abstract: In the last years, the preparation of small pore zeolites, especially those presenting large cavities in their structure, have received much attention because they have shown excellent application in catalysis (such as methanol-to-olefins or selective catalytic reduction of NOx) and gas separations. In the present review, we will focus on the diverse synthetic routes followed to direct the crystallization of small pore zeolites and, on the other hand, the most outstanding applications of those small pore microporous materials.
TL;DR: The proposed concept of metamaterial-based subwavelength interconnection and polarization-controlled signal routing is based on the photonic spin Hall effect and may serve as an ultimate platform for either conventional or quantum electromagnetic signal processing.
Abstract: Metamaterials enable the control and manipulation of light on subwavelength scales, allowing numerous optical device applications. Here, the authors show the selective excitation of spatially confined modes in an anisotropic hyperbolic metamaterial, based on the photonic spin Hall effect.
TL;DR: Cellulose nanocrystals synthesized from microcrystalline cellulose by acid hydrolysis were added into poly(lactic acid)-poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PLA-PHB) blends to improve the final properties of the multifunctional systems and well dispersed CNC and CNCs improved the processability, the thermal stability and the interaction between both polymers.
TL;DR: This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on underwater wireless sensor networks, focusing on the lower layers of the communication stack, and envisions future trends and challenges.
Abstract: This survey aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research on underwater wireless sensor networks, focusing on the lower layers of the communication stack, and envisions future trends and challenges. It analyzes the current state-of-the-art on the physical, medium access control and routing layers. It summarizes their security threads and surveys the currently proposed studies. Current envisioned niches for further advances in underwater networks research range from efficient, low-power algorithms and modulations to intelligent, energy-aware routing and medium access control protocols.
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of nanocomposite films based on poly(lactic acid)-poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PLA-PHB) blends and synthesized cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) or surfactant modified CNCs, as bio-based reinforcement, were prepared by melt extrusion followed by film forming.
École Polytechnique de Montréal1, University of Delaware2, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven3, University of Wisconsin-Madison4, Clausthal University of Technology5, University of Porto6, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne7, University of Nottingham8, National University of Mar del Plata9, Polytechnic University of Valencia10, Technische Universität München11, Airbus12
TL;DR: In this paper, the in-plane permeability values of a carbon fabric were studied by twelve research groups worldwide and the aim of this work was to obtain comparable results in order to make a step toward standardization of permeability measurements.
Abstract: In this second international permeability benchmark, the in-plane permeability values of a carbon fabric were studied by twelve research groups worldwide. One participant also investigated the deformation of the tested carbon fabric. The aim of this work was to obtain comparable results in order to make a step toward standardization of permeability measurements. Unidirectional injections were thus conducted to determine the unsaturated in-plane permeability tensor of the fabric. Procedures used by participants were specified in the guidelines defined for this benchmark. Participants were asked to use the same values for parameters such as fiber volume fraction, injection pressure and fluid viscosity to minimize sources of scatter. The comparison of the results from each participant was encouraging. The scatter between data obtained while respecting the guidelines was below 25%. However, a higher dispersion was observed when some parameters differed from the recommendations of this exercise. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
TL;DR: Nickel supported on silica-alumina is an efficient and reusable photocatalyst for the reduction of CO2 to methane by H2, reaching selectivity above 95% at CO2 conversion over 90%.
Abstract: Nickel supported on silica–alumina is an efficient and reusable photocatalyst for the reduction of CO2 to methane by H2, reaching selectivity above 95% at CO2 conversion over 90%. Although NiO behaves similarly, it undergoes a gradual deactivation upon reuse. About 26% of the photocatalytic activity of Ni/silica–alumina under solar light derives from the visible light photoresponse.
TL;DR: The modified Ru sites are responsible for the activity of the "defective" variants in the dissociative chemisorption of CO2, the enhanced performance in CO sorption, the formation of hydride species, and the catalytic hydrogenation of olefins.
Abstract: A mixed-linker solid-solution approach was employed to modify the metal sites and introduce structural defects into the mixed-valence Ru(II/III) structural analogue of the well-known MOF family [M3(II,II)(btc)2] (M=Cu, Mo, Cr, Ni, Zn; btc=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate), with partly missing carboxylate ligators at the Ru2 paddle-wheels. Incorporation of pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (pydc), which is the same size as btc but carries lower charge, as a second, defective linker has led to the mixed-linker isoreticular derivatives of Ru-MOF, which display characteristics unlike those of the defect-free framework. Along with the creation of additional coordinatively unsaturated sites, the incorporation of pydc induces the partial reduction of ruthenium. Accordingly, the modified Ru sites are responsible for the activity of the "defective" variants in the dissociative chemisorption of CO2, the enhanced performance in CO sorption, the formation of hydride species, and the catalytic hydrogenation of olefins.
TL;DR: Permselectivity comparable to that of a commercial monovalent-ion-permselective membrane was obtained with only six bilayers of polyelectrolytes, yet with significantly lower energy consumption per mole of Na(+) ions transported through the membranes.
Abstract: The present study investigates the possibility of inducing monovalent ion permselectivity on standard cation exchange membranes, by the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) polyelectrolyte multilayers. Coating of the (PEI/PSS)N LbL multilayers on the CMX membrane caused only moderate variation of the ohmic resistance of the membrane systems. Nonetheless, the polyelectrolyte multilayers had a substantial influence on the monovalent ion permselectivity of the membranes. Permselectivity comparable to that of a commercial monovalent-ion-permselective membrane was obtained with only six bilayers of polyelectrolytes, yet with significantly lower energy consumption per mole of Na(+) ions transported through the membranes. The monovalent ion permselectivity stems from an increased Donnan exclusion for divalent ions and hydrophobization of the surface of the membranes concomitant to their modification. Double-layer capacitance obtained from impedance measurements shows a qualitative indication of the divalent ion repulsion of the membranes. At overlimiting current densities, water dissociation occurred at membranes with PEI-terminated layers and increased with the number of layers, while it was nearly absent for the PSS-terminated layers. Hence, LbL layers allow switching on and turning off water splitting at the surface of ion exchange membranes.
TL;DR: This paper presents a scatter search (SS) method for this problem to optimize makespan and shows that the proposed scatter search algorithm produces better results than existing algorithms by a significant margin.