Showing papers by "Queen's University Belfast published in 1984"
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TL;DR: Tips for managing nausea and vomiting: Eat small meals or snacks every 2-3 hours throughout the day instead of three large meals, and keep small portions of your favorite foods on hand.
393 citations
TL;DR: A combination of properties make midazolam a useful addition to the benzodiazepine group, useful for anaesthetic induction in poor-risk, elderly and cardiac patients and suitable for long term infusion as a sedative and amnestic for intensive care.
Abstract: Midazolam is a short-acting water-soluble benzodiazepine (at pH less than 4), a member of a new class of imidazobenzodiazepine derivatives. At physiological pH the drug becomes much more lipid soluble. Water solubility minimises pain on injection and venous thrombosis compared with diazepam administered in organic solvent. Midazolam is a hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and marked amnestic properties. To date it has been used mostly by the intravenous route, for sedation in dentistry and endoscopic procedures and as an adjunct to local anaesthetic techniques. It has proved less reliable than thiopentone, but preferable to diazepam, as an intravenous induction agent and is unlikely to replace the other well established drugs. However, due to the cardiorespiratory stability following its administration, midazolam is useful for anaesthetic induction in poor-risk, elderly and cardiac patients. The short elimination half-life (1.5-3.5h) and the absence of clinically important long acting metabolites make midazolam suitable for long term infusion as a sedative and amnestic for intensive care, but clinical trials have yet to be completed. Thus, a combination of properties make midazolam a useful addition to the benzodiazepine group.
337 citations
323 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Rayleigh scattering cross section for air is calculated from published experimental and theoretical results account being taken of the dispersion of the King correction factor, and the spectral region 0.2 mμ ⩽ λ ⌽ 1.0 mμ is covered.
299 citations
288 citations
224 citations
TL;DR: The longest continuous tree-ring chronology is based on the bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata and Pinus longaeva) growing in the White Mountains of California as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Long tree-ring chronologies provide a unique calendrical record that is of value for archaeological dating, climatic and post-glacial studies. They also form a standard for the calibration of the radiocarbon time scale. The world's longest continuous tree-ring chronology is based on the bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata and Pinus longaeva) growing in the White Mountains of California1–3. The great age of living and sub-fossil trees of this species enabled a continuous tree-ring sequence of 8,681 years to be established, providing absolutely dated wood samples for the first radiocarbon calibration4,5. We have now established an unbroken west European tree-ring sequence spanning the past 7,272 years.
186 citations
166 citations
TL;DR: The reflective nature of the seaward barrier favors the development of zero mode, subharmonic edge waves particularly during long period swells (10−20 s), manifest in the formation of high level cusps as discussed by the authors.
165 citations
152 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-resistance mass transfer model has been developed based on film resistance and homogeneous solid phase diffusion for Basic Blue 69 dye onto silica in a batch adsorption system.
TL;DR: In this article, a random-process model is developed for the turbulent wind with respect to a moving ground vehicle, where the spatial and temporal variations of the wind turbulence component normal to the direction of motion of the vehicle are considered, and numerical results are given for the power spectral density, cross-correlation, square root coherence and phase-lag functions.
TL;DR: An analytical solution for a two resistance mass transfer model explaining the adsorption of Astrazone Blue dye (Basic Blue 69) onto Sorbsil silica has been developed.
Abstract: An analytical solution for a two resistance mass transfer model explaining the adsorption of Astrazone Blue dye (Basic Blue 69) onto Sorbsil silica has been developed. The model includes a film mass transfer coefficient, kf1 = 80 × 10−6cm·s−1, and an internal effective diffusivity, Deff = 18×10−9cm2·s−1 which controls the internal mass transport processes based on a pore diffusion mechanism.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of the second-order Born term and the physical content of this term and methods for its calculation are discussed in detail, as well as its physical properties.
TL;DR: In this article, the design procedures for batch and continuous fixed bed adsorption columns have been investigated for four dyestuffs, namely, CI Acid Blue 25 (Telon Blue Anl, Bayer), CI acid blue 158 (Neolan Blue 29, Ciba Geigy) CI Mordant Yellow 5 (Eriochrome Flavine A, ciba geigy).
Abstract: Chitin has the ability to adsorb substantial quantities of dyestuffs from aqueous solutions. Consequently, it may be a useful adsorbent for effluent treatment from textile mills. The design procedures for batch and continuous fixed bed adsorption columns have been investigated for four dyestuffs, namely, CI Acid Blue 25 (Telon Blue Anl, Bayer), CI Acid Blue 158 (Neolan Blue 29, Ciba Geigy) CI Mordant Yellow 5 (Eriochrome Flavine A, Ciba Geigy), and CI Dirert Red 84 (Solophenyl Brown 3RL, Ciba Geigy). The main fixed bed system variables studied are bed height, dye flow rate, and chitin particle size, and these effects have been incorporated into a simplified design model.
TL;DR: Effects of factors associated with soil acidity on the Trifolium repens-Rhizobium trifolii symbiosis were investigted under laboratory conditions using an axenic solution-culture technique to explain the poor response to inoculation by white clover in acid mineral soils after liming.
Abstract: Effects of factors associated with soil acidity (low pH, low calcium, high aluminium and high manganese) on theTrifolium repens-Rhizobium trifolii symbiosis were investigted under laboratory conditions using an axenic solution-culture technique. 200 μM manganese increased root elongation in the range pH 4.3–5.5, but had no effect on root hair formation, the number of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere, or nodule formation. Root elongation and root hair formation were unaffected at pH 4.3 when 500 or 1000μM calcium was supplied, whereas multiplication of Rhizobium in the rhizosphere and nodulation were inhibited at pH 4.3 and 4.7.50–1000μM calcium had no effect either on the multiplication of Rhizobium in the range pH 4.3–5.5, or on nodule formation in the absence of aluminium.
TL;DR: In this article, evidence of cereal type pollen grains in the pre-elm decline sections of pollen profiles is demonstrated from five sites in Ireland and three in Britain, and it is concluded that cereal cultivation in the British Isles occurred before the traditional beginnings of arable activity as denoted by the elm decline.
TL;DR: There appeared to be a trend towards improved survival in treated babies of 27-29 weeks' gestation, and there were no significant differences in mortality or in the incidence or severity of respiratory distress syndrome between the surfactant-treated and control groups.
TL;DR: It is suggested that a pharmacologically active substance resembling a hormone produced by the tumor increased melanin synthesis in the pigment epithelium and that the increased melanIn content in these cells compromised their ability to phagocytose and maintain normal turnover of photoreceptor outer segments.
TL;DR: Results are in conflict with reports of 'diet-induced thermogenesis' in 'cafeteria'-fed rats and a linear regression of energy retention on ME yielded a slope of 0.78 and a mean energy requirement for zero balance of 510 kJ/kg body- weight0 .75.
Abstract: Male, Sprague-Dawley (Charles-River) rats, of initial weight 272 g, were given a powdered stock diet (T1) ad lib., force-fed a synthetic diet (T2) or offered a range of palatable foods in conjunction with the powdered stock diet (T3) or a similar diet supplemented with certain minerals and vitamins (T4). Metabolizable energy (ME) intake (kJ/d) averaged 303, 453, 402 and 383 for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively and corresponding weight gains were 5.5, 6.9, 8.2 and 7.9 g/d and were significantly different (P less than 0.001). The intakes of T3 and T4 rats ranged from 10 to 60% above the mean value for T1. Crude protein (CP; nitrogen X 6.25) retentions were similar for T1, T3 and T4 rats and significantly lower (P less than 0.01) for T2 rats. Fat retentions were 1.1, 4.1, 2.9 and 2.4 g/d for T1 to T4 respectively (P less than 0.001). The energy contents of the gain (MJ/kg) were 12.7, 26.0, 16.7 and 14.9 for T1 to T4 respectively (P less than 0.001) and energy retentions (kJ/d) were 70, 179, 139 and 117 respectively (P less than 0.001). A linear regression of energy retention (ER) on ME yielded a slope of 0.78 and a mean energy requirement for zero balance of 510 kJ/kg body- weight0 .75. These results are in conflict with reports of 'diet-induced thermogenesis' in 'cafeteria'-fed rats.
TL;DR: In this paper, the elastic scattering of electrons by argon atoms in the impact energy range 0-19 eV was investigated and a critical assessment of earlier theoretical and experimental data is made and the conclusion is reached that the present results are the most satisfactory over the entire energy range considered.
Abstract: Phaseshifts, differential, total and momentum transfer cross sections are calculated using an R-matrix approach for the elastic scattering of electrons by argon atoms in the impact energy range 0-19 eV. The coupled-state calculation is based upon a single-configuration atomic ground-state wavefunction coupled to a 1P pseudostate. A critical assessment of earlier theoretical and experimental data is made and the conclusion is reached that the present results are the most satisfactory over the entire energy range considered.
TL;DR: In this paper, a wide range of experimental holdup data have been analyzed on the basis of the general correlations of Chen & Spedding (1983) and a modified Armand equation was found to be suitable.
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the epithelial–mesenchymal interactions during vertebrate palatogenesis, which is widely recognized that the epithelia of most tissues and organs are dependent upon tissue interactions with the adjacent mesenchyme for their differentiation and morphogenesis.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the epithelial–mesenchymal interactions during vertebrate palatogenesis. During normal development, the palatal epithelium of any vertebrate consists of three distinct regions: nasal, medial, and oral, each with different developmental fates. In most vertebrates, the nasal epithelia differentiate into pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells and the oral epithelia into keratinized stratified squamous cells. However, the fate of the medial edge epithelial cells (MEE) of embryonic palatal shelves varies among different vertebrate species. In mammals, the MEE die; in alligators, they migrate; and in chicks, the MEE keratinize. In each case, the MEE express different and clearly distinguishable phenotypes. It is widely recognized that the epithelia of most tissues and organs are dependent upon tissue interactions with the adjacent mesenchyme for their differentiation and morphogenesis. The differentiation of palatal epithelium could involve epithelial–mesenchymal interactions. However, recent studies have shown that epidermal growth factor influences mouse palatal MEE differentiation via an action on the underlying mesenchyme, so that the role of the mesenchyme in normal MEE differentiation requires reexamination.
TL;DR: The pharmacological evidence is consistent with a neurotransmitter role of acetylcholine, dopamine, dopamine (excitatory), and noradrenaline (inhibitory) and the status of serotonin, which causes a marked stimulation of motility.
TL;DR: La copulation, par elle-meme, n'a pas d'effet sur l'infanticide, mais l'Infanticide est reduit dans the mesure ou le mâle continue a vivre avec la femelle apres.
TL;DR: Muscle atrophy was found at 735 days, at which stage the decreased protein synthetic rate in the soleus was due to a fall in the ribosomal capacity, while that in the EDL was attributable to a decreased synthetic rate per ribosome.
Abstract: Developmental growth and associated changes in protein turnover and nucleic acid concentrations have been studied in four individual skeletal muscles. They have also been related to changes in the whole animal. The growth rates of both fast and slow muscle types progressively diminished from the fetus to old age. Similarly, the fractional rates of protein synthesis (measured in vivo) and breakdown in each muscle type declined with age; the changes in the former correlating with decreases in the ribosomal capacities of the muscles. Throughout, fast muscles possessed lower turnover rates. The mean half-lives of mixed proteins were 12.0, 14.4, 13.5, and 7.2 days in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL), gastrocnemius, diaphragm, and soleus muscles, respectively, 310 days postpartum. Muscle atrophy was found at 735 days, at which stage the decreased protein synthetic rate in the soleus was due to a fall in the ribosomal capacity, while that in the EDL was attributable to a decreased synthetic rate per ribosome.
TL;DR: The sympathetic nervous system has been one of the most studied of the pharmacodynamic processes affecting responsiveness to drugs in old age and those interested in ageing and drug response should examine various aspects of this system.
Abstract: Introduction: The possible effect of ageing on adrenergic mechanisms has been one of the most studied of the pharmacodynamic processes affecting responsiveness to drugs in old age. Drugs may exert their primary effect by acting on the sympathetic nervous system or unwanted drug effects may be the result of perturbation of normal sympathetic nervous system function. Because of the important role of the sympathetic nervous system in drug action, it is not surprising that those interested in ageing and drug response should examine various aspects of this system.