Showing papers by "Rockefeller University published in 1981"
TL;DR: The data indicate that, as a rare event, the ALV provirus integrates adjacent to the c-myc gene and that transcription, initiating from a viral promoter, causes enhanced expression of c- myc, leading to neoplastic transformation.
Abstract: Analyses of DNA and RNA from avian leukosis virus (ALV)-induced lymphomas have provided strong evidence that, in most tumours, ALV induces neoplastic disease by activating the c-myc gene, the cellular counterpart of the transforming gene of MC29 virus. The data indicate that, as a rare event, the ALV provirus integrates adjacent to the c-myc gene and that transcription, initiating from a viral promoter, causes enhanced expression of c-myc, leading to neoplastic transformation.
1,448 citations
TL;DR: A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of free amino groups during solid-phase peptide synthesis has been developed and is useful for measuring the total number of peptide chains on the resin and, especially, for monitoring the progress of the coupling reaction.
1,047 citations
TL;DR: This book is very referred for you because it gives not only the experience but also lesson, that's not about who are reading this sexual differentiation of the brain book but about this book that will give wellness for all people from many societies.
Abstract: Where you can find the sexual differentiation of the brain easily? Is it in the book store? On-line book store? are you sure? Keep in mind that you will find the book in this site. This book is very referred for you because it gives not only the experience but also lesson. The lessons are very valuable to serve for you, that's not about who are reading this sexual differentiation of the brain book. It is about this book that will give wellness for all people from many societies.
999 citations
TL;DR: Although most proteins in living systems turn over with sufficient rapidity to avoid nonenzymatic browning, some, such as lens crystallins and skin collagen, are exceptionally long-lived and may be vulnerable.
Abstract: The incubation of lens proteins with reducing sugars leads to the formation of fluorescent yellow pigments and cross-like similar to those reported in aging and cataractous human lenses. Called nonenzymatic browning or the Maillard reaction, this aging process also occurs in stored foods. Reducing sugars condense with the free amino group of proteins, then rearrange and dehydrate to form unsaturated pigments and cross-linked products. Although most proteins in living systems turn over with sufficient rapidity to avoid nonenzymatic browning, some, such as lens crystallins and skin collagen, are exceptionally long-lived and may be vulnerable.
752 citations
TL;DR: Male canaries that have reached sexual maturity can, in subsequent years, learn new song repertoires and two telencephalic song control nuclei are hypothesized to reflect an increase and then reduction in numbers of synapses and are related to the yearly ability to acquire new motor coordinations.
Abstract: Male canaries that have reached sexual maturity can, in subsequent years, learn new song repertoires. Two telencephalic song control nuclei, the hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudale, and nucleus robustus archistriatalis are, respectively, 99 and 76 percent larger in the spring, when male canaries are producing stable adult song, than in the fall, at the end of the molt and after several months of not singing. It is hypothesized that such fluctuations reflect an increase and then reduction in numbers of synapses and are related to the yearly ability to acquire new motor coordinations.
729 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that large stress-induced depletion of NE in the LC is involved in mediating behavioral depression brought about by severe stress, and induction of catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes — tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-β-hydroxylases (DBH) — in theLC may be a neurochemical mechanism to bring about recovery from poststress behavioral depression.
675 citations
TL;DR: It was found that early transcription could be detected in mutant-infected cells if the virus was added to cells in which protein synthesis was inhibited prior to infection, and it was proposed that the role of the E1A gene product in the activation of early viral transcription is to inactivate a cellular factor that prevents transcription from the early viral promoters.
532 citations
TL;DR: A cell‐by‐cell analysis of the magnocellular elements in hypothalami of fifty Long‐Evans (normal) and Brattleboro (diabetes insipidis) rats was done using the unlabeled antibody enzyme technique (PAP) with primary antisera directed against oxytocin, vasopressin, and the neurophysins.
Abstract: A cell-by-cell analysis of the magnocellular elements in hypothalami of fifty Long-Evans (normal) and Brattleboro (diabetes insipidus) rats was done using the unlabeled antibody enzyme technique (PAP) with primary antisera directed against oxytocin (OXY), vasopressin (ADH), and the neurophysins. The magnocellular neurons of the hypothalamus were found in the supraoptic (SON), paraventricular (PVN), and anterior commissural (ACN) nuclei, a number of accessory nuclei, and as individual cells in the anterior hypothalamic area. SON was divided by the optic tract into the principal part and retrochiasmatic SON. In retrochiasmatic SON a majority of the cells contained vasopressin. Within the principal part of SON oxytocin-producing cells tended to be found rostrally and dorsally, while the vasopressin cells were more common caudally and ventrally. PVN was divided into three subnuclei, the medial, lateral, and posterior subnuclei, on the basis of cellular morphology and peptide content. The magnocellular cells of the medial and lateral PVN were closely packed together and nearly round, while those of posterior PVN were more separated and fusiform in shape with their long axis running in a medio-lateral direction. Medial PVN consisted primarily of oxytocin-producing cells, while lateral PVN was formed by a core of vasopressin-producing cells with a rim of oxytocin cells. Posterior PVN contained largely oxytocin-producing cells. Both ADH and OXY cells were found in the accessory nuclei. In the Long-Evans rat the SON had, on the average, 1443 OXY and 3236 ADH cells; the PVN had 1174 OXY and 976 ADH cells; and the accessory magnocellular groups in the hypothalamus (including the ACN) had 1286 OXY and 552 ADH cells. The Brattleboro strain animal had similar numbers of cells in these nuclei. (The cells which contain ADH in normal animals were identified in the Brattleboro rat as large, neurophysin-negative cells.) Thus, a large fraction of the magnocellular oxytocin- and vasopressin-producing cells in the rat were located outside of the PVN and SON. One accessory cell group in particular, ACN, had 616 OXY cells, or about 50% as many as PVN. In each nucleus the sum of the numbers of OXY and ADH cells was approximately the number of neurophysin cells.
504 citations
TL;DR: The results show that viral gene products are not required for maintenance of neoplastic transformation and suggest that in lymphoid tumors, an ALV provirus is integrated adjacent to a specific cellular gene, and the insertion of the viral promoter adjacent to this gene results in its enhanced expression, leading to neoplasia.
484 citations
TL;DR: It appears that transcriptional events are primarily responsible for the synthesis of these, and perhaps most, tissue-specific moderately abundant mRNAs.
478 citations
TL;DR: Variability in the occurrence and distribution of particular neural hormonal sensitivities across species may be related to variations in the hormonal requirements for sexual differentiation and for activation of reproductive behaviors.
Abstract: Neurons sensitive to gonadal steroids are located strategically within neural circuits that mediate behaviors broadly related to the reproductive process. Some neuronal events and properties are regulated by these hormones. Variability in the occurrence and distribution of particular neural hormonal sensitivities across species may be related to variations in the hormonal requirements for sexual differentiation and for activation of reproductive behaviors.
TL;DR: Gonadal hormones induce dendritic growth in the adult avian brain in the form of dendrites from a class of neurons in the nucleus robustus archistriatalis, a forebrain nucleus for song control in ovariectomized adult female canaries.
Abstract: Ovariectomized adult female canaries were treated with physiological doses of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or estradiol. Singing, which is typical of males, occurred in the testosterone-treated birds but not in any of the other birds. The effect of these hormones was assessed on dendrites from a class of neurons in the nucleus robustus archistriatalis (RA), a forebrain nucleus for song control. The RA neurons of the testosterone-treated birds had dendritic trees resembling those of intact males. The RA neurons of the estradiol- and dihydrotesterone-treated birds resembled those of intact females. All hormone-treated groups had dendrites that were significantly longer than those of untreated ovariectomized females. Thus gonadal hormones induce dendritic growth in the adult avian brain.
TL;DR: Small lesions essentially restricted to the PVN are found to produce overeating and increased body weight, in both female and male rats maintained on either lab chow pellets or high fat mash.
TL;DR: In rats a graded series of stressors produced progressively greater suppression of lymphocyte function, as measured by the number of circulating lymphocytes and by phytohemagglutinin stimulation, which suggests that stress suppresses immunity in proportion to the intensity of the stressor.
Abstract: In rats a graded series of stressors produced progressively greater suppression of lymphocyte function, as measured by the number of circulating lymphocytes and by phytohemagglutinin stimulation of lymphocytes in whole blood and isolated cultures. This evidence suggests that stress suppresses immunity in proportion to the intensity of the stressor.
TL;DR: Both mRNAs contain 10-15 heterogeneous nonviral nucleotides at their 5' ends that appear to be derived from cellular RNAs used for priming the transcription of viral RNAs.
Abstract: RNA segment 7 of the influenza A virus genome codes for at least two proteins, M1 and M2, which are synthesized from separate mRNA species. Sequence analysis of the M2 mRNA has shown that it contains an interrupted sequence of 689 nucleotides. The approximately 51 virus-specific nucleotides comprising the 5'-end leader sequence of the M2 mRNA are the same as those found at the 5' end of the colinear M1 mRNA. Following the leader sequence of the M2 mRNA, where is a 271-nucleotide body region that is 3' coterminal with the M1 mRNA. Another small potential mRNA (mRNA3) related to RNA segment 7 has been found. mRNA3 has a leader sequence of approximately 11 virus-specific nucleotides that are the same as the 5' end of the M1 and M2 mRNAs, followed by an interrupted sequence of 729 nucleotides, and then a body region of approximately 271 nucleotides that is the same as that of the M2 mRNA. The nucleotide sequences found at the junctions of the interrupted sequences in M2 mRNA and mRNA3 are similar to those found at the splicing points of intervening sequences in eukaryotic mRNAs. In addition, both mRNAs contain 10-15 heterogeneous nonviral nucleotides at their 5' ends that appear to be derived from cellular RNAs used for priming the transcription of viral RNAs. Because the 5'-end sequences of the M1 mRNA and the M2 mRNA are the same and share the 5'-proximal initiation codon for protein synthesis, the first nine amino acids would be the same in the M1 and M2 protein and then the sequences would diverge. The approximately 271-nucleotide body region of the M2 mRNA can be translated in the +1 reading frame, and the sequence indicates that M1 and M2 overlap by 14 amino acids. The coding potential of the mRNA3 is for only nine amino acids, and these would be identical to the COOH-terminal region of the membrane protein (M1).
TL;DR: Female song sparrows, primed with implants of estradiol, gave the solicitation display for copulation in response to acoustic stimulation with song, demonstrating a substantial correspondence between the structure and programming of the singing behavior of male birds and female responsiveness to song.
Abstract: Female song sparrows, primed with implants of estradiol, gave the solicitation display for copulation in response to acoustic stimulation with song. This technique demonstrated that female song sparrows respond more strongly to conspecific song than to alien songs, that they discriminate on the basis of both overall temporal pattern and syllabic structure, that they respond more to several song types than to repetitions of one song, and that they are most responsive to several song types if the songs are organized in bouts of a single type, as they are normally delivered by a male song sparrow. These results demonstrate a substantial correspondence between the structure and programming of the singing behavior of male birds and female responsiveness to song.
TL;DR: The results suggest the necessity for an endonucleolytic cleavage of a primary transcript followed by polyadenylation in the process of creating the 3′ end of this cellular mRNA, as has previously been demonstrated for every virus mRNA so far studied.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that humpback song plays a reproductive role similar to that of bird song is supported, as the breeding season progressed, singers sang for longer periods of time and the probability of a whale joining with the singer decreased by 42% from the first half of the observation period to the second half.
Abstract: Interactions of singing humpback whales, Megaptera novaeangliae, with conspecifics nearly were studied during the breeding season off the west coast of Maui, Hawaii. On 35 occasions singing humpbacks were followed by boats (Table 1). The movement patterns of these singing whales and other conspecifics nearby were recorded by observers on land using a theodolite. Thirteen of 35 singers stopped singing and joined with nonsinging whales either simultaneously or within a few minutes after ceasing to sing. Another 15 also stopped singing while under observation and were not seen to join with another whale, but all singing whales that joined with other whales stopped singing. Singing whales often pursue nonsinging whales, while nonsinging whales usually turn away from singers (Figs. 4, 5). When a singer joined with a female and calf unaccompanied by another adult, behavior tentatively associated with courtship and mating was observed (Fig. 7). Such behavior also occurred during several interactions between singers and individuals of unknown sex. Aggressive behavior was observed during three interactions between singers and individuals of unknown sex (Fig. 4) and it predominated whenever more than one adult accompanied a cow and calf. During the other occasions when a singer joined another whale, we could not determine the nature of the interaction. Many times the singers and joiner would surface together only once and would then separate. However, on several occasions the singer and joiner would remain together for as long as we could follow them, up to 1.5 h. The roles of singer and joiner can be interchangeable. For instance, on two occasions a singer joined with a whale that either had been singing or started singing later in the day (Fig. 3). Furthermore, on several occasions, a nonsinging whale appeared to displace the singer. Individual singing humpbacks are not strictly territorial, although singers appear to avoid other singers. As the breeding season progressed, singers sang for longer periods of time (Fig. 2). In addition, the probability of a whale joining with the singer decreased by 42% from the first half of the observation period to the second half. Furthermore, this increase in duration of song bouts occurred during that section of the season when female reproductive activity as measured by rate of ovulation is reported to be decreasing in other areas. Our observations support the hypothesis that humpback song plays a reproductive role similar to that of bird song. Humpbacks sing only during the breeding season. If, as seems likely, most singing humpbacks are male, then singing humpbacks probably communicate their species, sex, location, readiness to mate with females, and readiness to engage in agonistic behavior with other whales.
TL;DR: It is found that in macaque monkeys the magnocellular cells and their cortical projections may be the neural vehicle for contrast vision near threshold, and the cells of the parvocellular laminae seem to be primarily concerned with wavelength discrimination and patterns of colour.
Abstract: Study of parallel processing in the visual pathway1 of the cat has revealed several classes of retinal ganglion cells which are physiologically distinct and which project to various locations in the brain2,3. Two classes have been studied most extensively: X cells, which sum neural signals linearly over their receptive fields, and Y cells, in which the spatial summation is nonlinear1,4. In the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) cells also can be classified as X or Y, a result of the parallel projection of retinal X and Y inputs to different geniculate neurones5–9. We report here our study of parallel signal processing in the LGN of the macaque monkey. We find that (1) monkey LGN cells can be classified as X or Y on the basis of spatial summation; (2) X-like cells are found in the four parvocellular and the two magnocellular laminae, whereas Y-like cells are found almost exclusively in the magnocellular laminae; and (3) the cells of the magnocellular laminae have high sensitivity and the parvocellular cells low sensitivity for homochromatic patterns. This implies that in macaque monkeys the magnocellular cells and their cortical projections may be the neural vehicle for contrast vision near threshold. The cells of the parvocellular laminae seem to be primarily concerned with wavelength discrimination and patterns of colour. As the human visual system is similar to that of the macaque in structure and behavioural performance, our findings are probably also applicable to man.
TL;DR: FcR structure is discussed and the recent data that suggests the existence of FcR heterogeneity is examined, which includes mouse Fc receptors for IgG1, IgG 2b, and IgG2a; guinea pig Fc receptor for Igg, Fcceptor for IgM on human cells, and Fc antagonists for IgE, IgA and IgM are examined.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Defining specific receptors simply on the basis of their ligand-binding activities may lead to some confusion, depending on the nature of the ligand chosen for study. The subsequent use of these ligands as affinity reagents for the purification of solubilized FcR can pose problems. At the level of the individual cell, binding of Ig to its receptor can modulate cell behavior dramatically. Cross-linking of the IgE Fc receptor, for example, causes explosive degranulation of mast cells and basophils, with important physiological consequences. Of no less interest are the macrophage functions triggered by interaction of IgG Fc receptors with immune complexes or opsonized particles. This chapter discusses FcR structure and examines the recent data that suggests the existence of FcR heterogeneity. The first observation is that mouse macrophages have more than one class of FcR for IgG. Studies have revealed that the formation of rosettes with antibody-coated erythrocytes was examined using both normal and trypsin-treated macrophages. Erythrocytes sensitized with “early” antisera failed to bind to trypsinized macrophages although they formed rosettes with untreated cells. On the other hand, erythrocytes sensitized with hyperimmune mouse serum formed rosettes regardless of trypsin treatment of the macrophages. The chapter discusses specificity and heterogeneity of Fc receptor activity that include mouse Fc receptors for IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG2a; guinea pig Fc receptors for IgG, Fc receptors for IgG on human cells, and Fc receptors for IgE, IgA, and IgM.
TL;DR: There was a positive and significant correlation between testis weight at the end of the breeding season and the volume of RA at that time, suggesting a hormone-mediated seasonal modulation of part of the brain space occupied by song control pathways.
TL;DR: It is reported that LH, Bt2-cAMP, and the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, are all capable of interrupting communication in vitro in rat follicle-enclosed cumulus-oocyte complexes, consistent with the possibility that cAMP, transmitted from the cumulus to the oocyte, may be the inhibitor of oocyte maturation in vivo.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors place the Thomas-Fermi-von Weizsacker model of atoms on a firm mathematical footing and prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions of the TFW equation.
Abstract: We place the Thomas-Fermi-von Weizsacker model of atoms on a firm mathematical footing. We prove existence and uniqueness of solutions of the Thomas-Fermi-von Weizsacker equation as well as the fact that they minimize the Thomas-Fermi-von Weizsacker energy functional. Moreover, we prove the existence of binding for two very dissimilar atoms in the frame of this model.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce general techniques to expose new $\mathrm{CP}$-violating effects in the cascade decays of $B$ mesons in the Kobayashi-Maskawa (KM) model.
Abstract: The pattern of $\mathrm{CP}$ violation in the bottom sector is discussed. We introduce general techniques to expose new $\mathrm{CP}$-violating effects in the cascade decays of $B$ mesons. In the Kobayashi-Maskawa (KM) model, the $\mathrm{CP}$ asymmetries so obtained range from 2-20% for plausible values of the model parameters. This is to be compared with the small effects, of order ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$-${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, previously exhibited within this model. Effects of this size should be observable in upcoming experiments. Our approach stresses the on-shell transitions which make up the cascade decays of heavy mesons to ordinary hadrons, as opposed to the off-shell transitions which occur in the analogs of ${K}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{K}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ mixing. The $\mathrm{CP}$ asymmetries generated by our techniques are of order $sin\ensuremath{\delta}$, where $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is the KM phase angle, and thus represent the maximum effects obtainable in this model.
TL;DR: A model for Ad2 cap site recognition is proposed in which RNA polymerase scans short DNA segments for purine starts, and is discussed in the context of EIV mRNAs of Ad2 and Ad5, which differ in their promoter region DNA sequence.
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that increased nonenzymatic glycosylation is occurring in a tissue where physiological, morphological, and clinical degeneration characteristically develop as a result of diabetes mellitus.
Abstract: A new affinity chromatography system that selectively retains glycosylated amino acids has been utilized to determine the amount of nonenzymatic glycosylation present in peripheral nerve from diabetic and control rats and dogs. The mean value for glycosylated amino acids in diabetic rats was 2.8 times greater than the mean value in normal rats (P less than 0.001). In diabetic dogs, mean values were 2.15 times greater than normal values (P less than 0.05). Amino acid analysis of reduced, glycosylated amino acids previously isolated by affinity chromatography showed that glycosylated lysine and its hydrolysis rearrangement products were the major borohydride-reducible adduct present. In addition, another glycosylated product was noted to be present in major proportions. This radioactive product did not chromatograph with any of the available glycosylated amino acid standards. The finding that diabetes results in a nearly 3-fold increase of peripheral nerve glycosylation is consistent with a number of previous investigations in which glycosylation was measured in hemoglobin, serum albumin, and urinary amino acids and peptides from diabetics and normals. The results reported here provide evidence that increased nonenzymatic glycosylation is occurring in a tissue where physiological, morphological, and clinical degeneration characteristically develop as a result of diabetes mellitus.
TL;DR: The major late adenovirus-2 transcription unit is active early in infection at a rate equal to that of the other early transcription units as mentioned in this paper, which indicates that the events of transcriptional termination, poly(A) site selection and splicing can change depending on the conditions of the cell and therefore can participate in regulation of gene expression.
Abstract: The major late adenovirus-2 transcription unit is active early in infection at a rate equal to that of the other early transcription units. However, transcripts seem to terminate early in infection near map position 60-70 in contrast to late in infection, when termination occurs at map position 99. RNA processing, both poly(A) site selection and splicing, results in the production of a single L1 mRNA during early infection. All these processes are in contrast to those occurring late in infection, indicating that the events of transcriptional termination, poly(A) site selection and splicing can change depending on the conditions of the cell and therefore can participate in the regulation of gene expression.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the stationary distribution of the solution of the quantum Langevin equation approaches in the weak-coupling limit (f\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$) in terms of pair correlations.
Abstract: It is shown (by means of a perturbation series) that for a class of potentials $V(x)$ the stationary distribution of the solution $x(t)$ of the quantum Langevin equation approaches in the weak-coupling limit ($f\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$) the quantum mechanical canonical distribution of the displacement of the oscillator, subject to the potential $V(x)$, if and only if $E(t)$ is the operator version of the purely random Gaussian process so that, in particular, higher symmetrized averages ${〈E({t}_{1})\ensuremath{\cdots}E({t}_{n})〉}_{s}$ are expressible in terms of pair correlations, in the usual way.
TL;DR: The total extent of hydroxylation estradiol at either C-16 to more estrogenic metabolites or at C-2 to the catechol estrogens was determined by a radiometric method in the human, and an increase in the extent in SLE was found and a decrease was found in female patients.
Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of many chronic diseases with a predilection for the human female. The reasons for the high female to male (9:1) incidence remain unknown. The total extent of hydroxylation estradiol at either C-16 to more estrogenic metabolites or at C-2 to the catechol estrogens was determined by a radiometric method in the human. Comparing 23 SLE patients to 44 normal controls, an increase in the extent of hydroxylation toward the 16α-metabolites was found in SLE (SLE 15.2 ± 4.3±, range 8.8–30±; normal 9.1 ± 2.3±, range 5.3–14.4%; P < 0.001). Increased 16α-hydroxylation was found in both males (SLE 13.2 ± 3.0%, normal 8.3 ± 2.1%) and females (SLE 15.7 ± 5%, normal 9.9 ± 2.2%) with disease when compared to normal subjects. In addition, studies of several other chronic diseases by the same method did not indicate a similar alteration in 16-hydroxylation. No change in hydroxylation at C-2 was found in male patients, but a decrease was found in female patients. These data suggest t...