Institution
RAND Corporation
Nonprofit•Santa Monica, California, United States•
About: RAND Corporation is a nonprofit organization based out in Santa Monica, California, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Health care. The organization has 9602 authors who have published 18570 publications receiving 744658 citations.
Topics: Population, Health care, Poison control, Mental health, Public health
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
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TL;DR: A standardized 10-session cognitive-behavioral group intervention can significantly decrease symptoms of PTSD and depression in students who are exposed to violence and can be effectively delivered on school campuses by trained school-based mental health clinicians.
Abstract: ContextNo randomized controlled studies have been conducted to date on the
effectiveness of psychological interventions for children with symptoms of
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) that has resulted from personally witnessing
or being personally exposed to violenceObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of a collaboratively designed school-based
intervention for reducing children's symptoms of PTSD and depression that
has resulted from exposure to violenceDesignA randomized controlled trial conducted during the 2001-2002 academic
yearSetting and ParticipantsSixth-grade students at 2 large middle schools in Los Angeles who reported
exposure to violence and had clinical levels of symptoms of PTSDInterventionStudents were randomly assigned to a 10-session standardized cognitive-behavioral
therapy (the Cognitive-Behavioral Intervention for Trauma in Schools) early
intervention group (n = 61) or to a wait-list delayed intervention comparison
group (n = 65) conducted by trained school mental health cliniciansMain Outcome MeasuresStudents were assessed before the intervention and 3 months after the
intervention on measures assessing child-reported symptoms of PTSD (Child
PTSD Symptom Scale; range, 0-51 points) and depression (Child Depression Inventory;
range, 0-52 points), parent-reported psychosocial dysfunction (Pediatric Symptom
Checklist; range, 0-70 points), and teacher-reported classroom problems using
the Teacher-Child Rating Scale (acting out, shyness/anxiousness, and learning
problems; range of subscales, 6-30 points)ResultsCompared with the wait-list delayed intervention group (no intervention),
after 3 months of intervention students who were randomly assigned to the
early intervention group had significantly lower scores on symptoms of PTSD
(89 vs 155, adjusted mean difference, − 70; 95% confidence interval
[CI], − 108 to − 32), depression (94 vs 127, adjusted mean
difference, − 34; 95% CI, − 65 to − 04), and psychosocial
dysfunction (125 vs 165, adjusted mean difference, − 64; 95% CI,
–104 to –23) Adjusted mean differences between the 2 groups
at 3 months did not show significant differences for teacher-reported classroom
problems in acting out (−10; 95% CI, –25 to 05), shyness/anxiousness
(01; 95% CI, –15 to 17), and learning (−11, 95% CI, –29
to 08) At 6 months, after both groups had received the intervention, the
differences between the 2 groups were not significantly different for symptoms
of PTSD and depression; showed similar ratings for psychosocial function;
and teachers did not report significant differences in classroom behaviorsConclusionA standardized 10-session cognitive-behavioral group intervention can
significantly decrease symptoms of PTSD and depression in students who are
exposed to violence and can be effectively delivered on school campuses by
trained school-based mental health clinicians
600 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide statistical methods that allow the association of socioeconomic status and health to be partially unraveled in panel data by excluding some postulated causal paths, or delimiting their range of action.
595 citations
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University of Arizona1, California Institute of Technology2, New Mexico State University3, Russian Academy of Sciences4, Jet Propulsion Laboratory5, NASA Headquarters6, Cornell University7, Ames Research Center8, RAND Corporation9, University of Toronto10, Logica11, University of Wisconsin-Madison12, State University of New York System13, Stanford University14, University of Hawaii15
TL;DR: New Voyager 2 images of Neptune reveal a windy planet characterized by bright clouds of methane ice suspended in an exceptionally clear atmosphere above a lower deck of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia ices, dominated by a large anticyclonic storm system that has been named the Great Dark Spot.
Abstract: Voyager 2 images of Neptune reveal a windy planet characterized by bright clouds of methane ice suspended in an exceptionally clear atmosphere above a lower deck of hydrogen sulfide or ammonia ices. Neptune's atmosphere is dominated by a large anticyclonic storm system that has been named the Great Dark Spot (GDS). About the same size as Earth in extent, the GDS bears both many similarities and some differences to the Great Red Spot of Jupiter. Neptune's zonal wind profile is remarkably similar to that of Uranus. Neptune has three major rings at radii of 42,000, 53,000, and 63,000 kilometers. The outer ring contains three higher density arc-like segments that were apparently responsible for most of the ground-based occultation events observed during the current decade. Like the rings of Uranus, the Neptune rings are composed of very dark material; unlike that of Uranus, the Neptune system is very dusty. Six new regular satellites were found, with dark surfaces and radii ranging from 200 to 25 kilometers. All lie inside the orbit of Triton and the inner four are located within the ring system. Triton is seen to be a differentiated body, with a radius of 1350 kilometers and a density of 2.1 grams per cubic centimeter; it exhibits clear evidence of early episodes of surface melting. A now rigid crust of what is probably water ice is overlain with a brilliant coating of nitrogen frost, slightly darkened and reddened with organic polymer material. Streaks of organic polymer suggest seasonal winds strong enough to move particles of micrometer size or larger, once they become airborne. At least two active plumes were seen, carrying dark material 8 kilometers above the surface before being transported downstream by high level winds. The plumes may be driven by solar heating and the subsequent violent vaporization of subsurface nitrogen.
587 citations
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TL;DR: Reliability and validity of an instrument to measure health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in epilepsy showed that the epilepsy‐targeted factor and three of its four component scales were more sensitive to categorization of patients by severity of seizure frequency and type than scales tapping physical health, mental health, or cognitive function.
Abstract: We developed an instrument to measure health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in epilepsy. A 99-item inventory was constructed from the RAND 36-Item Health Survey (generic core), with 9 additional generic items, 48 epilepsy-targeted items, and 6 other items concerning attitudes toward epilepsy and self-esteem. We administered the 99-item inventory to 304 adults with epilepsy at 25 epilepsy centers. Patients and patient-designated proxies completed the inventory and were retested 1-91 days later. A multitrait scaling analysis of these data led to retention of 86 items distributed in 17 multiitem scales (Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.78 to 0.92). Factor analysis of the 17 multiitem scales yielded four underlying dimensions of health: an epilepsy-targeted dimension, a cognitive factor, mental health, and physical health. Construct validity was supported by significant patient-proxy correlations for all scales and correlations between neuropsychologic tests and self-reported emotional and cognitive function (all p values < 0.05). There were significant negative correlations between the four factor scores derived from the HRQOL scales and neurotoxicity, systemic toxicity, and health care utilization (except for the correlation between mental health factor and health care utilization; all p values < 0.05). Patients who were seizure-free in the preceding year reported better HRQOL for the overall score, three of the four factor scores, and 8 of the 17 scale scores than did patients with a high frequency of seizures. Relative validity analysis showed that the epilepsy-targeted factor and three of its four component scales were more sensitive to categorization of patients by severity of seizure frequency and type than scales tapping physical health, mental health, or cognitive function. These cross-sectional data support the reliability and validity of this measure of HRQOL in epilepsy. The addition of an epilepsy-targeted supplement to the generic core improved the sensitivity to severity of epilepsy. The 86 items included in the field testing were supplemented by three additional items to form the Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-89) inventory.
584 citations
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TL;DR: Deficits in the quality of care provided to children appear to be similar in magnitude to those previously reported for adults and strategies to reduce these apparent deficits are needed.
Abstract: Methods We assessed the extent to which care processes recommended for pediatric outpatients are delivered. Quality indicators were developed with the use of the RAND– UCLA modified Delphi method. Parents of 1536 children who were randomly selected from 12 metropolitan areas provided written informed consent to obtain medical records from all providers who had seen the children during the 2-year period before the date of study recruitment. Trained nurses abstracted these medical records. Composite quality scores were calculated by dividing the number of times indicated care was documented as having been ordered or delivered by the number of times a care process was indicated. Results On average, according to data in the medical records, children in the study received 46.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 44.5 to 48.4) of the indicated care. They received 67.6% (95% CI, 63.9 to 71.3) of the indicated care for acute medical problems, 53.4% (95% CI, 50.0 to 56.8) of the indicated care for chronic medical conditions, and 40.7% (95% CI, 38.1 to 43.4) of the indicated preventive care. Quality varied according to the clinical area, with the rate of adherence to indicated care ranging from 92.0% (95% CI, 89.9 to 94.1) for upper respiratory tract infections to 34.5% (95% CI, 31.0 to 37.9) for preventive services for adolescents. Conclusions Deficits in the quality of care provided to children appear to be similar in magnitude to those previously reported for adults. Strategies to reduce these apparent deficits are needed.
584 citations
Authors
Showing all 9660 results
Name | H-index | Papers | Citations |
---|---|---|---|
Darien Wood | 160 | 2174 | 136596 |
Herbert A. Simon | 157 | 745 | 194597 |
Ron D. Hays | 135 | 781 | 82285 |
Paul G. Shekelle | 132 | 601 | 101639 |
John E. Ware | 121 | 327 | 134031 |
Linda Darling-Hammond | 109 | 374 | 59518 |
Robert H. Brook | 105 | 571 | 43743 |
Clifford Y. Ko | 104 | 514 | 37029 |
Lotfi A. Zadeh | 104 | 331 | 148857 |
Claudio Ronco | 102 | 1312 | 72828 |
Joseph P. Newhouse | 101 | 484 | 47711 |
Kenneth B. Wells | 100 | 484 | 47479 |
Moyses Szklo | 99 | 428 | 47487 |
Alan M. Zaslavsky | 98 | 444 | 58335 |
Graham J. Hutchings | 97 | 995 | 44270 |