Showing papers by "Royal Holloway, University of London published in 1994"
Tohoku University1, University of Zurich2, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory3, Stanford University4, College of William & Mary5, University of Urbino6, CERN7, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics8, University of California, Irvine9, Cornell University10, Argonne National Laboratory11, ETH Zurich12, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research13, Hillsdale College14, Spanish National Research Council15, Ohio State University16, University of Notre Dame17, Kent State University18, University of California, San Diego19, University of California, Berkeley20, University of Minnesota21, University of Alabama22, University of Helsinki23, Los Alamos National Laboratory24, California Institute of Technology25, George Washington University26, Syracuse University27, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory28, Oklahoma State University–Stillwater29, University of Washington30, Max Planck Society31, Boston University32, University of California, Los Angeles33, Royal Holloway, University of London34, Université Paris-Saclay35, University of Pennsylvania36, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign37, University of Bristol38, University of Tokyo39, University of Delaware40, Carnegie Mellon University41, University of California, Santa Cruz42, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology43, Heidelberg University44, Florida State University45, University of Mainz46, University of Edinburgh47, Brookhaven National Laboratory48, Durham University49, University of Lausanne50, Massachusetts Institute of Technology51, University of Southampton52, Nagoya University53, University of Oxford54, Northwestern University55, University of British Columbia56, Columbia University57, Lund University58, University of Sheffield59, University of California, Santa Barbara60, Iowa State University61, University of Alberta62, University of Cambridge63
TL;DR: This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics using data from previous editions, plus 2205 new measurements from 667 papers, and features expanded coverage of CP violation in B mesons and of neutrino oscillations.
Abstract: This biennial Review summarizes much of Particle Physics. Using data from previous editions, plus 2205 new measurements from 667 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles. All the particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We also give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as the Standard Model, particle detectors, probability, and statistics. This edition features expanded coverage of CP violation in B mesons and of neutrino oscillations. For the first time we cover searches for evidence of extra dimensions (both in the particle listings and in a new review). Another new review is on Grand Unified Theories. A booklet is available containing the Summary Tables and abbreviated versions of some of the other sections of this full Review. All tables, listings, and reviews (and errata) are also available on the Particle Data Group website: http://pdg.lbl.gov.
5,143 citations
TL;DR: The oxygen isotopic composition of 76 samples of olivine in spinel, garnet and diamond-facies peridotites, and as syngenetic inclusions within diamond has been determined by laser fluorination (LF) as mentioned in this paper.
613 citations
TL;DR: The development of a retrospective, investigator-based interview measure of Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA) used with two community samples of adults in London is described and the component ratings are shown to have satisfactory inter-rater reliability and also validity as determined by agreement between sisters' independent accounts.
Abstract: The development of a retrospective, investigator-based interview measure of Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA) used with two community samples of adults in London is described. The component ratings are shown to have satisfactory inter-rater reliability and also validity as determined by agreement between sisters' independent accounts. The association between the different childhood scales is explored as well as the relationship of childhood experiences to adult depression. Methodological issues concerning investigator-based versus respondent-based measures of childhood are discussed and a case made for use of the former. Advantages of using the CECA, a retrospective, time-based measure of childhood, are outlined. Language: en
531 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that transcription of Psy and Pds is regulated developmentally, with expression being considerably elevated in chromoplast-containing tissues, and lends support to the hypothesis of divergent genes encoding these enzymes.
Abstract: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Ailsa Craig) fruit, at five stages of development, have been analyzed for their carotenoid and chlorophyll (Chl) contents, in vitro activities of phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, and lycopene cyclase, as well as expression of the phytoene synthase (Psy) and phytoene desaturase (Pds) genes. During ripening, the total carotenoids increased with a concomitant decrease in Chl. Although the highest carotenoid content (consisting mainly of lycopene and [beta]-carotene) was found in ripe fruit, the greatest carotenogenic enzymic activities were found in green fruit. Phytoene synthase was located in the plastid stroma, whereas the metabolism of phytoene was associated with plastid membranes during all stages of fruit development. The in vitro products of phytoene desaturation altered from being predominantly phytofluence and [zeta]-carotene in chloroplasts to becoming mainly lycopene in chromoplasts. The expression of Psy was detected in breaker and ripe fruit, as well as flowers, but was not detectable by northern blot analysis in leaves or green fruits. The Pds gene transcript was barely detectable in green fruit and leaves but was expressed in flowers and breaker fruit. These results suggest that transcription of Psy and Pds is regulated developmentally, with expression being considerably elevated in chromoplast-containing tissues. Antiserum to the Synechococcus phytoene synthase cross-reacted with phytoene synthase of green fruit only on western blots and not with the enzyme from ripe fruit. In contrast, a monoclonal antibody to the Psy gene product only cross-reacted with phytoene synthase from ripe fruit. The enzymes from green and ripe fruit had different molecular masses of 42 and 38 kD, respectively. The absence of detectable Psy and Pds mRNA in green tissues using northern blot analyses, despite high levels of phytoene synthase and desaturase activity, lends support to the hypothesis of divergent genes encoding these enzymes.
497 citations
327 citations
TL;DR: Under conditions of high light and low nutrient availability, AM infection can alter the carbon/nutrient balance of plants, leading to an increased allocation to carbon-based defences and this can have important consequences for insect herbivore performance and the patterns of herbivory in field situations.
Abstract: summary
A field experiment was conducted to investigate whether infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi has any effect on herbivory by foliar-feeding insects. Plants of PI ant ago laureolata L. were grown in a randomized block design and natural levels of mycorrhizal infection reduced by the application of the granular fungicide iprodione. Plant growth responses were examined and herbivore bioassays performed by rearing both a chewing and sucking insect on the leaves of mycorrhizal and fungicide-treated plants.
Fungicide application successfully reduced mycorrhizal infection, and this led to reductions in foliar biomass, caused by lower leaf number. However, fungicide-treated plants suffered consistently higher levels of damage by centralist chewing and leaf-mining insects, which colonized the plants. The chewing insect bioassay confirmed the field results, in that larvae of Arttia caja L. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) consumed more leaf material from plants in which infection was reduced.
There was no evidence that AM fungi altered food quality for the chewing insect. Instead, infection caused an increase in the carbon/nutrient balance, which in turn led to increased levels of the carbon-based feeding deterrents, aucubin and catalpol,
The sucking insect, Mvzus perskae (Sulzer) reacted in an opposite fashion to the ehewtr. with performance being greater on mycorrhizal plants. Again, there was no evidence that an alteration in food Quality was the cause, and in this case infection may result in changes in leaf morphology which benefit the insect.
We suggest that under conditions of high light and low nutrient availability. AM infection can alter the carbon/nutrient balance of plants, leading to an increased allocation to carbon-based defences. This can have important consequences for insect herbivore performance and the patterns of herbivory in field situations.
313 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the space-time evolution of the late Miocene to present contractional and extensional deformations within east-central Italy, with an analysis of the pattern and orientation of the related stress field, an insight into the cover-basement relations, and a discussion of the seismotectonic implications.
Abstract: This paper concerns the space-time evolution of the late Miocene to present contractional and extensional deformations within east-central Italy, with an analysis of the pattern and orientation of the related stress field, an insight into the cover-basement relations, and a discussion of the seismotectonic implications. The pattern and orientation of the deformation and stress fields have remained unchanged since late Miocene time and have been always characterized by the coexistence and parallelism in contiguous areas in a given time of shortening to the east and elongation to the west. With time, during a multistage deformation history, both the contraction and the extension fields have moved eastward. Basement-involved tectonics with a west-dipping multiple detachment system would have allowed the progressive eastward shift of crustal slices, corresponding at the surface to well-defined tectonic domains, with consequent crustal thinning in the Tuscan zone and crustal thickening beneath the Apennine mountain chain. By comparing macroseismic epicenters, hypocenters, and focal mechanisms with crustal structure and independently known active faults, it appears evident that the pattern, frequency, and distribution of the crustal seismicity are tectonically controlled and that a contraction-extension pair is active also at the present time. In fact, along the Adriatic coastline, contractional deformation prevails with involvement of Pleistocene layers, whereas beneath the Apennine Range, extensional deformation prevails. Both T-axes in the inner domain and P-axes in the outer domain are oriented southwest-northeast or west-south-west east-northeast, and this coaxiality reflects the situation depicted by the geologic stress field. On this basis, we have produced a seismotectonic zoning of east-central Italy with three distinct domains: Intramountain Seismic Zone (ISZ), Foothills Seismic Zone (FSZ), and Coastal Seismic Zone (CSZ). A plausible explanation for the genesis of the "active" seismic deformations of east-central Italy is that the locally intense extensional upper-crustal seismicity of the Intramountain Seismic Zone is confined to the hanging wall of a major, west-dipping, active extensional discontinuity, whereas the less frequent contractional seismic activity of the Coastal Seismic Zone is within the hanging wall of an outer major, active, west-dipping contractional discontinuity. An area of overlap between these two zones is represented by the Foothills Seismic Zone, where superposed epicentral patterns from different surfaces of weakness at different depths are the predictable result of the asymmetry of the deformation.
283 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine two photographs of the Earth taken during the Apollo Space program in 1968 and 1972 as representations of Earth whose cartographic significance is of less importance than their relations with the contemporary Western geographical imagination.
Abstract: The paper examines two photographs of the Earth taken during the Apollo Space program in 1968 and 1972 as representations of the Earth whose cartographic significance is of less importance than their relations with the contemporary Western geographical imagination. Earthrise and AS17-148-22727 are unique as eyewitness photographs of the terracqueous globe. They are interpreted within a historical context of seeing and representation in which Western culture has consistently associated the globe with Christianity and imperialism. The essay summarizes certain technical aspects of Apollo space photography, examines the iconography of the two images, and places them in the twentieth-century cultural contexts of aerial views, both military and civil, airborne photography, and geopolitics, while paying particular attention to the mastering gaze associated with tese practices as well as the specifically American use of global iconography in the post-war period. Specific texts structured ealy cultural in...
264 citations
246 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, global measurements of atmospheric methane have revealed a sharp decrease in the growth rate in the Northern Hemisphere during 1992, while in the Southern Hemisphere, the average increase was only (1.8±1.6) ppbv.
Abstract: Global measurements of atmospheric methane have revealed a sharp decrease in the growth rate in the Northern Hemisphere during 1992. The average trend for the Northern Hemisphere during 1983–1991 was (11.6±0.2) ppbv yr−1, but the increase in 1992 was only (1.8±1.6) ppbv. In the Southern Hemisphere, the average increase (1983–1991) was (11.1±0.2) ppbv yr−1, and the 1992 increase was (7.7±1.0) ppbv. Various possibilities for a change in methane sources or sinks are discussed, but the most likely explanation is a change in an anthropogenic source such as fossil fuel exploitation, which can be rapidly and easily affected by man's activities.
246 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated eight diamond-bearing bimineralic eclogite xenoliths from the Udachnaya Mine, Yakutia, Siberia, in terms of major elements, 87 Sr 86 Sr−, 143 Nd 144 Nd and oxygen isotopic ratios.
TL;DR: It is suggested that several varieties of second-order motion stimuli may be regarded as equivalent to contrast-modulated images when considered in terms of the effects of local spatiotemporal filtering operations carried out by the human visual system.
TL;DR: In this article, three major Carboniferous sedimentary systems affected by fire are investigated: clastic sedimentary system, using extensive fusain deposits in mid-lower carboniferous, near-shore sediments in Donegal, Ireland; volcanic systems using late Early Carboniferus, volcaniclastic sequences in the Midland Valley of Scotland; and coal and coal-bearing sequences in Upper Carboniferiferous (Westphalian B) of the Pennine Basin, England.
TL;DR: This article presented a summary of the evidence for climatic changes during the last glacial-interglacial transition (14-9 ka BP) in land areas adjacent to the North Atlantic.
Abstract: This paper presents a summary of the evidence for climatic changes during the last glacial-interglacial transition (14-9 ka BP) in land areas adjacent to the North Atlantic. It is a synthesis of the results of the 12 regional summaries compiled by contributors to the North Atlantic Seaboard Programme of IGCP-253 that are published separately in this issue of journal of Quaternary Science. Eighteen palaeotemperature curves are compared and arranged in three transects, one from southern Europe to Spitsbergen, a second from Ireland to Poland, and the third from southern New England to the Labrador-Baffin Shelf area. Ten maps are presented that summarise the synoptic climatic conditions of the region in 500-year time periods. The purpose of the exercise is to examine the extent to which any emerging patterns support the Ruddiman and Mclntyre model of large-scale shifts in the position of the oceanic Polar Front during the last glacial-interglacial transition. Some broad agreement emerges, although the influence of oceanic changes is diminished in areas that lay in close proximity to the Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets. Attention is drawn to limitations in the compilations and to the potential for improved models in the future.
TL;DR: These guidelines aim to help the diabetes team to protect or improve psychological well-being in people with diabetes and their families and to improve whole-person approaches to patient care.
Abstract: These guidelines aim to help the diabetes team to protect or improve psychological well-being in people with diabetes and their families. Psychological and physical well-being are interdependent. This interdependence is especially apparent in adults and children with diabetes. Whole-person approaches to patient care are needed. Diagnosis of diabetes and the task of coping with the disorder and its complications have major effects on people’s lives, affecting psychological as well as physical well-being. Diabetes team members need to develop an understanding of what having and coping with diabetes means for individuals. Meanings differ from one individual to the next and may alter with changing circumstances in peoples’ lives. People with diabetes need to feel respected, supported, and understood by the diabetes care team. Psychological well-being is, in its own right, an important goal of diabetes management. Improving metabolic control may be seen as one means of improving psychological well-being; in the short term reducing feelings of anxiety or fatigue and in the longer term reducing the risks of complications which may seriously
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple, area-balanced, geometric model of progressive limb rotation in detachment folds was proposed to quantify displacement, uplift, and rotation and the assessment of their effect upon growth strata geometries.
Abstract: A simple, area-balanced, geometric model of progressive limb rotation in detachment folds allows the quantification of displacement, uplift, and rotation and the assessment of their effect upon growth strata geometries. Translation of this geometric model into a velocity model of deformation allows the modeling of associated growth strata resulting from background sedimentation and local erosion, transport, and deposition. We show that with constant displacement and sedimentation rate, this model predicts a progressive unconformity, indicating the onlap and eventual overlap of the fold limb caused by a decreasing uplift rate. This decrease is a consequence of the kinematics of progressive limb rotation. Increases in displacement rate, with sedimentation rate kept constant, can lead to offlap and angular unconformities, although subsequent onlap does not necessarily reflect a return to a lower displacement rate. Modeled growth strata geometries exhibit many of the features reported from the literature.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used combined thermoluminescence, phosphorescence and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) measurements to trace the movement of charge within the lattice of a geological quartz sample when exposed to light (514 nm from an Ar ion laser).
TL;DR: Constancy of species and communities of species can be demonstrated to be the norm for at least the last million or so years (= generations), and the enigma of how such constancy was sustained in the face of large-scale climatic fluctuations remains a puzzle.
Abstract: The extinction of species of small invertebrates is difficult to recognize. However, in deposits that date from the past few million years, insect fossils are remarkably common and provide objective data on the history of the organisms that constitute the biotic communities of the present day. It might have been expected that the great climatic oscillations of the glacial-interglacial cycles should have caused widespread extinctions, if their effects on the large vertebrates is taken as our model. Yet the record of Quaternary fossil insects shows no high extinction rates during this period. Constancy of species and communities of species can be demonstrated to be the norm for at least the last million or so years (= generations). The enigma of how such constancy was sustained in the face of large-scale climatic fluctuations remains a puzzle though several possible solutions are suggested. These solutions carry implications for our estimates of present and future extinction rates.
TL;DR: Indices of childhood adversity and current interpersonal difficulties predicted episodes taking a chronic course (of more than 12 months' duration) and similar psychosocial factors are important for predicting chronicity in both community and patient series.
Abstract: BACKGROUND We consider how well the psychosocial and clinical factors found to predict a chronic course for depressive episodes in the community, held for female psychiatric patients.
METHOD A consecutive series of depressed patients, aged 18 to 60, treated as in-patients, out-patients or day-patients at psychiatric departments of two London hospitals, were interviewed initially and at follow-up two years later.
RESULTS Indices of childhood adversity and current interpersonal difficulties predicted episodes taking a chronic course (of more than 12 months' duration). Half of the episodes associated with one or the other factor were chronic, compared with 22% of those with neither. The patients were at higher risk than the community series (75% v. 34%) and this explains their much greater rate of chronicity. There was also some evidence that social support reduced risk. Clinical features and the presence of a personality disorder were unrelated to chronicity.
CONCLUSIONS Similar psychosocial factors are important for predicting chronicity in both community and patient series.
TL;DR: The 87Sr/86Sr of marine carbonate from Upper Cretaceous strata deposited in the Western Interior Seaway, USA, provides a Sr-isotope curve for Late Cretaged time (Cenomanian-Early Maastrichtian) and is calibrated against the most refined ammonite zonation known for the interval as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: Adult women with major depression who reported childhood sexual or physical abuse completed a measure of the extent to which they were experiencing intrusive memories of the abuse and their efforts to avoid these memories.
TL;DR: In this paper, aqueous magmatic-derived fluids trapped in fluid inclusions were determined by ICP-MS after crush-leach extraction of the fluids in 4 samples.
TL;DR: In this paper, a Gilbert-type fan delta body is made of depositional sequences and systems tracts that can be interpreted within a sequence stratigraphic framework, and the architecture of systems tracts and key stratal surfaces are interpreted in terms of hangingwall subsidence, sea/lake level changes, hinterland uplift and climatically induced variations in surface runoff.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the tectonic evolution of the southeastern margin of the Red Sea Rift in western Yemen using a multi-disciplinary field study of an east-west transect between Al Hudaydah and Sana9a.
Abstract: The tectonic evolution of the southeastern margin of the Red Sea Rift in western Yemen has been investigated using a multi-disciplinary field study of an east-west transect between Al Hudaydah and Sana9a. Slow subsidence of up to 1 km occurred over the area during a 100 m.y. period before rifting. There was a major episode of flood volcanism between ca. 30 and 20 Ma, and important extensional faulting began after the eruption of the volcanic rocks and ceased before middle to late Miocene sediments and volcanic rocks were deposited unconformably on top of rotated fault blocks on the coastal Tihama Plain. Surface uplift has produced the Yemen highlands, whose highest peak reaches an elevation of 3660 m. This is attributed to plume heating and eruption of >3000 m of volcanic rocks. Apatite fission-track ages indicate early to middle Miocene exhumational cooling ages, postdating the major volcanic phase and contemporaneous with rifting. Volcanism was accompanied by emplacement of subvertical dike swarms, which generally strike north-northwest to northwest, broadly parallel to the Red Sea coastline. Major faults indicate northeast-southwest-directed extension. Large granitic sheets and plutons (up to 25 km wide) intruded the volcanic rocks. Approximately 30 km of extension has taken place across a 75-km-wide zone (β = 1.7) in 6-8 m.y. The relative timing of volcanism followed by extension and uplift does not fit conventional models of passive or active rifting. We suggest that the proto-Red Sea Rift was caused by regional plate stresses that exploited lithospheric weakening caused by the Afar plume. Appreciable doming only occurred after the main episode of volcanism, which suggests that magmas extruded before maximum thermal expansion of the lithosphere took place.
TL;DR: There were clear changes in quality of life following 12 weeks in a community leg ulcer clinic, which were related to the healing of the ulcer, and systems of care that offer rapid healing and improve patients' well-being must be considered.
Abstract: Objective:To investigate changes in the quality of life of patients with leg ulcers being treated in community leg ulcer clinics.Design:Patients were interviewed using a standard questionnaire, and...
TL;DR: In this article, a synthesis of environmental changes during the Devensian (Weichselian) Lateglacial period (14-9 ka BP) is presented for an area extending from Ireland in the west to northwest Germany in the east.
Abstract: A synthesis of environmental changes during the Devensian (Weichselian) Lateglacial period (14-9 ka BP) is presented for an area extending from Ireland in the west to northwest Germany in the east. Following a brief reference to the problems of chronology, the principal changes in geomorphology and soils, vegetation history and climate experienced in the region during the Late-glacial are described. Reconstructions of thermal variations during the Late-glacial period are attempted independently for Ireland, England and Wales, Scotland (Highlands and Islanads), north Belgium, The Netherlands and northwest Germany. The collective palaeotemperature data, based mainly uppoln pollen data but also in Britain and The Netherlands on coleopteran data using the ‘mutual climatic range’ approach, provide an overview of regional differences along an east-west transect in northwest Europe.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review and locate the emerging literature of critical geopolitics, and illustrate some of the main lines of development within a rapidly expanding literature, which analyses geopolitics as discourse and also deconstructs policy texts to examine the use of geographical reasoning in statecraft.
Abstract: The authors review and locate the emerging literature of critical geopolitics, They illustrate some of the main lines of development within a rapidly expanding literature. This literature analyses geopolitics as discourse and also deconstructs policy texts to examine the use of geographical reasoning in statecraft. Critical geopolitics also links up with critical work in geopolitical economy and development studies. Areas are identified in which critical geopolitics could engage productively with research and scholarship in related fields.
TL;DR: In this paper, a modified Bromhead ring shear was used on samples with varying moisture contents, and it was found that the effective apparent cohesion gradually increases and the effective internal friction angle decreases with an increase in moisture content.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new model of worry is presented, differing from previous work in which worry was set within a broader theory of anxiety, and it is proposed that threat is initially evaluated in terms of imminence, likelihood, and cost set against perceived selfefficacy; this evaluation can produce worry as a relatively automatic response.
Abstract: A new model of worry is presented, differing from previous work in which worry was set within a broader theory of anxiety. It is proposed that threat is initially evaluated in terms of imminence, likelihood, and cost set against perceived self-efficacy; this evaluation can produce worry as a relatively automatic response. Worry serves the functions of alarm, prompt, and preparation; in terms of processes, it leads to an unfocused attentional style, sensitivity to emotional information, and arousal (which produces self-absorption). Threat (and worry) are maintained if there are elevated evidence requirements or inappropriate problem solving. The therapeutic implications of the model are discussed briefly.