Pusan National University

About: Pusan National University is a education organization based out in Busan, South Korea. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Catalysis. The organization has 24124 authors who have published 45054 publications receiving 819356 citations. The organization is also known as: Busan National University & Pusan University.

Cosmological Shock Waves and Their Role in the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe

Abstract: We study the properties of cosmological shock waves identified in high-resolution, N-body/hydrodynamic simulations of a ΛCDM universe and their role on thermalization of gas and acceleration of nonthermal, cosmic-ray (CR) particles. External shocks form around sheets, filaments, and knots of mass distribution when the gas in void regions accretes onto them. Within those nonlinear structures, internal shocks are produced by infall of previously shocked gas to filaments and knots and during subclump mergers, as well as by chaotic flow motions. Due to the low temperature of the accreting gas, the Mach number of external shocks is high, extending up to M ~ 100 or higher. In contrast, internal shocks have mostly low Mach numbers. For all shocks of M ≥ 1.5, the mean distance between shock surfaces over the entire computed volume is ~4 h-1 Mpc at present, or ~1 h-1 Mpc for internal shocks within nonlinear structures. Identified external shocks are more extensive, with their surface area ~2 times larger than that of identified internal shocks at present. However, especially because of higher preshock densities but also due to higher shock speeds, internal shocks dissipate more energy. Hence, the internal shocks are mainly responsible for gas thermalization as well as CR acceleration. In fact, internal shocks with 2 M 4 contribute about one-half of the total dissipation. Using a nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration model for CR protons, we estimate the ratio of CR energy to gas thermal energy dissipated at cosmological shock waves to be about one-half through the history of the universe. Our result supports scenarios in which the intracluster medium contains energetically significant populations of CRs.

Use of a targeted oncolytic poxvirus, JX-594, in patients with refractory primary or metastatic liver cancer: a phase I trial

Abstract: Summary Background JX-594 is a targeted oncolytic poxvirus designed to selectively replicate in and destroy cancer cells with cell-cycle abnormalities and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)- ras pathway activation. Direct oncolysis plus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression also stimulates shutdown of tumour vasculature and antitumoral immunity. We aimed to assess intratumoral injection of JX-594 in patients with refractory primary or metastatic liver cancer. Methods Between Jan 4, 2006, and July 4, 2007, 14 patients with histologically confirmed refractory primary or metastatic liver tumours (up to 10·9 cm total diameter) that were amenable to image-guided intratumoral injections were enrolled into this non-comparative, open-label, phase I dose-escalation trial (standard 3×3 design; two to six patients for each dose with 12–18 estimated total patients). Patients received one of four doses of intratumoral JX-594 (10 8 plaque-forming units [pfu], 3×10 8 pfu, 10 9 pfu, or 3×10 9 pfu) every 3 weeks at Dong-A University Hospital (Busan, South Korea). Patients were monitored after treatment for at least 48 h in hospital and for at least 4 weeks as out-patients. Adverse event-monitoring according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (version 3) and standard laboratory toxicity grading for haematology, liver and renal function, coagulation studies, serum chemistry, and urinalysis were done. The primary aims were to ascertain the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and safety of JX-594 treatment. Data were also collected on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy. Analysis was per protocol. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00629759. Findings Of 22 patients with liver tumours who were assessed for eligibility, eight patients did not meet inclusion criteria. Therefore, 14 patients, including those with hepatocellular, colorectal, melanoma, and lung cancer, were enrolled. Patients were heavily pretreated (5·6 previous treatments, SD 2·8, range 2·0–12·0) and had large tumours (7·0 cm diameter, SD 2·7, range 1·8–10·9). Patients received a mean of 3·4 (SD 2·2, range 1·0–8·0) cycles of JX-594. All patients were evaluable for toxicity. All patients experienced grade I–III flu-like symptoms, and four had transient grade I–III dose-related thrombocytopenia. Grade III hyperbilirubinaemia was dose-limiting in both patients at the highest dose; the MTD was therefore 1×10 9 pfu. JX-594 replication-dependent dissemination in blood was shown, with resultant infection of non-injected tumour sites. GM-CSF expression resulted in grade I–III increases in neutrophil counts in four of six patients at the MTD. Tumour responses were shown in injected and non-injected tumours. Ten patients were radiographically evaluable for objective responses; non-evaluable patients had contraindications to contrast medium (n=2) or no post-treatment scans (n=2). According to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), three patients had partial response, six had stable disease, and one had progressive disease. Interpretation Intratumoral injection of JX-594 into primary or metastatic liver tumours was generally well-tolerated. Direct hyperbilirubinaemia was the dose-limiting toxicity. Safety was acceptable in the context of JX-594 replication, GM-CSF expression, systemic dissemination, and JX-594 had anti-tumoral effects against several refractory carcinomas. Phase II trials are now underway. Funding Jennerex Biotherapeutics (San Francisco, CA, USA) and Green Cross Corporation (Giheung-Gu, Yongin, South Korea).

Centrality dependence of pi, K, and p production in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN)=2.76 TeV

Abstract: In this paper measurements are presented of pi(+/-), K-+/-, p, and (p) over bar production at midrapidity (vertical bar y vertical bar < 0.5), in Pb-Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 2.76 TeV as a function of centrality. The measurement covers the transverse-momentum (p(T)) range from 100, 200, and 300 MeV/c up to 3, 3, and 4.6 GeV/c for pi, K, and p, respectively. The measured p(T) distributions and yields are compared to expectations based on hydrodynamic, thermal and recombination models. The spectral shapes of central collisions show a stronger radial flow than measured at lower energies, which can be described in hydrodynamic models. In peripheral collisions, the p(T) distributions are not well reproduced by hydrodynamic models. Ratios of integrated particle yields are found to be nearly independent of centrality. The yield of protons normalized to pions is a factor similar to 1.5 lower than the expectation from thermal models.