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Showing papers by "Raytheon published in 1984"


Journal ArticleDOI
William C. Brown1
TL;DR: The history of power transmission by radiowaves is reviewed from Heinrich Hertz to the present time with emphasis upon the free-space microwave power transmission era beginning in 1958 as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The history of power transmission by radiowaves is reviewed from Heinrich Hertz to the present time with emphasis upon the free-space microwave power transmission era beginning in 1958. The history of the technology is developed in terms of its relationship to the intended applications. These include microwave powered aircraft and the Solar Power Satellite concept.

1,562 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
J.M. Osepchuk1
TL;DR: The development of microwave heating applications is reviewed in this article, with a focus on the application of lower RF frequencies to induction and dielectric heating, followed by a broadening of interest to include scientific and industrial applications.
Abstract: The development of microwave heating applications is reviewed. This field has followed the earlier application of lower RF frequencies to induction and dielectric heating. Serious activity began after World War II, directed towards a microwave oven for commercial and residential use. The broadening of interest to include scientific and industrial applications followed in the early sixties as new markets for microwave power sources were sought. The creation of the International Microwave Power Institute was one result. The marketing of a countertop microwave oven for consumers gave birth to the economically important oven business in the sixties. The growth of this field has been marked, perhaps slowed, by a series of sociotechnical events questioning the safety of microwave exposure near high-power microwave systems. Although some of this has receded, a problem of public education remains for those who will expand this field. The future development of this field will exploit a broader number of operating frequencies and will be ultimately limited by environmental regulations related to electromagnetic compatibility (or RFl), rather than safe exposure of biological tissue.

253 citations


Patent
31 Dec 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, a radio frequency antenna is provided comprising of a waveguide section, a planar microwave circuit, and a strip conductor feed separated from a ground plane conductor by a dielectric.
Abstract: A radio frequency antenna is provided comprising: a waveguide section; first means for establishing radio frequency energy in such waveguide section having a first linear polarization with an electric field disposed normal to opposing wide walls of the waveguide section; a planar microwave circuit means, for establishing a second linear polarization having an electric field disposed perpendicular to the electric field of the first linear polarization, such microwave circuit means being disposed within the waveguide between the wide walls and relative to the feed means to provide the first linear polarization and the second linear polarization with substantially coincident phase centers. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the microwave circuit means includes a strip conductor feed separated from a ground plane conductor by a dielectric, such ground plane conductor having a notch formed therein and fed by the strip conductor. More particularly, the dielectric is a planar sheet of dielectric material having the ground plane conductor formed on one surface thereof and the strip conductor feed formed on the other surface thereof. The first feed means launches the first linearly polarized energy with the electric field disposed in the E-plane of the waveguide and the planar dielectric sheet is disposed in the H-plane of the waveguide. The first feed means and the strip line feed are feed signals having a ninety degree phase shift therebetween. With such arrangement, a relatively simple feed structure is provided.

156 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For over six years Raytheon's Missile Systems Division, Information Processing Systems Organization has used a successful approach in developing and maintaining business software that has resulted in significant gains in productivity and reliability and improved end-user relations, while providing better utilization of data processing personnel.
Abstract: For over six years Raytheon's Missile Systems Division, Information Processing Systems Organization has used a successful approach in developing and maintaining business software. The approach centers on the fact that 60 percent of all business application designs and code are redundant and can be standardized and reused. This approach has resulted in significant gains in productivity and reliability and improved end-user relations, while providing better utilization of data processing personnel, primarily in the maintenance phase of the software life cycle.

130 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new circuit concept which significantly improves the power-handling capability of a traveling-wave amplifier by coupling the active devices to the input gate line through discrete series capacitors is described.
Abstract: A new circuit concept which significantly improves the power-handling capability of a traveling-wave amplifier by coupling the active devices to the input gate line through discrete series capacitors is described. The approach is applied to a 1-W, 2-8-GHz monolithic amplifier design.

126 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A coherent Doppler lidar has been used in an aircraft to measure the two-dimensional wind field in a number of different atmospheric situations as discussed by the authors, including flights in California, in Oklahoma at the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and in Montana at the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment.
Abstract: A coherent Doppler lidar has been used in an aircraft to measure the two-dimensional wind field in a number of different atmospheric situations. The lidar, a pulsed CO2 system, was installed in the NASA Convair 990, Galileo II, and flown in a summer field program that included flights in California, in Oklahoma at the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and in Montana at the Cooperative Convective Precipitation Experiment (CCOPE). This paper provides a brief description of the instrumentation and summarizes the research flights. Examples of some of the results are given along with plans for future use of the lidar.

87 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an analysis of a low-noise dielectric resonator GaAs FET oscillator in a frequency-locked loop (FLL), which is used for FM noise degeneration.
Abstract: This paper presents an analysis of a low-noise dielectric resonator GaAs FET oscillator in a frequency-locked loop (FLL), which is used for FM noise degeneration. In this circuit, one resonator serves both as the frequency-determining element of the oscillator and as the dispersive element of the discriminator. The results of the analysis are used to generate design guidelines. These guidelines were followed in an experimental realization of an X-band circuit. The measured FM noise was--120 and--142 dBc/Hz at 10- and 100-kHz offset frequencies, respectively, and corresponded closely to predicted results.

86 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
F. Nesline1, P. Zarchan1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate the importance of analyzing proposed modern control system designs with classical frequency response techniques and show how these problems can be solved so that modern control methods will be more useful to practical'control system designers.
Abstract: This paper demonstrates the importance of analyzing proposed modern control system designs with classical frequency response techniques. When classical constraints such as open-loop crossover frequency are ignored, apparently robust modern control designs may go unstable for relatively innocuous plant perturbations. Modern control system designs of successively more complex plants are analyzed to reveal some problems that may occur in the design of real systems and to show how these problems can be solved so that modern control methods will be more useful to practical'control system designers.

77 citations


Patent
30 Oct 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, variable length instruction and data words composed of multiple bytes are stored in a block of addressable locations in a memory so that individual bytes of each word are aligned in columns.
Abstract: A random access memory having the capability to access one or more bytes in one or more memory word locations of a multi-byte memory array within one memory cycle. Variable length instruction and data words composed of multiple bytes are stored in a block of addressable locations in a memory so that individual bytes of each word are aligned in columns. Each column of bytes is addressable independently of the other byte columns via adders. A most significant bit portion of a memory location address is fed into a first input of column adders and the output of a first decoder circuit is fed into a second input of the adders for address incrementing within one memory cycle. A second decoder circuit generates a separate read or write enable line to each column of bytes. Both decoders are controlled by a least significant bit portion of the memory address and reference word byte size codes. A bi-directional multiplexer rearranges the order of the bytes so they appear in the proper order at the memory interface.

68 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
06 Jun 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the nature and sources of these limits and present numerical examples to illustrate what kinds of numbers are required to achieve successful radar homing with an autopilot.
Abstract: When an aerodynamically controlled missile is used in a homing application, the transfer function of the vehicle becomes part of an overall homing and attitude control feedback loop. Therefore, the missile must be designed so that its aerodynamics meet the constraints required to accomplish homing successfully. For radar homing, these constraints are stringent enough to require an autopilot that controls the aerodynamic transfer function using body instruments and internal feedback loops. Even with an autopilot, there are limits on the aerodynamic moment parameters such as M ? and M ? that must be considered at the very beginning of the missile system design. This paper explores the nature and sources of these limits and presents numerical examples to illustrate what kinds of numbers are required.

66 citations


Patent
Raymond S. Kasevich1
24 Apr 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, a system for in situ heating of oil shale by radiating electromagnetic wave energy from a dipole radiator positioned beneath an overburden in a body of coal seams is described.
Abstract: A system for in situ heating of oil shale by radiating electromagnetic wave energy from a dipole radiator positioned beneath an overburden in a body of oil shale. Radio frequency power is supplied from the surface through a transmission line to the radiator dipoles whose diameters are substantially greater than the spacing between the transmission line conductors. The dipole radiator is center fed by the transmission line through a reentrant choke structure substantially filled with a solid dielectric medium and concentric with one of said dipole elements.

Patent
Yalcin Ayasli1
12 Mar 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, a T-configuration of field effect transistors (FETs) is presented, which is selectively configurable as a high pass and low pass filter.
Abstract: A network is provided which is selectively configurable as a high pass and low pass filter. A pair of sets of field effect transistors FETS is provided, each set comprising three FETS connected in a T-configuration. A pair of the FETS in each set have a drain electrode of one FET coupled to the source electrode of the other FET to provide a series element of the T-configured set. The third FET has drain and source electrodes coupled between the common connection of the pair of FETS and ground to form a shunt element of the T-configured set. The gate electrodes of the series elements of a first one of the sets of FETS and the shunt element of the other set of the FETS are each fed a common control voltage signal. A first one of the sets of FETS is capacitively coupled between the input and output terminals of the network, and the second one of the set of FETS is inductively coupled between the input and output terminals of the network. One of a pair of complementary control signals is fed to each one of the gate electrodes of the FETS, and in response to a first state of said pair of control signals, the network is configured to provide a low pass filter having a first predetermined phase shift characteristic as a function of frequency over a predetermined operating frequency range. In response to a second, different set of said control signals, the network is reconfigured to provide a high pass filter section having a second, different predetermined phase shift characteristic as a function of frequency range. The difference in phase characteristics of the network configured as a low pass filter and a high pass filter is provided to be substantially constant over the predetermined frequency range, thereby providing a single phase shift bit.

Patent
Ayasli Yalcin1
16 Apr 1984
TL;DR: In this article, a distributed power amplifier includes a plurality of field effect transistors (FETS), each one of such FETS having gate, drain and source electrodes, such FET having cascaded gate electrodes and cascaded drain electrodes successively coupled between an input terminal and an output terminal.
Abstract: A distributed power amplifier includes a plurality of field effect transistors (FETS), each one of such FETS having gate, drain and source electrodes, such FETS having cascaded gate electrodes and cascaded drain electrodes successively coupled between an input terminal and an output terminal. The gate electrode of each one of the successively coupled FETS is coupled to the input terminal through a corresponding one of a plurality of capacitors, and a common bias source through one of a corresponding plurality of high impedance bias paths. Since the gate electrodes of each FET are coupled to the input terminal through a capacitor, the coupling capacitor in combination with the inherent capacitance of each FET provides a potential divider into each gate electrode. Therefore, the power fed to each gate electrode is selected by selecting the value of capacitance for the coupling capacitors. In an alternate embodiment, a pair of sets of such capacitively coupled FETS is provided with the drain electrodes of each set of such FETS being coupled to a common output r.f. transmission line.

Journal ArticleDOI
M.H. Weiler1, Y. Ayasli
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed models for the dc I-V curves and microwave small-signal parameters of the high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) and compared the results with measured data for HEMT's as well as for a similar GaAs FET with 0.35-µm gate length.
Abstract: Models are developed for the dc I-V curves and microwave small-signal parameters of the Al x Ga 1-x As/GaAs heterojunction field-effect transistor, called the high electron mobility transistor (HEMT). An analytic velocity versus field model is used, along with the exact variation with density of the GaAs two-dimensional electron gas Fermi level. A numerical integration is used to obtain the drain voltage for a given gate voltage and source-drain current. The resulting I-V curves are in excellent agreement with the experimental data from four different groups. This model is also used to calculate the transconductance and gate capacitance, and a model is developed for the source resistance. These are used to calculate f_{\max} , the maximum frequency of oscillation, for a range of values of gate length, of AlGaAs alloy composition and doping, and of the thickness of the undoped A1GaAs spacer layer. The results are compared with measured data for HEMT's as well as for a similar GaAs FET with 0.35-µm gate length.

Patent
13 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, an article of manufacture is provided comprising a polycrystalline cubic aluminum oxynitride having a density of at least 98% of theoretical density, and being transparent to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 0.3 to 5 micrometers with an in-line transmission of 20% in this range.
Abstract: An article of manufacture is provided comprising a polycrystalline cubic aluminum oxynitride having a density of at least 98% of theoretical density, and being transparent to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 0.3 to 5 micrometers with an in-line transmission of at least 20% in this range. A method of preparing the optically transparent aluminum oxynitride is also provided comprising the steps of forming a green body of substantially homogeneous aluminum oxynitride powder and pressureless sintering said green body in a nitrogen atmosphere and in the presence of predetermined additives which enhance the sintering process. Preferred additives are boron and yttrium in elemental or compound form.

Journal ArticleDOI
Mike W. Fossier1
TL;DR: The development of continuous wave radar homing guided missiles, which were pioneered at Raytheon Company, form an impressive subset of all homing missiles, with nearly 100,000 air and surface-launched versions produced to date and deployed in some two dozen countries worldwide.
Abstract: Introduction S World War II, guided missiles have played an increasingly important role in warfare. Earlier papers in this series' reviewed the development of the inertial guidance systems that made possible the accurate delivery of long-range ballistic (and other) missiles for which the target is a known set of Earth coordinates. These systems are not suitable for guidance of missiles against unpredictable targets such as maneuvering aircraft, which requires an ability to sense the target location in real time and respond to rapid changes. To accomplish this, modern air defense missiles use homing guidance, in which an on-board sensor provides the target data on which the guidance is based. Because of the continually improving quality of target information as the missile closes in, homing guidance provides an accuracy that is unmatched by any other form qf missile guidance. This paper is not a comprehensive history of its subject. Rather, it is a summary of the author's first-hand experience, covering the development of continuous wave (CW) radar homing guided missiles, which were pioneered at Raytheon Company. They form an impressive subset of all homing missiles, .with nearly 100,000 airand surface-launched versions produced to date and deployed in some two dozen countries worldwide. Derivatives of these designs form the backbone of the U.S. Navy's ship-based defenses and similar designs are extensively used by the Soviet Union. In reviewing the history, technical descriptions of problems encountered and solutions developed will be given for the three key areas of sensor, navigation, and flight control.

Journal ArticleDOI
M. Bernfeld1
01 Apr 1984
TL;DR: The idea of combining the clinical procedure known as Reconstruction Tomography, and the radar processing for linear FM pulse compression, in order to map radar backscatter energy, is explained.
Abstract: The idea of combining the clinical procedure known as Reconstruction Tomography, and the radar processing for linear FM pulse compression, in order to map radar backscatter energy, is explained. A possible configuration is described.

Patent
13 Jan 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for preparing substantially homogeneous aluminum oxynitride powder is provided comprising the steps of reacting gamma aluminum oxide with carbon in the presence of nitrogen, and breaking down the resulting powder into particles in a predetermined size range.
Abstract: A method of preparing substantially homogeneous aluminum oxynitride powder is provided comprising the steps of reacting gamma aluminum oxide with carbon in the presence of nitrogen, and breaking down the resulting powder into particles in a predetermined size range. A method of preparing a durable optically transparent body from this powder is also provided comprising the steps of forming a green body of substantially homogeneous cubic aluminum oxynitride powder and sintering said green body in a nitrogen atmosphere and in the presence of predetermined additives which enhance the sintering process. Preferred additives are boron, in elemental or compound form, and at least one additional element selected from the group of yttrium and lanthanum or compounds thereof. The sintered polycrystalline cubic aluminum oxynitride has a density greater than 99% of theoretical density, an in-line transmission of at least 50% in the 0.3-5 micron range, and a resolving angle of 1 mrad or less.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The behavior of semi-solid dendritic Sn-Pb alloys at one degree above the eutectic was studied in this article, where small cylindrical samples were deformed at an initial strain rate of 1.3 x 10−2 s−1 in a parallel-plate apparatus.
Abstract: The behavior of semi-solid dendritic Sn-Pb alloys was studied at one degree above the eutectic. Small cylindrical samples were deformed at an initial strain rate of 1.3 x 10−2 s−1 in a parallel-plate apparatus. The friction between the sample and the plates was found to affect strongly both the strength of the material in compression and the resultant liquid-solid segregation. For low friction a maximum stress occurred at strains of about 0.3. Above this strain large cracks were observed. High friction resulted in a much higher degree of segregation than observed for low friction. No maximum stress and no cracking was observed, even for strains as large as 1.2 for high friction. Cylindrical samples were extruded through cylindrical dies at constant piston velocities ranging from 8.5 x 10≓5 ms~’ to 8.5 X 10≓4 ms≓1, and with reduction of area ranging from 2:1 to 8:1. The deformation occurred in two distinct modes. First, a “compaction≓ mode, during which liquid was expelled and the solid compacted but did not flow through the die, under increasing stress. Second, a “flow≓ mode, during which compacted solid flowed through the die, under a constant stress, σrextr, which was found to be proportional to the natural logarithm of the area reduction. Experiments involving compression over a filter and compression between parallel plates of alloys of different compositions were performed to examine the effects of the fraction liquid on the rheology of semi-solid dendritic alloys. The stress required for deformation was seen to exhibit the same pseudo-plastic strain-rate dependence for parallel plate, piston-filter and in forward extrusion experiments. This strain-rate dependence can be summarized by the power-law expression: σ ∝ ɛ0.23.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
F. Nesline1, P. Zarchan1
25 Jun 1984

Patent
09 Apr 1984
TL;DR: In this paper, a video display terminal has a tilt and swivel joint for supporting a CRT unit, which can be coupled to or separated from the base by simply lowering or lifting the CRT units.
Abstract: A video display terminal having a quick release tilt and swivel joint for supporting the CRT unit. In a unique swivel alignment between the CRT unit and its base, the CRT unit can be coupled to or separated from the base by merely lowering or lifting the CRT unit. Swivel of the CRT unit from the initial coupling alignment causes engagement of the joint preventing separation. The electrical connections to the CRT unit pass through a self-aligning detachable electrical interface defined by two mating connectors.

Journal ArticleDOI
Milton Feng1, H. Kanber1, V. K. Eu1, E. T. Watkins1, L. R. Hackett1 
TL;DR: In this article, ion-implanted GaAs metal-semiconductor field effect transistors for operation in the frequency range 10-60 GHz have been used to achieve noise figures of 1.15 dB at 12 GHz and 1.63 dB at 18 GHz.
Abstract: High‐performance, ion‐implanted GaAs metal‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors for operation in the frequency range 10–60 GHz have demonstrated noise figures of 1.15 dB at 12 GHz and 1.63 dB at 18 GHz. A single‐stage amplifier has demonstrated a noise figure of 2.8 dB with 8.3‐dB associated gain at 30 GHz and a gain of 6 dB at 60 GHz.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
F. Nesline1, P. Zarchan1
25 Jun 1984

Journal ArticleDOI
E.T. Lewis1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present two methods for analyzing and predicting the line-to-line coupling between high-speed VLSI interconnects using distributional and lumped element analysis techniques.
Abstract: As the density, complexity, and speed of VLSI circuits are continuing to increase, the management of on-chip interconnects becomes of paramount concern to the I.C. designer, especially with respect to internal noise immunity. This paper presents two methods for analyzing and predicting the line-to-line coupling between high-speed VLSI interconnects using distributional and lumped element analysis techniques. In a broader sense, the analyses presented provide all pertinent line capacitances and inductances needed to characterize any array of interconnect. The basic model consists of representing the interconnects as a regular periodic array, considering the worst-case interaction occurring between two adjacent lines. It is shown that the proximity of a ground plane is essential in achieving acceptable (> 20 db) isolation between interconnects that are used specifically for reasonably long data and control distribution functions. This translates to the eventual establishment of scaling rules for linewidth and spacing with respect to field oxide thickness.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a wideband monolithic phase shifter operating in the 2-8 GHz frequency range is described, where six GaAs FET's per bit are used as switch elements in a bridge configuration which alternatively becomes a high-pass or a low-pass section.
Abstract: A wide-band monolithic phase shifter operating in the 2-8 GHz frequency range is described. Six GaAs FET's per bit are used as switch elements in a bridge configuration which alternatively becomes a high-pass or a low-pass section. Their low-impedance state is modeled as a resistor, the high-impedance state as a combination of capacitors and resistors. In the design approach, the high-impedance state equivalent shunt capacitor is not resonated. Instead, these capacitors become part of the resulting high-pass, low-pass sections. In this way, the maximum theoretical bandwidth that a high-pass, low-pass section can provide is achieved despite the nonideal switching elements.

Journal ArticleDOI
M.G. Adlerstein1, S.L.G. Chu1
TL;DR: In this paper, high performance double-drift Read IMPATT diodes have been demonstrated at 60 GHz with 1.24-W CW output power at 11.4-percent dc to RF conversion efficiency with a junction temperature rise of 225°C.
Abstract: High-performance GaAs double-drift Read IMPATT diodes have been demonstrated at 60 GHz. 1.24-W CW output power at 11.4-percent dc to RF conversion efficiency was obtained with a junction temperature rise of 225°C. The doping profiles and test circuits have not yet been optimized and we expect that still higher power and efficiency should be achievable.

Journal ArticleDOI
E.T. Lewis1
01 Jun 1984
TL;DR: In this article, specific design tradeoffs that should be considered relative to CMOS VLSI designs using gate-array, semi-custom, or full-custom implementations are discussed.
Abstract: This paper addresses specific design tradeoffs that should be considered relative to CMOS VLSI designs using gate-array, semi-custom, or full-custom implementations. The main focus is on design optimization for speed and device area and on meeting the on-chip load drive requirements using one- and two-dimensional expansion techniques. Detailed comparisons are made between the effectiveness of the various design options in their ability to yield a specific performance within speed and/or area constraints while driving on-chip loads with and without geometrical constraints. These comparisons result in a number of design curves that cover the range of full CMOS custom design, for which two-dimensional scaling can be optimally utilized, to those cases involving semi-custom and gate-array designs for which geometric constraints exist (fixed height cells or fixed device sizes). A figure of merit is defined that relates speed and area to each specific circuit implementation, indicating that it can be used to make an effective comparison between overall performance and design option. It is finally suggested that a chip layout approach can be adopted that is useful for implementing any of the design options discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a wideband monolithic phase shifter operating in the 2-8- GHz frequency range is described, where six GaAs FET's per bit are used as switch elements in a bridge configuration which alternatively becomes a high-pass or a low-pass section.
Abstract: A wide-band monolithic phase shifter operating in the 2-8- GHz frequency range is described. Six GaAs FET's per bit are used as switch elements in a bridge configuration which alternatively becomes a high-pass or a low-pass section. Their low-impedance state is modeled as a resistor, the high-impedance state as a combination of capacitors and resistors. In the design approach, the high-impedance state equivalent shunt capacitor is not resonated. Instead, these capacitors become part of the resulting high-pass, low-pass sections. In this way, the maximum theoretical bandwidth that a high-pass, low-pass section can provide is achieved despite the nonideal switching elements.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
26 Dec 1984
TL;DR: Optical and mechanical properties of aluminum oxynitride (ALON) and magnesium aluminate spinel (MgA1204) are presented as well as some optical properties of spinel and ALON hemispherical domes as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Optical and mechanical properties of aluminum oxynitride (ALON) and magnesium aluminate spinel (MgA1204) are presented as well as some optical properties of spinel and ALON hemispherical domes. These materials are transparent in the visible and mid IR and are durable polycrystalline ceramics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, single-stage and two-stage GaAs traveling-wave amplifiers operating with flat gain responses in the 2-20 GHz frequency range are described, realized in monolithic form on a 0.1-mm GaAs substrate with 50-Omega input and output lines.
Abstract: Single-stage and two-stage GaAs traveling-wave amplifiers operating with flat gain responses in the 2-20-GHz frequency range are described. The circuits are realized in monolithic form on a 0.1-mm GaAs substrate with 50-Omega input and output lines. Complete gate and drain dc bias circuitry is included on the chip. By cascading these amplifier chips, a 30-dB gain in the 2-20-GHz range is demonstrated, with 9+-1dB noise figure.