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Showing papers by "RAND Corporation published in 1982"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used covariance structure analysis to test casual relations between latent constructs rather than between observed variables, which is a major methodological contribution to the development and testing of psychological theory in education.
Abstract: : The purposes of this paper were to advance self-concept theory and to present recent methodological advances for doing so. With respect to methodology, the analyses of covariance structure, compared to simply an analysis of correlations, enabled us to test competing models and to understand the origin of the observed correlations. The conclusions that would have been drawn from the correlational data--e.g., multifaceted, hierarchical structure with increasing stability of constructs toward the apex--were modified and clarified on the basis of the analysis of covariance structure--e.g., lack of support for increasing stability. The covariance structure analytical technique also permitted us to test casual relations between latent constructs rather than between observed variables. Casual relationships among constructs, of course, cannot be tested on the basis of zero-order correlations. Clearly the covariance structure technique is a major methodological contribution to the development and testing of psychological theory in education. With respect to self-concept theory, the following conclusions seem warranted on the basis of our sample of 99 middle-class, junior high students and the literature reviewed. Self-concept is a multi-faceted construct. General self-concept can be interpreted as distinct but correlated with academic self-concept. Furthermore, subject-matter specific facets of self-concept can be interpreted as distinct, but correlated with one another and with academic and general self-concept.

875 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
29 Jan 1982-Science
TL;DR: Within Saturn's rings, the "birth" of a spoke has been observed, and surprising azimuthal and time variability is found in the ringlet structure of the outer B ring, leading to speculations about Saturn's internal structure and about the collisional and thermal history of the rings and satellites.
Abstract: Voyager 2 photography has complemented that of Voyager I in revealing many additional characteristics of Saturn and its satellites and rings. Saturn's atmosphere contains persistent oval cloud features reminiscent of features on Jupiter. Smaller irregular features track out a pattern of zonal winds that is symmetric about Saturn's equator and appears to extend to great depth. Winds are predominantly eastward and reach 500 meters per second at the equator. Titan has several haze layers with significantly varying optical properties and a northern polar "collar" that is dark at short wavelengths. Several satellites have been photographed at substantially improved resolution. Enceladus' surface ranges from old, densely cratered terrain to relatively young, uncratered plains crossed by grooves and faults. Tethys has a crater 400 kilometers in diameter whose floor has domed to match Tethys' surface curvature and a deep trench that extends at least 270° around Tethys' circumference. Hyperion is cratered and irregular in shape. Iapetus' bright, trailing hemisphere includes several dark-floored craters, and Phoebe has a very low albedo and rotates in the direction opposite to that of its orbital revolution with a period of 9 hours. Within Saturn's rings, the "birth" of a spoke has been observed, and surprising azimuthal and time variability is found in the ringlet structure of the outer B ring. These observations lead to speculations about Saturn's internal structure and about the collisional and thermal history of the rings and satellites.

847 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that these measures are remarkably accurate indicators of actual weight and height, even in groups of people for whom one might expect the data to be of a poorer quality, such as those who are severely overweight.

491 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of 17 Mexican American women between the ages of 28 and 40 years who came from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, yet succeeded in completing J.D., M. D., and Ph. D. degrees was conducted.
Abstract: This article deals with a study of 17 Mexican American women between the ages of 28 and 40 years who came from lower socioeconomic backgrounds, yet succeeded in completing J. D., M. D., and Ph. D. degrees. The researcher investigated 10 areas of the women's backgrounds ranging from child-rearing practices used by the parents to peer and school variables. The objective of the study was to identify background factors and experiences held in common by the women that may have contributed to their extraordinary educational accomplishments. Among the things found to be most important for these women were the strong models their mothers provided, the emotional support of their families, and the fact that they had attended highly integrated schools.

206 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Polich Jm1
TL;DR: Findings indicate that most types of self-reports are valid, and that broadly based outcome measures are not likely to be significantly biased by underreporting errors.

182 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Naihua Duan1
TL;DR: Four models for human exposure to air pollution are discussed and compared and continuous personal monitoring has the advantage of recording exposure in each microenvironment type separately, allowing direct estimation of the average exposure as well as the variability and distribution of exposures in eachmicroenvironment type.

176 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the average noble metal content of the UG-2 chromitite layer is about 7 ppm; Pt is most abundant, followed by Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir, and Au, in that order.
Abstract: Individual platinum-group elements, as well as Au, Cu, and Ni, were determined in borehole cores of the UG-2 chromitite layer from different localities in the Bushveld Complex. The average noble metal content of the layer is about 7 ppm; Pt is most abundant, followed by Pd, Ru, Rh, Ir, and Au, in that order. Noble metal contents, recalculated to concentration in 100 percent sulfide, are extremely high, which raises questions regarding the distribution coefficients of noble metals in sulfide and silicate melts, and the initial concentrations of the platinum-group elements in Bushveld magmas.More than 6,000 grains of platinum-group minerals were identified qualitatively in polished sections of the ore, the most abundant species being laurite (RuS 2 ), cooperite (PtS), an unnamed Pt-Ir-Rh-Cu sulfide, braggite ([Pt, Pd, Ni]S), an unnamed Pt-Pb-Cu sulfide, vysotskite (PdS), gold, and electrum (Au, Ag) as well as intermetalloids such as Pt-Fe, Pd-Cu, Pd-Pb, and Pd-Hg. Associated base metal sulfides are mainly pentlandite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite. Variation in the platinum-group mineral assemblages can be explained by variations in the fugacity of sulfur between the various localities studied.Compositions of chromite grains show an increase of Fe (super +2) , Fe (super +3) , and Cr upward. Variations in Fe (super +3) /(Fe (super +2) + Fe (super +3) ) (laterally and vertically) may reflect variations in the prevailing fugacity of oxygen.

137 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a tour of an unfamiliar environment through one of two media: a live bus tour along the route or a film shot from inside an automobile driving along a route.
Abstract: Subjects experienced an 8.3-km tour of an unfamiliar environment through one of two media: a live bus tour along the route or a film shot from inside an automobile driving along the route. Subjects also received one of two types of supplementary information (a map that was studied prior to navigation or an oral narrative giving angle and distance information during navigation), or no supplement. After exposure to the environment, all subjects completed tests of landmark knowledge, procedural (route sequence) knowledge, and survey (configural relation) knowledge. Film (simulated navigation) groups performed as well as or better than tour groups on measures of landmark and survey knowledge. On tests of procedural knowledge, film groups were inferior to tour groups in their ability to point in the direction of unseen landmarks. Supplementary information affected only the film groups. Map study enhanced performance on survey knowledge tests but depressed performance on procedural knowledge tests.

123 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors analyzed the USC/DRME Practice Study data to determine if the characteristics of physician patient encounters change with patient age; the only significant change observed was a decline in encounter time for patients 65 years of age and older compared with those 45 through 64 years of Age.
Abstract: The authors analyzed the USC/DRME Practice Study data to determine if the characteristics of physician patient encounters change with patient age. The only significant change observed was a decline in encounter time for patients 65 years of age and older compared with those 45 through 64 years of age. This decrease was significant for raw data and for data weighted for the number of physicians of various types and standardized for complexity of case mix in various age groups, also for both nonhospital and hospital encounters and for almost all classes of encounters. Three types of generalists and four types of medical subspecialists were studied; encounter times for all types were, for patients 65 and older, either the same as or less than those for patients 45 through 64. The observed phenomenon may reflect a conscious decision on the part of some physicians to allot less time to elderly patients. THE PROPORTION of the population that is 65 years of age or older is growing. By the end of the century, this group will account for 12 per cent of the country's citizens, almost half of them being over 75. Little is known about the quality of care provided by physicians to elderly patients. What data there are suggest that it may be less attentive than for younger patients. Existing data on the medical care provided to

87 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: The economic prospects of the elderly during the next few decades are good because of the large work force from the baby-boom cohort but in the distant future a large fraction of the population will be elderly, which will probably lead to a deterioration in their economic status.
Abstract: In the first part of the paper using official data sources, we estimate the real income of the elderly and of the rest of the population during the 1570s. We find that income per household of the elderly has increased more rapidly than income per household of the rest of the population, even though the elderly's fraction of income from work decreased greatly. In the rest of the paper we use the 1969 and 1975 Retirement History Surveys to estimate income, wealth and inflation vulnerability of households whose heads were ages 58 through 63 in 1969. The income data verified the results from the official data. The 1969 wealth data show that a representative person on the eve of retirement has small holdings of financial assets: most of the assets are in housing, Social Security and Medicare. Between 1969 and 1975 real wealth increased slightly on average. There was some tendency for the distribution to tighten. We found that contrary to popular opinion, on average the elderly are not especially vulnerable to a sudden increase in either prices or the rate of inflation. Most of their assets are inflation protected. The wealthy are most vulnerable to inflation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results support the notion of an “attribution-labeling” process rather than a “suggestion” effect, and those who recieved the PPI were more likely to attribute experienced reactions to the drug.
Abstract: Two hundred forty-nine newly diagnosed hypertensive patients prescribed thiazide medication were recruited for study. Two-thirds were given a leaflet or patient package insert (PPI) that described the drug and its possible side effects, and one-third were not. At a revisit about 1 month later, patients were asked whether they had experienced any of 17 different “health problems.” For each problem that they experienced, they were asked whether they thought the problem was related to the medicine they were taking. Ten of the health problems were taken verbatim from the PPI's list of possible drug side effects. Patients who received the PPI reported experiencing about the same number of side effects as the non-PPI subjects. However, those who recieved the PPI were more likely to attribute experienced reactions to the drug. This was true both for reactions specifically listed in the PPI and for similar reactions not listed. Results support the notion of an “attribution-labeling” process rather than a “suggestion” effect.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A framework for examining structural and outcome studies indicates that GAUs can provide important positive impacts on health care for the elderly, including more thorough diagnoses, improved levels of physical and psychological functioning, and better placement decisions.
Abstract: Specialized geriatric assessment units (GAUs) have been established across North America in response to the growing recognition of the many unmet needs of the frail elderly and the conviction that GAUs can have major beneficial impacts. Although their structures and objectives vary considerably, GAUs are generally designed to comprehensively assess elderly patients' medical and psychosocial problems, to determine optimal placement, and often to provide therapy and rehabilitation. We offer a framework for examining structural and outcome studies indicates that GAUs can provide important positive impacts on health care for the elderly, including more thorough diagnoses, improved levels of physical and psychological functioning, and better placement decisions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Proposals for more price competition in medical services delivery have arisen on both sides of the Atlantic and may have to be altered in other institutional contexts for brevity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This procedure, designed for use in New York City's computed-aided Management Information and Control System, makes good initial dispatch decisions at all alarm rates and uses response times to serious fires to measure performance and recognizes that the dispatcher has incomplete information about the seriousness of the incident when the decision is made.
Abstract: In response to an incoming fire alarm, someone must decide how many and which engine and ladder companies firefighters and their apparatus to dispatch to the scene. Traditional dispatching policies assume that all of the designated companies are available at the time the alarm is received. These policies do not consider the workload imposed on firefighters, and do not work well at the high alarm rates now characteristic of parts of large cities. Our procedure, designed for use in New York City's computed-aided Management Information and Control System, makes good initial dispatch decisions at all alarm rates. It uses response times to serious fires to measure performance and recognizes that the dispatcher has incomplete information about the seriousness of the incident when the decision is made. A simulation comparison of our procedure with the traditional policy was made using actual incidents from July 1972. Our procedure reduced the average second engine and second ladder response times to serious fires by 25 to 45 seconds, while keeping total workload essentially unchanged. This reduction, which is about 10-15% of the five and a half minutes obtained for the traditional policy, results primarily from our procedure's deciding how many to send based on historical information on the chance that an alarm from a given location at a given time of day is serious. For example, the fraction of fires in occupied structures getting an initial second engine rose from 65% with the traditional policy to 85% with our procedure, although both policies sent an initial second engine to the same fraction of all incidents. Our procedure also reduced the number of relocations of engine companies and ladder companies substantially. The approach we used should be valuable in the design of computer-aided dispatching systems in other cities. In particular, others may find it helpful to review the way in which the objective function is developed, the way particular aspects of the dispatch problem are treated, the provision of several parameters for tuning behavior, and features of the simulation testing.

Book
Mark Boléat1
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: Building Societies: The Future of Building Societies as mentioned in this paper is an overview of the future of building societies and their role in the saving market and the European Community and Housing Finance.
Abstract: List of Tables Preface to The First Edition Preface to The Second Edition Part 1: Description and Analysis 1. An Introduction to Building Societies 2. Building Societies and the Saving Market 3. Building societies and the Housing Market 4. The Financial Management of Building Societies 5. Rates of Interest and Levels of Activity Part 2: Policy 6. Building Societies and Housing Policy 7. The Determination and Control of House Prices 8. Building Societies and Housing Initiatives 9. Sources of Funds 10. Competition in the Retail Savings Market 11. Building Societies and Monetary Policy 12. Prudential Supervision 13. Building Societies and Taxation 14. Collective Arrangements and Interest Rates 15. The European Community and Housing Finance 16. New Legislation 17. Building Societies: The Future. Bibliography. Index.

Journal ArticleDOI
Rosalie A. Kane1
TL;DR: It is shown that the health care system suffers from an overdose of the medical model, and social workers often enter health settings socialized to address themedical model as the enemy and supplant it with a social model of care.
Abstract: That the health care system suffers from an overdose of the medical model has become an article of faith for social workers in the health field. This medi cal model is commonly blamed for the depersonalization and fragmentation in the American way of medical care. Al though the concept is seldom well defined, social workers often enter health settings socialized to address the medical model as the enemy and de termined to supplant it with a social model of care.

Proceedings Article
18 Aug 1982
TL;DR: A framework for distributed problem solving is presented that describes some of the expertise an agent working in an multi-agent environment must have and an application of the framework to the domain of air-traffic control is discussed.
Abstract: Situations in which several agents must interact to achieve goals present difficulties of coordination and cooperation not found in single-agent problem solving contexts. Techniques for coordination and cooperation required in group problem solving are not well understood because most AI models deal with cases in which problems are solved by a single agent. In this paper we present a framework for distributed problem solving that describes some of the expertise an agent working in an multi-agent environment must have. An application of the framework to the domain of air-traffic control is discussed. Here each aircraft is viewed as an agent that must cooperate with others to achieve a conflict-free plan.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a general framework for the analysis of education finance reforms is developed for analyzing the effects of demand shifts on education input prices, and a model for the supply of different types of teachers and an optimization model of the school district which maximizes a general welfare function subject to production function and budget constraints.


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: Although the past 20 years seem to indicate that modeling for public policymaking has not been very successful, as better decision support systems and other user-friendly computer systems are developed, analysts, policymakers, and staff members will have an opportunity to work more closely throughout the whole process from problem definition to implementation.
Abstract: Although the past 20 years seem to indicate that modeling for public policymaking has not been very successful, as better decision support systems and other user-friendly computer systems are developed, analysts, policymakers, and staff members will have an opportunity to work more closely throughout the whole process from problem definition to implementation. Policy analysts will be in greater demand in government and as consultants to government agencies.

Patent
Thomas J. Breen1
30 Sep 1982
TL;DR: A tamper-resisting negotiable instrument is described in this article, which includes a stack of transparent first web having one surface adapted to receive images; a second, removable web, having an image transferring means the one surface in contact with the one, image receiving surface of the first web; and a third removable web including an area capable of visualizing images on its surface facing the second web.
Abstract: A tamper-resisting negotiable instrument, its method of manufacture and use are disclosed. The instrument includes a stack of webs comprising a substantially transparent first web having one surface adapted to receive images; a second, removable web, having an image transferring means the one surface in contact with the one, image receiving surface of the first web; and a third removable web including an area capable of visualizing images on its surface facing the second web. Inscription of an image against the surface of the top web in the stack transfers the image from the image transferring means of the second web to the surface of the first web adapted for receiving images and also to the image visualizing area of the third web. Removal of the second web thereafter permits visual inspection of the transferred images, which are superimposed if there has been no tampering.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data from a retrospective survey are used to analyse trends in the fertility of Peninsular Malaysia's three main ethnic groups, Malays, Chinese and Indians, and ethnic differences in the way these components have changed over time are more pronounced than differences in completed fertility.
Abstract: Data from a retrospective survey are used to analyse trends in the fertility of Peninsular Malaysia's three main ethnic groups, Malays, Chinese and Indians. Though imperfect, these data allow a comparison of the fertility experience of birth cohorts of women who were in their childbearing years during two decades of rapid social change. Two components of the birth interval, post-partum amenorrhoea and the menstruating interval, and proximate determinants of these two components, breast-feeding and contraceptive use, are considered. Ethnic differences in the way these components have changed over time are more pronounced than differences in completed fertility, primarily because Malay women breast-fed longer then women of Chinese origin, while the latter were more likely to use modern contraceptives.


Proceedings Article
18 Aug 1982
TL;DR: A program called SWIRL designed for simulating military air battles between offensive and defensive forces is described, written in an object-oriented language (ROSS) where the knowledge base consists of a set of objects and their associated behaviors.
Abstract: We describe a program called SWIRL designed for simulating military air battles between offensive and defensive forces. SWIRL is written in an object-oriented language (ROSS) where the knowledge base consists of a set of objects and their associated behaviors. We discuss some of the problems we encountered in designing SWIRL and present our approaches to them.

Book ChapterDOI
05 Apr 1982

ReportDOI
TL;DR: The inflation experience of the elderly from 1961-1981 was quite similar to the general population, both cumulatively and year-by-year, according to the Consumer Price Index.
Abstract: This paper presents new evidence on cost-of-living indices and annual inflation rates for the elderly population as well as the general population. It employs a now fairly widely accepted adjustment for the inappropriate treatment of housing in the Consumer Price Index. We disaggregate by five-year age cohorts for the elderly, and analyze various features of the differences in the inflation faced by the elderly and the general population, as well as within the elderly group itself. We conclude that, conditional on a housing adjustment, the inflation experience of the elderly from 1961-1981 was quite similar to the general population, both cumulatively and year-by-year.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The study has sought to address questions of health care financing by analyzing existing data and by conducting an experiment.
Abstract: THIS PAPER provides a brief overview of the objectives, study design, and progress to date of the Rand Health Insurance Study. This study, which began in 1974, is being carried out under a grant from the Department of Health and Human Services to the Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, California, by a team of physicians, economists, statisticians, psychologists and other personnel. The study has sought to address questions of health care financing by analyzing existing data and by conducting an experiment. As part of the experiment, the National Opinion Research Center is conducting household interviews and gathering self-administered questionnaire data; Glen Slaughter and Associates, a health and welfare plan administrator, is processing claim forms and providing a wide range of administrative services; and the Health Testing Institute is conducting medical screening examinations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify those factors that a creative, innovative administrator can use to advantage in a period of fiscal constraints to bring about innovation and also identify types of innovations that are likely to succeed.
Abstract: Beginning in the mid-1970s, fiscal limitation laws, shrinking revenue bases in older cities, and reductions in state and federal grants all have reduced the resources available to carry out the functions of local government. What do these changes portend for the amount of innovation in local government, the types of innovations that are introduced, and the processes of introduction? This paper examines these questions by reviewing the literature on factors related to innovation in public service agencies and reorienting its implications in the new fiscal environment. We conclude that on the whole the innovative process in the public sector has fallen on hard times. Yet, we identify those factors that a creative, innovative administrator can use to advantage in a period of fiscal constraints to bring about innovation. We also identify types of innovations that are likely to succeed.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1982
TL;DR: This report describes the current status of a Portable LISP Compiler used with great success to compile Standard LISp on a variety of machines.
Abstract: This report describes the current status of a Portable LISP Compiler used with great success to compile Standard LISP on a variety of machines. It has also been used to provide a portable implementation base for a new LISP (PSL) on the DECSystem 20 and VAX.