Showing papers by "Royal Holloway, University of London published in 2020"
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23 Feb 2020
TL;DR: The ATLAS detector as installed in its experimental cavern at point 1 at CERN is described in this paper, where a brief overview of the expected performance of the detector when the Large Hadron Collider begins operation is also presented.
Abstract: The ATLAS detector as installed in its experimental cavern at point 1 at CERN is described in this paper. A brief overview of the expected performance of the detector when the Large Hadron Collider begins operation is also presented.
3,111 citations
Utrecht University1, Higher University of San Andrés2, University of Maryland, College Park3, Wageningen University and Research Centre4, University of St Andrews5, Royal Holloway, University of London6, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic7, Chinese Academy of Sciences8, University of Concepción9, University of Dayton10, Planetary Science Institute11, University of British Columbia12, Indian Institute of Science13, University of Maine14, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development15, University of California, Los Angeles16, Johns Hopkins University17, University of Utah18, University of Zurich19, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis20, Beijing Normal University21
TL;DR: The worldwide distribution and water supply of water towers (snowy or glacierized mountain ranges) is indexed, showing that the most important water towers are also the most vulnerable to socio-economic and climate-change stresses, with huge potential negative impacts on populations downstream.
Abstract: Mountains are the water towers of the world, supplying a substantial part of both natural and anthropogenic water demands1,2. They are highly sensitive and prone to climate change3,4, yet their importance and vulnerability have not been quantified at the global scale. Here we present a global water tower index (WTI), which ranks all water towers in terms of their water-supplying role and the downstream dependence of ecosystems and society. For each water tower, we assess its vulnerability related to water stress, governance, hydropolitical tension and future climatic and socio-economic changes. We conclude that the most important (highest WTI) water towers are also among the most vulnerable, and that climatic and socio-economic changes will affect them profoundly. This could negatively impact 1.9 billion people living in (0.3 billion) or directly downstream of (1.6 billion) mountainous areas. Immediate action is required to safeguard the future of the world’s most important and vulnerable water towers.
730 citations
TL;DR: The sound of a 3,000 year old mummified individual has been accurately reproduced as a vowel-like sound based on measurements of the precise dimensions of his extant vocal tract following Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, enabling the creation of a3-D printed vocal tract.
Abstract: The sound of a 3,000 year old mummified individual has been accurately reproduced as a vowel-like sound based on measurements of the precise dimensions of his extant vocal tract following Computed Tomography (CT) scanning, enabling the creation of a 3-D printed vocal tract. By using the Vocal Tract Organ, which provides a user-controllable artificial larynx sound source, a vowel sound is synthesised which compares favourably with vowels of modern individuals.
518 citations
19 Oct 2020
TL;DR: This study showed a modest increase in the prevalence of mental health problems in the early stages of the pandemic, and these problems were predicted by several specific COVID-related variables.
Abstract: Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented global crisis necessitating drastic changes to living conditions, social life, personal freedom and economic activity. No study has yet examined the presence of psychiatric symptoms in the UK population in similar conditions.
Aims
We investigated the prevalence of COVID-19 related anxiety, generalised anxiety, depression and trauma symptoms in a representative sample of the UK population during an early phase of the pandemic, and estimated associations with variables likely to influence these symptoms.
Method
Between March 23rd and March 28th 2020, a quota sample of 2025 UK adults 18 years and older, stratified by age, sex and household income, was recruited by online survey company Qualtrics. Participants completed measures of depression (PHQ9), generalised anxiety (GAD7), and trauma symptoms relating to the pandemic (ITQ). Bivariate and multivariate associations were calculated for age, gender, rural vs urban environment, presence of children in the household, income, loss of income, pre-existing health conditions in self and someone close, infection in self and someone close, and perceived risk of infection over the next month.
Results
Higher levels of anxiety, depression and trauma symptoms were reported compared to previous population studies, but not dramatically so. Meeting the criteria for either anxiety or depression, and trauma symptoms was predicted by young age, presence of children in the home, and high estimates of personal risk. Anxiety and depression symptoms were also predicted by low income, loss of income, and pre-existing health conditions in self and other. Specific anxiety about COVID-19 was greater in older participants.
Conclusions
The UK population, especially older citizens, were largely resilient in the early stages of the pandemic. However, several specific COVID-related variables are associated with psychological distress: particularly having children at home, loss of income because of the pandemic, as well as having a pre-existing health condition, exposure to the virus and high estimates of personal risk. Further similar surveys, particularly of those with children at home, are required as the pandemic progresses.
509 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a search for the electroweak production of charginos and sleptons decaying into final states with two electrons or muons is presented, based on 139.fb$^{-1}$ of proton-proton collisions recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at
Abstract: A search for the electroweak production of charginos and sleptons decaying into final states with two electrons or muons is presented. The analysis is based on 139 fb$^{-1}$ of proton–proton collisions recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider at $\sqrt{s}=13$ $\text {TeV}$. Three R-parity-conserving scenarios where the lightest neutralino is the lightest supersymmetric particle are considered: the production of chargino pairs with decays via either W bosons or sleptons, and the direct production of slepton pairs. The analysis is optimised for the first of these scenarios, but the results are also interpreted in the others. No significant deviations from the Standard Model expectations are observed and limits at 95% confidence level are set on the masses of relevant supersymmetric particles in each of the scenarios. For a massless lightest neutralino, masses up to 420 $\text {Ge}\text {V}$ are excluded for the production of the lightest-chargino pairs assuming W-boson-mediated decays and up to 1 $\text {TeV}$ for slepton-mediated decays, whereas for slepton-pair production masses up to 700 $\text {Ge}\text {V}$ are excluded assuming three generations of mass-degenerate sleptons.
272 citations
Royal Observatory of Belgium1, Imperial College London2, University of Auckland3, Royal Holloway, University of London4, National Autonomous University of Mexico5, Swiss Seismological Service6, University of Helsinki7, United States Geological Survey8, Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics9, University of Costa Rica10, Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute11, Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute12, University of Potsdam13, National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology14, University of Catania15, University of Cologne16, University of Savoy17, King's College, Aberdeen18, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies19, Delft University of Technology20, Spanish National Research Council21, Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources22, Mediterranean University23, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute24, University of Alaska Fairbanks25, University of Strasbourg26, University of Lausanne27, University of Bristol28, Princeton University29, University of Tehran30, Boston College31, California Institute of Technology32, Stanford University33, Search for extraterrestrial intelligence34, University of British Columbia35, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich36, Australian National University37, McGill University38, University of Maine39, University of California, Riverside40, University of Chile41, University of Oxford42, BBN Technologies43, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris44, Victoria University of Wellington45, University of Patras46, University of Bergen47, University of California, Berkeley48, Institut d'Estudis Catalans49, University of Michigan50, University of California, Santa Barbara51
TL;DR: The 2020 seismic noise quiet period is the longest and most prominent global anthropogenic seismic noise reduction on record and suggests that seismology provides an absolute, real-time estimate of human activities.
Abstract: Human activity causes vibrations that propagate into the ground as high-frequency seismic waves. Measures to mitigate the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused widespread changes in human activity, leading to a months-long reduction in seismic noise of up to 50%. The 2020 seismic noise quiet period is the longest and most prominent global anthropogenic seismic noise reduction on record. Although the reduction is strongest at surface seismometers in populated areas, this seismic quiescence extends for many kilometers radially and hundreds of meters in depth. This quiet period provides an opportunity to detect subtle signals from subsurface seismic sources that would have been concealed in noisier times and to benchmark sources of anthropogenic noise. A strong correlation between seismic noise and independent measurements of human mobility suggests that seismology provides an absolute, real-time estimate of human activities.
202 citations
Royal Botanic Gardens1, University of Ioannina2, University of León3, National University of Ireland, Galway4, University of Coimbra5, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh6, University of Vienna7, University of São Paulo8, University of Yaoundé I9, University of Sydney10, University of Minnesota11, Botanic Gardens Conservation International12, Royal Holloway, University of London13, Universidade Federal de Pelotas14, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul15, Federal University of Paraná16, University of Gothenburg17
192 citations
TL;DR: The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) as discussed by the authors is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model.
Abstract: The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. This TDR is intended to justify the technical choices for the far detector that flow down from the high-level physics goals through requirements at all levels of the Project. Volume I contains an executive summary that introduces the DUNE science program, the far detector and the strategy for its modular designs, and the organization and management of the Project. The remainder of Volume I provides more detail on the science program that drives the choice of detector technologies and on the technologies themselves. It also introduces the designs for the DUNE near detector and the DUNE computing model, for which DUNE is planning design reports. Volume II of this TDR describes DUNE's physics program in detail. Volume III describes the technical coordination required for the far detector design, construction, installation, and integration, and its organizational structure. Volume IV describes the single-phase far detector technology. A planned Volume V will describe the dual-phase technology.
187 citations
TL;DR: This study provides Class I evidence that golodirsen is safe and Class IV evidence that it induces exon skipping and novel dystrophin as confirmed by 3 different assays.
Abstract: Objective To report safety, pharmacokinetics, exon 53 skipping, and dystrophin expression in golodirsen-treated patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) amenable to exon 53 skipping. Methods Part 1 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week dose titration of once-weekly golodirsen; part 2 is an ongoing, open-label evaluation. Safety and pharmacokinetics were primary and secondary objectives of part 1. Primary biological outcome measures of part 2 were blinded exon skipping and dystrophin protein production on muscle biopsies (baseline, week 48) evaluated, respectively, using reverse transcription PCR and Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Results Twelve patients were randomized to receive golodirsen (n = 8) or placebo (n = 4) in part 1. All from part 1 plus 13 additional patients received 30 mg/kg golodirsen in part 2. Safety findings were consistent with those previously observed in pediatric patients with DMD. Most of the study drug was excreted within 4 hours following administration. A significant increase in exon 53 skipping was associated with ∼16-fold increase over baseline in dystrophin protein expression at week 48, with a mean percent normal dystrophin protein standard of 1.019% (range, 0.09%–4.30%). Sarcolemmal localization of dystrophin was demonstrated by significantly increased dystrophin-positive fibers (week 48, p Conclusion Golodirsen was well-tolerated; muscle biopsies from golodirsen-treated patients showed increased exon 53 skipping, dystrophin production, and correct dystrophin sarcolemmal localization. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT02310906. Classification of evidence This study provides Class I evidence that golodirsen is safe and Class IV evidence that it induces exon skipping and novel dystrophin as confirmed by 3 different assays.
180 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the trigger algorithms and selection were optimized to control the rates while retaining a high efficiency for physics analyses at the ATLAS experiment to cope with a fourfold increase of peak LHC luminosity from 2015 to 2018 (Run 2), and a similar increase in the number of interactions per beam-crossing to about 60.
Abstract: Electron and photon triggers covering transverse energies from 5 GeV to several TeV are essential for the ATLAS experiment to record signals for a wide variety of physics: from Standard Model processes to searches for new phenomena in both proton–proton and heavy-ion collisions. To cope with a fourfold increase of peak LHC luminosity from 2015 to 2018 (Run 2), to 2.1×1034cm-2s-1, and a similar increase in the number of interactions per beam-crossing to about 60, trigger algorithms and selections were optimised to control the rates while retaining a high efficiency for physics analyses. For proton–proton collisions, the single-electron trigger efficiency relative to a single-electron offline selection is at least 75% for an offline electron of 31 GeV, and rises to 96% at 60 GeV; the trigger efficiency of a 25 GeV leg of the primary diphoton trigger relative to a tight offline photon selection is more than 96% for an offline photon of 30 GeV. For heavy-ion collisions, the primary electron and photon trigger efficiencies relative to the corresponding standard offline selections are at least 84% and 95%, respectively, at 5 GeV above the corresponding trigger threshold.
180 citations
TL;DR: A search for heavy neutral Higgs bosons is performed using the LHC Run 2 data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb^{-1} of proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=13TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector.
Abstract: A search for heavy neutral Higgs bosons is performed using the LHC Run 2 data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb^{-1} of proton-proton collisions at sqrt[s]=13 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector. The search for heavy resonances is performed over the mass range 0.2-2.5 TeV for the τ^{+}τ^{-} decay with at least one τ-lepton decaying into final states with hadrons. The data are in good agreement with the background prediction of the standard model. In the M_{h}^{125} scenario of the minimal supersymmetric standard model, values of tanβ>8 and tanβ>21 are excluded at the 95% confidence level for neutral Higgs boson masses of 1.0 and 1.5 TeV, respectively, where tanβ is the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two Higgs doublets.
TL;DR: Variation of hand-wing index in over 10,000 bird species is examined, finding that it is higher in migratory and non-territorial species, and lower in the tropics, and also a strong predictor of geographical range size.
Abstract: An organism’s ability to disperse influences many fundamental processes, from speciation and geographical range expansion to community assembly. However, the patterns and underlying drivers of variation in dispersal across species remain unclear, partly because standardised estimates of dispersal ability are rarely available. Here we present a global dataset of avian hand-wing index (HWI), an estimate of wing shape widely adopted as a proxy for dispersal ability in birds. We show that HWI is correlated with geography and ecology across 10,338 (>99%) species, increasing at higher latitudes and with migration, and decreasing with territoriality. After controlling for these effects, the strongest predictor of HWI is temperature variability (seasonality), with secondary effects of diet and habitat type. Finally, we also show that HWI is a strong predictor of geographical range size. Our analyses reveal a prominent latitudinal gradient in HWI shaped by a combination of environmental and behavioural factors, and also provide a global index of avian dispersal ability for use in community ecology, macroecology, and macroevolution. In birds, the hand-wing index is a morphological trait that can be used as a proxy for flight efficiency. Here the authors examine variation of hand-wing index in over 10,000 bird species, finding that it is higher in migratory and non-territorial species, and lower in the tropics.
11 Feb 2020-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A-accelerators Spectrometers Detectors and Associated Equipment
TL;DR: The design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles, is described and its key design features and requirements are described.
Abstract: We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient neutron capture and tagging. LZ is located in the Davis Cavern at the 4850’ level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. We describe the major subsystems of the experiment and its key design features and requirements.
Aix-Marseille University1, University of Oklahoma2, University of Massachusetts Amherst3, University of Pavia4, University of Göttingen5, Royal Holloway, University of London6, University of Toronto7, Niels Bohr Institute8, University of Sussex9, Tel Aviv University10, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology11, Argonne National Laboratory12, King's College London13, International Centre for Theoretical Physics14, University of Tokyo15, University of Mainz16, University of Savoy17, AGH University of Science and Technology18, Northern Illinois University19, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich20, Boğaziçi University21, University of Geneva22, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory23, Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics24, Université Paris-Saclay25, University of Auvergne26, Radboud University Nijmegen27, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University28, University of Granada29, Spanish National Research Council30, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research31, McGill University32, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory33, University of Rome Tor Vergata34, Kyoto University35, Russian Academy of Sciences36, University of Bologna37, University of Victoria38, CERN39, National Technical University of Athens40, University of Amsterdam41, Czech Technical University in Prague42, Tomsk State University43, University of Washington44, University of Oregon45, University of Birmingham46, University of Copenhagen47, National University of La Plata48, University of Glasgow49, Autonomous University of Madrid50, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro51, University of Oxford52, Brandeis University53, University of Michigan54, Iowa State University55, University of Sheffield56, University of Texas at Austin57, Heidelberg University58, University of Bern59, University of Milan60, Columbia University61, Novosibirsk State University62, Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics63, Oklahoma State University–Stillwater64, University of California, Irvine65, KEK66, Chinese Academy of Sciences67
TL;DR: In this article, a search for new resonances decaying into a pair of jets is reported using the dataset of proton-proton collisions recorded at s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider between 2015 and 2018.
Abstract: A search for new resonances decaying into a pair of jets is reported using the dataset of proton-proton collisions recorded at s = 13 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider between 2015 and 2018, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 139 fb−1. The distribution of the invariant mass of the two leading jets is examined for local excesses above a data-derived estimate of the Standard Model background. In addition to an inclusive dijet search, events with jets identified as containing b-hadrons are examined specifically. No significant excess of events above the smoothly falling background spectra is observed. The results are used to set cross-section upper limits at 95% confidence level on a range of new physics scenarios. Model-independent limits on Gaussian-shaped signals are also reported. The analysis looking at jets containing b-hadrons benefits from improvements in the jet flavour identification at high transverse momentum, which increases its sensitivity relative to the previous analysis beyond that expected from the higher integrated luminosity.
Royal Holloway, University of London1, University of Manchester2, University of Portsmouth3, Scott Polar Research Institute4, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile5, University of Glasgow6, Aberystwyth University7, University of Exeter8, University of Edinburgh9, Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory10, Nichols College11, University of Liverpool12, University of Leicester13
TL;DR: Patagonian glacial geomorphology and recalibrated chronological data were used to generate new empirical reconstructions of the Patagonian Ice Sheet (PIS) and subsequent ice masses and ice-dammed palaeolakes as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: The atmospheric methane burden is increasing rapidly, contrary to pathways compatible with the goals of the 2015 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement as mentioned in this paper, and urgent action is required to bring methane back to a pathway more in line with the Paris goals.
Abstract: The atmospheric methane burden is increasing rapidly, contrary to pathways compatible with the goals of the 2015 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement. Urgent action is required to bring methane back to a pathway more in line with the Paris goals. Emission reduction from “tractable” (easier to mitigate) anthropogenic sources such as the fossil fuel industries and landfills is being much facilitated by technical advances in the past decade, which have radically improved our ability to locate, identify, quantify, and reduce emissions. Measures to reduce emissions from “intractable” (harder to mitigate) anthropogenic sources such as agriculture and biomass burning have received less attention and are also becoming more feasible, including removal from elevated-methane ambient air near to sources. The wider effort to use microbiological and dietary intervention to reduce emissions from cattle (and humans) is not addressed in detail in this essentially geophysical review. Though they cannot replace the need to reach “net-zero” emissions of CO2, significant reductions in the methane burden will ease the timescales needed to reach required CO2 reduction targets for any particular future temperature limit. There is no single magic bullet, but implementation of a wide array of mitigation and emission reduction strategies could substantially cut the global methane burden, at a cost that is relatively low compared to the parallel and necessary measures to reduce CO2, and thereby reduce the atmospheric methane burden back toward pathways consistent with the goals of the Paris Agreement.
University of Oklahoma1, University of Massachusetts Amherst2, CERN3, University of Göttingen4, Royal Holloway, University of London5, University of Toronto6, University of Copenhagen7, University of Sussex8, Tel Aviv University9, University of Oslo10, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro11, McGill University12, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology13, United States Department of Energy14, International Centre for Theoretical Physics15, University of Tokyo16, University of Mainz17, University of Victoria18, AGH University of Science and Technology19, Northern Illinois University20, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich21, Boğaziçi University22, University of Geneva23, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory24, University of California, Santa Cruz25
TL;DR: The ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider reads out particle collision data from over 100 million electronic channels at a rate of approximately 100 kHz, with a recording rate for physics events of approximately 1 kHz.
Abstract: The ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider reads out particle collision data from over 100 million electronic channels at a rate of approximately 100 kHz, with a recording rate for physics events of approximately 1 kHz. Before being certified for physics analysis at computer centres worldwide, the data must be scrutinised to ensure they are clean from any hardware or software related issues that may compromise their integrity. Prompt identification of these issues permits fast action to investigate, correct and potentially prevent future such problems that could render the data unusable. This is achieved through the monitoring of detector-level quantities and reconstructed collision event characteristics at key stages of the data processing chain. This paper presents the monitoring and assessment procedures in place at ATLAS during 2015–2018 data-taking. Through the continuous improvement of operational procedures, ATLAS achieved a high data quality efficiency, with 95.6% of the recorded proton-proton collision data collected at √s=13 TeV certified for physics analysis.
TL;DR: This study found that moderate to high levels of anxiety associated with COVID‐19 were significantly associated with general somatic symptoms and in particular with gastrointestinal and fatigue symptoms.
Abstract: This study aimed to estimate the association between anxiety associated with COVID-19 and somatic symptoms, using data from a large, representative sample (N = 2,025) of the UK adult population. Results showed that moderate to high levels of anxiety associated with COVID-19 were significantly associated with general somatic symptoms and in particular with gastrointestinal and fatigue symptoms. This pattern of associations remained significant after controlling for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), pre-existing health problems, age, gender, and income. This is the first evidence that anxiety associated with COVID-19 makes a unique contribution to somatization, above and beyond the effect of GAD.
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology1, University of Geneva2, University of Bern3, Kyushu University4, CERN5, University of California, Irvine6, Tsinghua University7, Brookhaven National Laboratory8, Rutgers University9, Royal Holloway, University of London10, University of Washington11, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory12, Weizmann Institute of Science13, University of Mainz14, Nagoya University15, KEK16, University of Oregon17, University of Sheffield18
TL;DR: FASER as mentioned in this paper is a proposed component of FASER, consisting of emulsion films interleaved with tungsten plates with a total target mass of 1.2 t.
Abstract: Neutrinos are copiously produced at particle colliders, but no collider neutrino has ever been detected. Colliders produce both neutrinos and anti-neutrinos of all flavors at very high energies, and they are therefore highly complementary to those from other sources. FASER, the Forward Search Experiment at the LHC, is ideally located to provide the first detection and study of collider neutrinos. We investigate the prospects for neutrino studies with FASER$$
u $$, a proposed component of FASER, consisting of emulsion films interleaved with tungsten plates with a total target mass of 1.2 t, to be placed on-axis at the front of FASER. We estimate the neutrino fluxes and interaction rates, describe the FASER$$
u $$ detector, and analyze the characteristics of the signals and primary backgrounds. For an integrated luminosity of $$150~\text {fb}^{-1}$$ to be collected during Run 3 of the 14 TeV LHC in 2021–23, approximately 1300 electron neutrinos, 20,000 muon neutrinos, and 20 tau neutrinos will interact in FASER$$
u $$, with mean energies of 600 GeV to 1 TeV. With such rates and energies, FASER will measure neutrino cross sections at energies where they are currently unconstrained, will bound models of forward particle production, and could open a new window on physics beyond the standard model.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors express their solidarity with those affected and impacted directly by the COVID-19 pandemic, while none of us is untouched by the pandemic event.
Abstract: As editors of Territory, Politics, Governance, we want first and foremost to express our solidarity with those affected and impacted directly by the COVID-19 pandemic. While none of us is untouched...
TL;DR: The world is being turned “upside down” by a worldwide pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), for which there is yet no effective treatment or vaccination.
Abstract: We are currently facing a worldwide pandemic of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for which there is yet no effective treatment or vaccination. This has resulted in the world being turned “upside...
TL;DR: The Dune experiment as discussed by the authors is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model.
Abstract: The preponderance of matter over antimatter in the early universe, the dynamics of the supernovae that produced the heavy elements necessary for life, and whether protons eventually decay—these mysteries at the forefront of particle physics and astrophysics are key to understanding the early evolution of our universe, its current state, and its eventual fate. DUNE is an international world-class experiment dedicated to addressing these questions as it searches for leptonic charge-parity symmetry violation, stands ready to capture supernova neutrino bursts, and seeks to observe nucleon decay as a signature of a grand unified theory underlying the standard model. Central to achieving DUNE's physics program is a far detector that combines the many tens-of-kiloton fiducial mass necessary for rare event searches with sub-centimeter spatial resolution in its ability to image those events, allowing identification of the physics signatures among the numerous backgrounds. In the single-phase liquid argon time-projection chamber (LArTPC) technology, ionization charges drift horizontally in the liquid argon under the influence of an electric field towards a vertical anode, where they are read out with fine granularity. A photon detection system supplements the TPC, directly enhancing physics capabilities for all three DUNE physics drivers and opening up prospects for further physics explorations. The DUNE far detector technical design report (TDR) describes the DUNE physics program and the technical designs of the single- and dual-phase DUNE liquid argon TPC far detector modules. Volume IV presents an overview of the basic operating principles of a single-phase LArTPC, followed by a description of the DUNE implementation. Each of the subsystems is described in detail, connecting the high-level design requirements and decisions to the overriding physics goals of DUNE.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the governance of gig work under conditions of financialised platform capitalism is characterized by a process that they call "dual value production", where the monetary value produced by the service provided is augmented by the use and speculative value of the data produced before, during, and after service provision.
Abstract: In this article, we argue that the governance of gig work under conditions of financialised platform capitalism is characterised by a process that we call “dual value production”: the monetary value produced by the service provided is augmented by the use and speculative value of the data produced before, during, and after service provision. App-governed gig workers hence function as pivotal conduits in software systems that produce digital data as a particular asset class. We reflect on the production of data assets and the unequal distribution of opportunities for their valorisation, after which we survey a number of strategies seeking data-centric worker empowerment. These strategies, we argue, are crucial attempts to push back against platform capitalism’s domination, bankrolled by what we term “meta-platforms”. Ultimately, it is the massive wealth and synergetic capacities of meta-platforms that constitute the most formidable obstacle to worker power and social justice in increasingly data-driven societies.
TL;DR: The authors integrated the theoretical foundations of symbolic interactionism, parasocial interaction, direct affect transfer, push and pull motivational framework, and narrative transportation, integrating the theoretical foundation of symbolic interactions.
Abstract: Integrating the theoretical foundations of symbolic interactionism, parasocial interaction, direct affect transfer, push and pull motivational framework, and narrative transportation, this study in...
TL;DR: A search for narrowly resonant new physics using a machine-learning anomaly detection procedure that does not rely on signal simulations for developing the analysis selection and results are complementary to the dedicated searches for the case that B and C are standard model bosons.
Abstract: This Letter describes a search for narrowly resonant new physics using a machine-learning anomaly detection procedure that does not rely on signal simulations for developing the analysis selection. Weakly supervised learning is used to train classifiers directly on data to enhance potential signals. The targeted topology is dijet events and the features used for machine learning are the masses of the two jets. The resulting analysis is essentially a three-dimensional search A→BC, for m_{A}∼O(TeV), m_{B},m_{C}∼O(100 GeV) and B, C are reconstructed as large-radius jets, without paying a penalty associated with a large trials factor in the scan of the masses of the two jets. The full run 2 sqrt[s]=13 TeV pp collision dataset of 139 fb^{-1} recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider is used for the search. There is no significant evidence of a localized excess in the dijet invariant mass spectrum between 1.8 and 8.2 TeV. Cross-section limits for narrow-width A, B, and C particles vary with m_{A}, m_{B}, and m_{C}. For example, when m_{A}=3 TeV and m_{B}≳200 GeV, a production cross section between 1 and 5 fb is excluded at 95% confidence level, depending on m_{C}. For certain masses, these limits are up to 10 times more sensitive than those obtained by the inclusive dijet search. These results are complementary to the dedicated searches for the case that B and C are standard model bosons.
TL;DR: The sensitivity of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) to neutrino oscillation is determined, based on a full simulation, reconstruction, and event selection of the far detector and full simulation and parameterized analysis of the near detector as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The sensitivity of the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) to neutrino oscillation is determined, based on a full simulation, reconstruction, and event selection of the far detector and a full simulation and parameterized analysis of the near detector. Detailed uncertainties due to the flux prediction, neutrino interaction model, and detector effects are included. DUNE will resolve the neutrino mass ordering to a precision of 5σ, for all δCP values, after 2 years of running with the nominal detector design and beam configuration. It has the potential to observe charge-parity violation in the neutrino sector to a precision of 3σ (5σ) after an exposure of 5 (10) years, for 50% of all δCP values. It will also make precise measurements of other parameters governing long-baseline neutrino oscillation, and after an exposure of 15 years will achieve a similar sensitivity to sin 22 θ13 to current reactor experiments.
TL;DR: In this article, a literature review identifies and describes perpetrator and victim risk factors for elder abuse with the goal of informing professional practice and providing the basis for an empirically derived risk assessment instrument.
TL;DR: This work aims to identify major pitfalls in the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews, making use of recent examples from across the field, and identifies methodological solutions to mitigate these pitfalls.
Abstract: Traditional approaches to reviewing literature may be susceptible to bias and result in incorrect decisions. This is of particular concern when reviews address policy- and practice-relevant questions. Systematic reviews have been introduced as a more rigorous approach to synthesizing evidence across studies; they rely on a suite of evidence-based methods aimed at maximizing rigour and minimizing susceptibility to bias. Despite the increasing popularity of systematic reviews in the environmental field, evidence synthesis methods continue to be poorly applied in practice, resulting in the publication of syntheses that are highly susceptible to bias. Recognizing the constraints that researchers can sometimes feel when attempting to plan, conduct and publish rigorous and comprehensive evidence syntheses, we aim here to identify major pitfalls in the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews, making use of recent examples from across the field. Adopting a 'critical friend' role in supporting would-be systematic reviews and avoiding individual responses to police use of the 'systematic review' label, we go on to identify methodological solutions to mitigate these pitfalls. We then highlight existing support available to avoid these issues and call on the entire community, including systematic review specialists, to work towards better evidence syntheses for better evidence and better decisions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the spatial imprint of climate-related processes in speleothem δ13C values deposited post-1900 CE, a period during which global temperature and climate data is readily available.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed general methods for the problem of multiple testing of a single hypothesis, with a standard goal of combining a number of p-values without making any assumptions about their dependence structure.
Abstract: This paper proposes general methods for the problem of multiple testing of a single hypothesis, with a standard goal of combining a number of p-values without making any assumptions about their dependence structure. An old result by Ruschendorf and, independently, Meng implies that the p-values can be combined by scaling up their arithmetic mean by a factor of 2 (and no smaller factor is sufficient in general). A similar result about the geometric mean (Mattner) replaces 2 by $e$. Based on more recent developments in mathematical finance, specifically, robust risk aggregation techniques, we extend these results to generalized means; in particular, we show that $K$ p-values can be combined by scaling up their harmonic mean by a factor of $\ln K$ (asymptotically as $K\to\infty$). This leads to a generalized version of the Bonferroni-Holm procedure. We also explore methods using weighted averages of p-values. Finally, we discuss the efficiency of various methods of combining p-values and how to choose a suitable method in light of data and prior information.