Showing papers by "Pusan National University published in 1994"
TL;DR: The most important characteristics of kimchi are the compositional changes of sugars and vitamins, formation and accumulation of organic acids, and texture degradation and softening.
Abstract: Kimchi is a traditional, fermented Korean food that is prepared through a series of processes, including pretreatment of oriental cabbage (or radish), brining, blending with various spices and other ingredients, and fermentation. The characteristics of kimchi differ depending on the kimchi varieties, raw materials used, process, fermentation, and preservation methods. However, kimchi has typical biochemical, nutritional, and organoleptic properties and health-related functions. Kimchi fermentation is initiated by various microorganisms originally present in the raw materials, but the fermentation is gradually dominated by lactic acid bacteria. Numerous physicochemical and biological factors influence the fermentation, growth, and sequential appearance of principal microorganisms involved in the fermentation. Complex biochemical changes occur depending on the environmental conditions before, during, and after fermentation. The most important characteristics are the compositional changes of sugars and vitamins (especially ascorbic acid), formation and accumulation of organic acids, and texture degradation and softening. Nutritionally, kimchi is an important source of vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and other nutrients. This review covers in some detail the biochemical, microbiological, and nutritional characteristics of kimchi.
351 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors relax the assumption that the cumulative distribution function of the lead time demand is completely known and merely assume that the first two moments of F are known and finte.
Abstract: Stochastic inventory models, such as continuous review models and periodic review models, require information on the lead time demand. However, information about the form of the probability distribution of the lead time demand is often limited in practice. We relax the assumption that the cumulative distribution function, say F, of the lead time demand is completely known and merely assume that the first two moments of F are known and finte. The minmax distribution free approach for the inventory model consists of finding the most unfavourable distribution for each decision variable and then minimizing over the decision variable. We solve both the continuous review model and the periodic review model with a mixture of backorders and lost sales using the minmax distribution free approach.
153 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the crystallization behavior upon aging and its influence on mechanical properties were examined for Al 88 Ni 10 Y 2 and Al 88Ni 10 Ce 2 amorphous alloys.
Abstract: Crystallization behavior upon aging and its influence on mechanical properties were examined for Al 88 Ni 10 Y 2 and Al 88 Ni 10 Ce 2 amorphous alloys. The crystallized structure of the amorphous alloys consists of coexistent amorphous and fcc-Al phase with a particle size of 5 to 12 nm. The thermal stability increases significantly with an increase of the precipitation amount (V f ) of the nanoscale Al particles. The hardness (H v ) and tensile fracture strength (σ f ) of these amorphous alloys containing the nanoscale Al particles are about 2-0 and 1-3 times higher than those for the amorphous single phase alloys with the same compositions, respectively
93 citations
TL;DR: The antimutagenic effects of 27 kinds of plant flavonoids on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) in Salmonella typhimurium TA100 were investigated.
Abstract: The antimutagenic effects of 27 kinds of plant flavonoids on the mutagenicity of aflatoxin B1(AFB1) and N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) inSalmonella typhimurium TA100 were investigated. In the mixed applications of AFB1 (1 μg/plate) with the flavonoids (300 μg/plate) in the presence of a mammalian metabolic activation system (S9 mix), chrysin, apigenin, luteolin and its glucoside, kaempferol, fisetin, morin, naringenin, hesperetin, persicogenin, (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin showed the antimutagenic effect against AFB1 with more than 70% inhibition rate. A little or no antimutagenicities except flavone against MNNG (0.5 μg/plate) were observed. For the antimutagenicity of the flavonoids on AFB1, the flavonoid structure that contains the free 5-, 7-hydroxyl group seemed to be essential. However, saturation of the 2,3-double bond or elimination of the 4-keto group did not affect the activity.
90 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an antibacterial protein, named tenecin 1, was purified to homogeneity from the larval hemolymph of Tenebrio molitor by injection of Escherichia coli.
Abstract: Antibacterial activity was induced in the hemolymph of larvae of the coleopteran Tenebrio molitor by injection of Escherichia coli. An antibacterial protein, named tenecin 1, was purified to homogeneity from the larval hemolymph and characterized. A cDNA clone for tenecin 1 was isolated and its complete sequence was determined. This protein was found to inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and to consist of 43-amino acid residues including six cysteine residues. The disulfide structure of tenecin 1 was determined by sequencing cysteine containing peptides obtained by digesting tenecin 1 with endopeptidase Lys-C, trypsin, and thermolysin. The amino acid sequence and its disulfide bonds were similar to those of sapecin and sapecin C, antibacterial proteins of Sarcophaga peregrina.
86 citations
TL;DR: Results suggest that UA and OA can induce the differentiation of F9 cells and may regulate the expression of differentiation-specific genes, probably by forming a complex with the glucocorticoid receptor or its analogous nuclear receptor.
Abstract: The effects of the triterpene acids, ursolic acid and oleanolic acid, on the differentiation of F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells were studied. These agents caused the morphological change of F9 cells into endoderm cells, as did retinoic acid (RA). Moreover, expression of laminin B1, type IV collagen and retinoic acid receptor β (RARβ) increased in ursolic-and oleanolic-acid treated F9 cells. Since these agents are structurally similar to the glucocorticoid hormone, we studied the effects of dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, on F9 cells. Dexamethasone also induced the morphological change and altered the expression of laminin B1, type IV collagen, and RARβ in F9 cells. In addition, transcription of glucocorticoid receptor was detected after treatment with these three agents. According to Southwestern blot analysis, a 94-kDa protein, thought to be a glucocorticoid receptor, was detected in F9 cells treated with these agents. In a gelshift assay, we identified protein factors binding to the glucocorticoid-responsive element (GRE) in the nuclear proteins from F9 cells treated with ursolic or oleanolic acid. The binding activity of the GRE-binding protein disappeared on the addition of unlabeled GRE oligonucleotide. Taken together, these results suggest that UA and OA can induce the differentiation of F9 cells and may regulate the expression of differentiation-specific genes, probably by forming a complex with the glucocorticoid receptor or its analogous nuclear receptor.
84 citations
TL;DR: The mixed-enzyme reaction was carried out in a stirred tank reactor containing 0.7 l of sucrose solution with coupled β-fructofuranosidase and glucose oxidase for 25 h as discussed by the authors.
82 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of polyol molecular weight (M n ) on the state of dispersion, thermal, mechanical and viscoelastic properties and swelling of emulsion-cast film were determined.
81 citations
TL;DR: In capsaicin-treated rats, vasodilatation, which was evoked on transient hypotension, and vasoconstriction on reverse of hypotension were markedly attenuated or almost abolished and changes in pial arterial diameter were plotted as a function of changes in blood pressure.
Abstract: In anesthetized rats, we examined the possibility that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP, a neuropeptide) released in response to transient hypotension may contribute to the reflex autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Changes in pial arterial diameter (mean 33.0 +/- 1.1 microns) with changes in systemic arterial blood pressure (mean 101.9 +/- 2.7 mmHg) were observed directly through a closed cranial window. In capsaicin-treated rats (depletor of CGRP and substance P, 50 nmol capsaicin injected intracisternally 24 h before experiment), vasodilatation, which was evoked on transient hypotension, and vasoconstriction on reverse of hypotension were markedly attenuated or almost abolished. When changes in pial arterial diameter were plotted as a function of changes in blood pressure, the slopes of regression lines for vasodilatation and vasoconstriction were markedly reduced after capsaicin treatment. Similar reductions were evidenced under suffusion of CGRP antibody serum (1:1,000) and after CGRP receptor desensitization but not after substance P receptor desensitization. Pretreatment with glibenclamide, a K(+)-channel antagonist, also caused severe alterations in the autoregulatory vasomotor responses to hypotension and its reverse. Suffusion with mock cerebrospinal fluid, containing either CGRP or cromakalim, a K(+)-channel opener, dilated the pial artery in a concentration-dependent manner, and their effects were antagonized by glibenclamide. Substance P produced a vasodilatation, which was unaffected by glibenclamide.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
75 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of alkali promoters on selectivity of CO-H 2 reactions was studied for potassium-promoted MoS 2 employing different potassium salts and pretreatment conditions (oxidized vs. fresh samples).
Abstract: The effect of alkali promoters on selectivity of CO-H 2 reactions was studied for potassium-promoted MoS 2 employing different potassium salts and pretreatment conditions (oxidized vs. fresh samples). Promoters assisted either chain growth of hydrocarbon products or alcohol formation. A good correlation was observed between p K a of the conjugate acid of each promoter and its spacetime yield of alcohol formation. Alcohol selective promoters such as K 2 CO 3 , KOH and K 2 S readily removed their counter anions under the reaction conditions to form a new potassium complex and spread themselves uniformly over MoS 2 . This complex appears to serve as an active site which adsorbs carbon monoxide molecularly and, at the same time, cover the majority of the MoS 2 surface which is responsible for dissociative carbon monoxide adsorption and hydrogenation. Promoters for chain growth such as K 2 SO 4 and KCl maintained their initial chemical states throughout the reactions and showed highly nonuniform lateral distributions. Thus, the promoters have a limited coverage over MoS 2 , yet modify the electronic state of MoS 2 which interacts directly with carbon monoxide. Exposure of K 2 CO 3 - or KOH-promoted MoS 2 to atmosphere for an extended period oxidized the catalyst and caused segregation of potassium into the bulk of MoS 2 Thus, the most of MoS 2 surface is now exposed, yet modified by potassium located in the subsurface region of MoS 2 . These modified catalysts promoted hydrocarbon chain growth without forming alcohols. The results demonstrate that the distribution of promoter is one of the primary factors determining its role in catalytic CO-H 2 reactions.
72 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the NCO-terminated polyurethane (PU) ionomers were self-emulsified by adding water, followed by chain extension using triethylenetetramine (TETA) in aqueous media.
Abstract: Polyurethane anionomer dispersions were prepared from hydrogenated diphenylmethane diisocyanate (H12MDI) or isophorone diisocyanate (JPDI), poly(caprolactone) (PCL) diol, 1,4-butane diol (BD), and dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA). Upon neutralization of the DMPA with triethylamine (TEA), the NCO-terminated polyurethane (PU) ionomers were self-emulsified by adding water, followed by chain extension using triethylenetetramine (TETA) in aqueous media. Polyurethanes from H12MDI showed coarser dispersion and better tensile properties over those from IPDI. Polyurethanes prepared by the one-shot method had better dispersion and tensile properties over those by the two-shot method. When some of the PCL diol was replaced by DMPA or BD, tensile strength increased and ductility decreased due mainly to the increased chain rigidity and intermolecular forces. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TL;DR: In this paper, the electrical conductivity and optical transmission of tin oxide films were studied with antimony doping and it was found that the film conductivity increased largely without losing optical transparency with a small addition of antimony.
Abstract: Antimony-doped tin oxide films were prepared on Corning glass substrate by chemical vapor deposition from a gas mixture of SnCl4–SbCl5–H2O. The electrical conductivity and optical transmission of tin oxide films were studied with antimony doping. The film conductivity increased largely without losing optical transparency with a small addition of antimony. The increase of the conductivity was attributed mainly to more electrons donated by pentavalent Sb ions in the SnO2 lattice. Large additions of antimony, however, diminished the conductivity, optical transparency, and crystallinity of the film. The diminution was found to be caused by fine Sb2O5 phases codeposited with SnO2.
TL;DR: It is shown that a contractive-type fuzzy mapping has a fixed point on a complete metric linear space and is compatible with classical fuzzy mapping schemes.
TL;DR: In this paper, the INT-dehydrogenase activity (DHA) test was compared with OUR and ATP tests in S. natans, type 021N pure cultures and activated sludge.
01 Sep 1994
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors relax the assumption that the cumulative distribution function, say F of the lead time demand is completely known and merely assume that the first two moments of F are known and finite.
Abstract: The stochastic inventory models require the information on the lead time demand. However, the distributional information of the lead time demand is often limited in practice. We relax the assumption that the cumulative distribution function, say F, of the lead time demand is completely known and merely assume that the first two moments of F are known and finite. The distribution free approach for the inventory model consists of finding the most unfavorable distribution for each decision variable and then minimizing over the decision variable. We apply the distribution free approach to the continuous review inventory system with a service level constraint. We develop an iterative procedure to find the optimal order quantity and reorder level.
TL;DR: A cDNA clone for holotricin 2 was extracted from larvae of the coleopteran Zophobas atratus and its complete sequence was determined in this article.
Abstract: Injection of Escherichia coli into larvae of the coleopteran Holotrichia diomphalia results in the appearance of antibacterial activity in the hemolymph. An antibacterial protein, named holotricin 2, was purified from larvae of this insect and characterized. A cDNA clone for holotricin 2 was isolated and its complete sequence was determined. This protein was found to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacteria and to consist of 72-amino acid residues with no cysteine residues. Its amino acid sequence is similar to that of coleoptericine, an antibacterial protein isolated from larvae of the coleopteran Zophobas atratus.
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-dimensional model for the dynamical evolution of dense gas clouds (cosmic bullets) moving supersonically through a uniform low-density medium is presented.
Abstract: We have simulated in two dimensions the dynamical evolution of dense gas clouds(`cosmic bullets') moving supersonically through a uniform low-density medium. The diffusive shock acceleration of relativistic protons (cosmic rays) and their dynamical feedback on the background flow are included by the two-fluid model for this process. The acceleration of relativistic electrons is approximated by a test-particle model, and a passive magnetic field is followed by a simple advection scheme. Strong bow shocks, with Mach numbers similar to that of a bullet's motion, are the most important particle accelerators in the flow, while tail shocks and shocks inside the bullets do not play generally significant roles in this regard. For our simulation parameters, approximately greater than 10% of the initial bullet kinetic energy is converted to a combination of internal energy of gas and cosmic-ray protons by the time the bullets begin to be disrupted. Characteristically, the cosmic rays gain several percent of the available kinetic energy. Bullet destruction on timescales only a little larger than the ram pressure bullet crushing time begins in response to Kelvin-Helmholtz and especially to Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities along the forward bullet surface. For dense bullets this happens before the bullet is stopped by ram pressure. According to our simple model for synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons accelerated and transported within the flows, that emission increases rapidly as the bullet begins to fragment, when it is strongly dominated by field enhancement in sheared flows. Synchrotron emission from the acceleration region within the bow shock is, by contrast, much weaker.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of particle entrainment on heat and mass transfer and combustion around a single spherical carbon particle were investigated in a quiescent environment with and without particle entraining.
TL;DR: The Gyeongsang Basin of southeastern Korea contains numerous Cretaceous-early Tertiary (120-40 Ma) granitoid intrusions formed at a convergent plate boundary as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Gyeongsang Basin of southeastern Korea contains numerous Cretaceous-early Tertiary (120–40 Ma) granitoid intrusions formed at a convergent plate boundary. The geotectonic setting is similar to that associated with porphyry-type mineralization elsewhere in the Circumpacific region. However, erosion has removed higher-level economic mineralization and exposed deeper levels of the granitoids, representing the poorly mineralized “bottoms” of porphyry copper systems. The intrusions of the Gyeongsang Basin thus provide a unique opportunity to advance our understanding of magmatic-hydrothermal evolution in the roots of porphyry-type systems, below the level of economic mineralization. The physical and chemical environment during crystallization of the magmas has been characterized through studies of silicate melt and aqueous fluid inclusions in the granitoids. Two different types of silicate melt inclusions were recognized based on occurrence and room-temperature appearance. Type-I inclusions contain one or ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors obtained test data for fongitudinally stiffened steel plates which are quasi-statically cut by a rigid wedge, idealizin the deck or bottom platings in ship collision or grounding, and also derived an empirical formula relating the absorbed energy and cutting length.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to obtain test data for fongitudinally stiffened steel plates which are quasi-statically cut by a rigid wedge, idealizin the deck or bottom platings in ship collision or grounding, and also to derive an empirical formula relating the absorbed energy and cutting length.
TL;DR: In this paper, the Markov chain properties of daily precipitation occurrence, namely, the dependency of the daily precipitation on that of the previous day, have been studied based on the data for 30 years (1956-1985) at 14 stations in South Korea.
Abstract: The Markov chain properties of daily precipitation occurrence, namely, the dependency of the daily precipitation on that of the previous day, are studied based on the daily precipitation data for 30 years (1956–1985) at 14 stations in South Korea. The daily precipitation data at each station were classified into the wet and dry state, and transition probabilities between daily precipitation of two successive days were computed. Then the Markov chain properties and various aspects of daily precipitation occurrence from the Markov chain properties were investigated. The results are as follows: the transition probability of two successive wet days for 30 years at the 14 stations is 0.51, and the statistical tests show that the transitions of daily precipitation occurrence in South Korea can have the Markov chain property and be stationary in time, except at Ullung-do, Seoul, Kangnung, and Mokpo, but heterogeneous in space. The n-step Markov chain analysis shows that the ‘memory’ of the daily precipitation occurrences at 14 stations remains about 2–3 days. The weather cycle is 6.59 days.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of the PEG/PTAd mixing ratio, type of polyether polyols, and hard segment content on the state of dispersion, surface, dynamic, and tensile properties of emulsion-cast film were determined.
Abstract: Aqueous polyurethane (PU) dispersions were prepared from isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polytetramethylene glycol (PTMG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) as anionic center. The effects of the PEG/PTAd mixing ratio, type of polyether polyols, and hard segment content on the state of dispersion, surface, dynamic, and tensile properties of emulsion-cast film were determined. With more incorporation of nonionic hydrophilic PEG, particle size of the emulsion and tensile strength of the emulsion-cast film decreased, while the emulsion viscosity and elongation at break increased. Among ether type polyols, PTMG-based PU generally showed superior mechanical properties. With increasing hard segment content, particle size, storage modulus (E′), and tensile strength increased. At the lowest hard segment content (36 wt %) tested in this experiment, soft segments crystallized and water swell decreased. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
TL;DR: In this article, numerical simulations describing the dynamical and radiative evolution of clumpy supernova ejecta are compared with observations of optical and radio emission knots in supernova remnant (SNR) Cassiopeia A.
Abstract: Numerical simulations describing the dynamical and radiative evolution of clumpy supernova ejecta are compared with observations of optical and radio emission knots in supernova remnant (SNR) Cassiopeia A. Three major phases are identified in the evolution of clumpy ejecta: a bow-shock phase, an instability phase, and a dispersal phase. The phenomenological and radiative signatures of each phase are discussed and compared with multi-epoch measurements of small-scale features in Cas A. Good correspondence is found between theory and observations. Both support the premise that compact radio emission features are controlled more by magnetic field amplification triggered in the instability phase than by in situ acceleration of new relativistic particles.
TL;DR: An attempt was made to isolate the active component of Eriobotrya japonica, which inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenicity in the Salmonella assay system, and an EtOAc fraction was found to be the most effective.
Abstract: An attempt was made to isolate the active component of Eriobotrya japonica, which inhibits aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenicity in the Salmonella assay system. The number of revertants per plate was significantly decreased when a MeOH extract of Eriobotrya japonica was added to the assay system using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 or TA98. Furthermore, we examined the effect of each fraction purified from the MeOH extract, and an EtOAc fraction was found to be the most effective. Ursolic acid isolated from the EtOAc fraction markedly and significantly decreased the numbers of Salmonella typhimurium TA100 revertants per plate, thus showing antimutagenic activity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the bactericidal monomer 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-acrylolyoxydiphenyl ether (AcDP) was synthesized from 2, 4, 4′-thienyl ether and acryoyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine in dry THF at 20°C.
Abstract: The bactericidal monomer 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-acrylolyoxydiphenyl ether (AcDP) was synthesized from 2,4,4′-trichloro-2′-hydroxydiphenyl ether (DP) and acryoyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine in dry THF at 20°C. The synthesized AcDP was indentified by IR, 1H-NMR, and GC-MS spectra. The homopolymer of AcDP was obtained using BPO an an initiator in toluene at 70°C. Copolymer of AcDP and styrene (St) was synthesized with a free radical initiator at 70°C. Poly(AcDP) and poly(AcDP-co-St) were identified by IR and 1H-NMR spectra. The maximum weight average molecualr weight (Mw) of poly(AcDP) and poly(AcDP-co-St)s were 4100 and 11600, respectively. The monomer reactivity ratios, r1 (AcDP) and r2 (St), determined by the Kelen–Tudos method, were 0.16 and 0.33, respectively. The glass transition temperature and decomposition temperature of poly(AcDP) were 73.4°C and 348°C, respectively. The bactericidal activities of AcDP, poly(AcDP), and poly(AcDP-co-St) were studied using agar dish test. The bactericidal activities of AcDP and its polymers as well as DP agianst Pseudomonas Aeruginosa were very excellent compared to those of control polymers such as poly(St) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate). The bactericidal activities were decreased in the order DP > AcDP > poly(AcDP) > poly(AcDP-co-St) Against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) responding simultaneously to lead, copper, and mercury ions has been constructed by incorporating humic acid (HA) into the graphite powder with Nujol oil.
Abstract: The modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) responding simultaneously to lead(II), copper(II), and mercury(II) ions has been constructed by incorporating humic acid (HA) into the graphite powder with Nujol oil. Simple immerging of the electrode into the measuring solution containing these metal ions led to the chemical deposition of the ions onto the electrode through the complexation of the ions with HA. Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) characterized the modified electrode's surfaces. Several cyclings of the potential regenerated the electrode (from more positive than the stripping potential of reduced Hg to more negative than the reduction of Pb(II)ion), which was then used for another deposition. After five deposition/measurement/regeneration cycles, the peak current of voltammograns of the analyte decreased slightly. The response reproduced with a 5.1% relative standard deviation. We also applied ihe differential pulse technique to the previously mentioned system. Here, the detection limit tor Pb(II), Cu(II), and Hg(II) ions were 5.0 × 10−9 M 8.0 × 10−9 M, and 8.0 × 10−9 M, respectively, for 20 minutes of deposition time. After pretreatment of silver(I) ion with KC1, we could not observe any interference by other metal ions on the determination of the test ions in aqueous solution. Satisfactory results were acquired for the determination of the test metal ions in certified standard urine reference material SRM's 2670 (trace elements in urine).
TL;DR: Continuous production of isomalto-oligosaccharides from maltose syrup by the permeabilized cells of Aureobasidium pullulans immobilized into calcium alginate gel was studied using a column reactor.
Abstract: Continuous production of isomalto-oligosaccharides from maltose syrup by the permeabilized cells ofAureobasidium pullulans immobilized into calcium alginate gel was studied using a column reactor. The immobilized cell column maintained its full activity over 45 days when the reactor was operated at a velocity of 0.1 h−1 at 50°C using 60%(w/v) maltose syrup as a substrate, and the maximum productivity achieved was around 60 g/1h.
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase structure and surface morphology of the resultant thin films were directly dependent on the reaction conditions, and the experimental results were explained by hypothesizing that the formation mechanism consists of a "dissolutions-crystallization process".
Abstract: Barium titanate thin films were produced under the hydrothermal conditions, and their formation mechanism was investigated. The phase structure and surface morphology of the resultant films were directly dependent on the reaction conditions. The films that have a reaction time shorter than 8 h below the processing temperature of 150 °C in the 0.8 N Ba(OH)2 solution were composed of compounds with the component ratio m(Ba)/ m(Ti) < 1, and a flower-like surface morphology. With extended reaction time under the higher temperature, the films showed a multiphase structure and a mosaic or island-like surface morphology. In the case of 1.0 N, 1.5 N Ba(OH)2 solution, well-crystallized, monoperovskite BaTiO3 thin films having uniform, mirror-like, and visible-defectless surfaces were produced at a processing temperature of 180 °C after 24 h. The experimental results were explained by hypothesizing that the formation mechanism consists of a “dissolutions-crystallization process”.
TL;DR: The characteristics of a lithium diborate crystal grown by the Czochralski method for critically phase-matched second-harmonic generation (SHG) at a fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm from a pulsed Nd: YAG laser are discussed in this article.
TL;DR: Derives delay-independent exponential stability conditions for linear/nonlinear time-varying discrete delay systems that may provide handy tools for the stability analysis.
Abstract: Derives delay-independent exponential stability conditions for linear/nonlinear time-varying discrete delay systems. Since these conditions are of delay-independence and easily verifiable, they may provide handy tools for the stability analysis. >