Showing papers by "Russian Ministry of the Emergency Situations published in 2021"

Hierarchically-structured hollow CuO microparticles for efficient photo-degradation of a model pollutant dye under the solar light illumination

Abstract: In this study, hierarchically-structured hollow CuO microspheres were utilized for potential solar light-assisted degradation of a model pollutant dye. Morphological analysis revealed that prepared hollow CuO microspheres (~9–16 µm) composed of small crystal strips pointed towards the center of the microsphere. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption experiments revealed that prepared hollow CuO microspheres have a specific surface area of ~12.184 m2/g. It was shown that prepared CuO microspheres can be used as an effective H2O2-assisted solar light-activated photocatalyst. In particular, prepared CuO microspheres significantly accelerate the degradation rate of aqueous Rhodamine B dye solution as compared to some other CuO structures reported to date. The recyclability study revealed that these CuO microspheres can be re-used several times without losing the photocatalytic activity.

Ecosystems Measurement: Risk Assessment Methods and Ecological Safety Principles

Abstract: This article addresses the analysis of modern approaches to assessment of environmental risks that arise during the operation of industrial facilities and the use of hazardous chemicals, as well as methods for quantitative and qualitative assessment of environmental risks regarding logistics and transport infrastructure. The purpose of the study is to identify the optimal methods for assessing environmental risks in the context of environmental safety. As a result of the study, an algorithm for assessing environmental risks was established and the methods for assessing environmental risks, as well as the approaches to ensuring the principles of environmental safety, were analyzed. Thus, a preventive assessment of the environmental risks of operation of anthropogenic facilities is necessary in the context of ensuring the environmental safety in relation to development of transport and supply chains. During the environmental risk assessment in view of green logistics, it is necessary to get the answer to the question about the degree of acceptability of the identified environmental risk for humans, as well as for various ecosystems. There is an objective need for arrangement of the organized and focused activity on human impact to the environment on the basis of scientific prediction of possible changes and consequences for the environment (planning of human activities and predicting the possible consequences).

Assessment of the Need for Rescue Forces during Destructive Earthquakes (a Case Study of Armenia)

Abstract: Using international experience and the lessons of the 1988 Spitak earthquake, specific approaches and recommendations are proposed for the rapid forecasting of important data on destructive earthquakes during the assessment stage in Armenia. These are necessary for organizing rescue operations. These data include determination of the position and size of the destruction zone and the most affected populated areas; determination of possible damage to the most common types of residential buildings in the disaster zone, etc.; estimation of casualties and the affected population; determination of the approximate number of people left homeless; determination of damaged lifelines; etc. Based on these data, approaches and estimates are proposed for preliminary calculations of the necessary rescue forces and equipment (rescuers and heavy rescue equipment, medical personnel, medicines and medical equipment, etc.) and rescue and recovery operations (water, electricity, gas supply lines, electronic communications, transport) in the destruction zone.

A new approach to calculating the time to the blocking of the escape routes due to the loss of visibility in the smoke of an indoor fire

Abstract: Introduction. The accuracy of the visibility analysis in the event of an indoor fire strongly depends on the smoke-generating ability of substances and materials obtained experimentally in small-scale units. Therefore, the task is to develop a method of analysis that takes account of the scale factor and does not use the specific coefficient of smoke generation to identify the range of visibility in a full-scale room.Goals and objectives. The goal of the research project is a new approach to the calculation of the time to the blocking of the escape routes due to the loss of visibility with due regard for the scale factor and without regard for the specific coefficient of smoke generation. To achieve this goal, the analysis of fire development patterns in small-scale and full-scale rooms was carried out; theoretical dependences between the volumetric average optical smoke density and other volumetric average parameters of the indoor gas environment were obtained for these patterns, and calculation results, based on the obtained dependences, were compared with the experimental data.Methods. Methods, employed by the co-authors, included solving non-stationary equations based on the principle of conservation of indoor gas energy, optical density of smoke and oxygen mass for the cases of closed and open-type indoor heat and mass transfer. Fire tests were conducted in a small-scale facility. Theoretical and experimental data were compared.Results. Analytical dependences between the volumetric average optical density of smoke, a change in the volumetric average temperature, and the volumetric average partial oxygen density for closed and open indoor fire patterns were obtained. The series of fire tests involving the PVC insulated and sheathed bare (coverless) cable, exposed to the effect of the varying density incident heat flux, were carried out. Experimental dependences between the time, the optical density of smoke, and the specific coefficient of smoke generation were obtained. The obtained volumetric average optical density of smoke was compared with the experimental data using the proposed analytical expressions.Conclusions. The co-authors suggest using experimental dependences between the volumetric average optical density of smoke, changes in the volumetric average temperature or the volumetric average partial oxygen density obtained in a small-scale facility without solving the differential equation based on the principle of conservation of optical density of smoke.

Density Functional Theory Calculations of the Lowest Excited Triplet State of the Closest Analogs of Chlorophyll and Bacteriochlorophyll

Abstract: Density functional theory PBE/TZVP calculations of the geometric structures in the ground singlet state S0 and the first excited triplet state T1 were carried out for Mg pheophorbide a (MgPhe) (i.e., chlorophyll a devoid of the phytol "tail"), Mg bacteriopheophorbide a (MgBPhe), Mg chlorin (MgC), and Mg bacteriochlorin (MgBC). A comparison of the bond lengths for the pairs MgC–MgPhe and MgBC–MgBPhe found that the central macrocycle of the first pair is more unstable to splittings of equivalent bond lengths as a result of the S0 → T1 transition and as the molecular structure becomes more complex (mainly due to cyclopentanone ring V formation). The symmetry of MgC in the T1 state is lowered as compared to the C2v symmetry in the S0 state while MgBC has D2h symmetry in both states. These peculiarities are related to the central π-system of the MgC–MgPhe pair being antiaromatic (containing 24 electrons corresponding to the Huckel 4n rule) and the central π-system of the MgBC–MgBPhe pair being aromatic (containing 22 electrons corresponding to the Huckel 4n + 2 rule). The energies of the T1 states of the studied molecules are calculated. The computed $$ {E}_{T_1} $$ values for MgPhe are 11,400, 10,850, and 10,200 cm–1 for the vertical S0 → T1 transition taking into account optimization of the geometry in the T1 state and changes of the zero-point vibrations at the S0 → T1 transition, respectively, and agree well with the experimental value of 10,310 cm–1 (for chlorophyll a). The computed $$ {E}_{T_1} $$ values for MgBPhe are 8350, 8100, and 7700 cm–1 while the experimental value is 8190 cm–1 (for bacteriochlorophyll a).

Механизмы формирования паттернов подавления биоэлектрической активности головного мозга при депримирующем действии нейротоксикантов

Abstract: The aim of the stady wos to investigate the mechanisms of suppression of cerebral bioelectrical activity under adverse effects caused by neurotoxicants using inhalation anesthesia with sevoflurane. The research included 19 cases (male/female 12/7, aged 19—55, BMIs under 35) with intracerebral tumors. Patients were under medical observation and neurosurgical treatment. Invasive procedures were carried out under sevoflurane-based general anesthesia with a dose of anesthetic varying from 0,8 to 1,3 MAC (minimum alveolar concentration). Technologically advanced neurosurgical procedures involved neurophysiological polymodal monitoring, which included EEG and ECoG testing. Probit analysis results showed that, with cerebral cortex bioelectrical activity suppression index equal to 32±8%, nearly half the cases displayed a formation of an «outburst-suppression» type of pattern on the scalp EEG. The condition for half the cases displaying a formation of this type of periodic pattern is the suppression index equaling 58±7% on ECoG. Space-and-time evolution of suppression patterns, formed on the cerebral cortex, is the main reason for persistence of uninterrupted activity on EEG. The obtained results allow to further define principles of neurodynamics, which apply to acute intoxication with neurotoxicants. With regard to relative similarity of intoxication-induced coma cases, registration of periodic EEG patterns even with a low suppression index indicates a more severe form of cerebral insufficiency.

Digital multi-agent system for simulating natural fire fighting processes

Abstract: A system for modeling and supporting decision-making on the use of forces and means to eliminate wildfires, based on a digital model, implemented in the software "Taiga-Analyst", is proposed. The system works on the basis of agent-based simulation and allows you to select forces and means to fight a fire, simulate its propagation and elimination with reference to a digital terrain map using a geographic information system. The possibilities and scope of the "Taiga-Analyst" system are described. A decision-making scheme for fighting natural fires is shown, and the use of the system in the process of training fire safety specialists is described.

Building a model and an algorithm for modeling the movement of people carrying goods when they are evacuated from premises

Abstract: Evacuation is often the only way to save a person who is in a life-threatening situation. At present, evacuation software is used to simulate the movement of human flows, which does not always reflect the real processes of their movement. Therefore, it is a relevant task to build models for modeling the movement of human flows for different types of emergencies, different categories of human movement, and various spatial forms of their representation. Such a task arises when evacuating people from premises for various functional purposes. During evacuation, people often carry some goods. When people move carrying some goods, their horizontal projection takes a more complex shape than an ellipse or circle considered in earlier studies. Moreover, in practice, there is often a task to model the movement of people taking into consideration the maximum permissible distances between them. This paper reports the new quasi-phi functions of interaction between the ellipse and rectangle accounting for the maximum allowable distances between them. The proposed mathematical apparatus has made it possible to formalize the interaction between objects, thereby enabling the construction of a well-substantiated mathematical model, as well as the methods and algorithms for modeling the movement of people carrying some goods. The possibility to simulate the movement of people with certain objects has shown taking into consideration the maximum permissible distances between them. A test example of the movement of people along four corridors was simulated, in each of which there were 28 people subsequently merging into one flow. Given the uniform distribution of three types of cargo: «backpacks», «suitcases», and «bags on wheels», the movement slowed down by about 4 %. When half of the evacuees had «bags on wheels» that can move away from people at arm’s length, the slowdown was about 6 %.

Modelling the accidental oil spills at potentially hazardous facilities in the Arctic zone of Krasnoyarsk Krai

Abstract: Intensified human activity in exploiting the natural resources leads to increasing technogenic load on Arctic's fragile ecosystem. The boost in industrial facilities is associated with a growing number of stationary fuel reservoirs poorly monitored due to their considerable remoteness and extreme weather conditions. The 2020 emergency in the Arctic zone of Krasnoyarsk Krai exposed the lack of adequate methods for risk assessment and behaviour in case of accidents at potentially hazardous facilities. The existing methodologies for assessing the area of spill following an accidental depressurisation present significant limitations. Most methodologies are based on analytical models not taking into account the physics of processes. This work uses modelling with neural networks of oil spill at the potentially hazardous object located in the Arctic territory of the Krasnoyarsk Krai. The software used was neural network simulator NeuroPro, developed in the Institute of Computational Modelling of Krasnoyarsk Scientific Centre of SB RAS. For training the neural network there were used daily operational data on fourteen main vectors affecting the propagation rate. The neural network modelling of the accidental oil spill during the depressurization of one of the fuel tanks at potentially hazardous facilities in the Arctic zone in 2020 correlated perfectly with the real data.

Results on laboratory-instrumental studies of atmospheric air after fire suppression

Abstract: The paper presents the results of laboratory-instrumental studies of atmospheric air sampled during the first day after fire suppression in different localization. Carbon oxide, hydrochloride, hydrocyanide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and dioxins were determined in the air samples taken. The comparison was made with the hygienic standards established by SanPiN 1.2.3685-21 “Hygienic standards and requirements to ensure safety and (or) harmlessness for humans of environmental factors”. Analysis of the obtained data showed that the concentrations of most of the detected toxic combustion products one day after fire suppression were at a level close to MAC for the working area air, but significantly exceeded MAC established for the atmospheric air of urban and rural settlements. The largest exceedances were obtained at sites such as industrial and residential buildings, which can be explained by the use of a wide range of building materials.

Introduction of new professional standards in the education system of fire and rescue units of the ministry of emergency situations of Russia

Abstract: An analysis was made of the current requirements for the training of fire and technical experts and external pilots of the emergency and disaster response system. By the example of training forensic experts of forensic institutions and expert subdivisions of the Federal Fire-Fighting Service of the State Fire-Fighting Service (fire extinguisher expert) the introduction of new professional standards into the educational system of this specialty was examined, on the basis of which the recommendations for modifying the educational program, in order to increase the quality of fire place examination were proposed. When extending the training program of the firefighting expert in the field of external piloting training, the trainee will additionally master professional competences in control and maintenance of unmanned aerial systems. Supplementing the training program for specialists of judicial-expert and expert subdivisions of the Federal Fire-Fighting Service of the State Fire-Fighting Service with labor functions in flight operation of unmanned aircraft systems, including one or more unmanned aircrafts, will allow the graduate of the educational organization to be awarded the qualification “External pilot”, which, in turn, will also improve the quality of the above-mentioned subdivisions.

Influence of a Molybdenum Electrode on the Interelectrode Silver Transfer from Melt in Helium

Abstract: The interelectrode mass transfer of silver, the atomic mass, and the number of atoms in ions are calculated using experimental data on the mass transfer, the electrical intensity change, and the fraction of ions in the electricity. The change in the atomic masses and the number of Ag and Mo atoms in ions during removal from a molybdenum electrode are found. The difference between the calculated and experimental interelectrode mass transfers is determined for the negative and positive polarities of the silver melt. The conditions for the purification of silver from impurities in a dc electric field are substantiated.

Construction of the Ishikawa diagram for the incorporation into employment of graduates of the Ministry of emergency situations of Russia

Abstract: The paper presents the results of the author’s study of the problem of employment of universities graduates of the Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM) of Russia for vacant posts in the EMERCOM of Russia. The purpose of the study is to develop a draft “road map” aimed at solving the management problem of insufficient active participation of EMERCOM universities in the employment of graduates for civil service in the EMERCOM of Russia. The authors have used the following methods: traditional document analysis, expert sociological survey in the form of a questionnaire; method of studying statistical data; method for constructing the Kaworu Ishikawa chart. As a result of processing statistical data and experts’ answers, the paper presents the author’s view of the draft “road map” the implementation of which will solve the problem of effective employment of graduates of EMERCOM universities. The paper presents for the first time the results of the causal relationship between the need for employment of graduates of EMERCOM universities and the low percentage of this employment presented in the form of the Ishikawa chart.

About designing the height of the first profile of the marshalling hump

Abstract: The Height of the high-speed section of the sorting slide. Design of high-speed section of the marshalling hump. To prove mathematically the absence of theoretical basis of the formula by which the height of the first profile section of the marshalling hump is calculated in the current calculation method of marshalling humps. The paper uses the theorem on the change of kinetic energy for a non-free material point in the final form, known from theoretical mechanics. The research results revealed that the formulas by which the height of the first profile section of the marshalling hump is calculated to contradict the theorem on the change of kinetic energy for a non-free material point in the final form. The research results can be used in the processing of the normative-technical document on the design of hump devices on railways and making adjustments to the dynamics of rolling the car in textbooks for universities of railway transport. The results of the calculations proved the incorrectness of the derivation of the formula for calculating the height of the first profile section of the marshalling hump in the normative-technical document “Rules and standards for the design of sorting devices on the railways with gauge 1 520 mm”.

Distance learning as both a crisis and window of opportunity in student’s perception at Siberian universities

Abstract: The relevance of the topic is related to the need of understanding the positive and negative effects of universities transitioning to distance learning. They should be taken into account in the management of the process of digitalization of education. The aim of this article is to study the perception of students of Siberian universities of the transition to distance learning in 2020. The novelty of our approach to the study of this problem is the use of theoretical premises of the phenomenological paradigm and the ethnomethodological approach. This approach allows revealing the representations of distance learning in the personal reality of students as participants in the educational process. The research method is a semi-formalized in-depth interview. This study involved full-time 2nd-4th year students of three universities of the Krasnoyarsk Region. A total of 24 interviews were conducted. The results show that the majority of students perceived the emergency transition to distance learning as a crisis. The conditions of distance learning came into conflict with the subjective meanings and expectations of students in relation to the educational process. Students express negative assessments of the abrupt transition to distance learning, talk about a decrease in educational motivation, a sense of social deprivation after switching to distance learning. The respondents’ answers indicate the experience of anomie, the blurring of student identity, and the sense of losing the meaning of the educational process. Students with an increased level of subjectivity in educational activities more positively perceived the transition to distance learning and saw in it new opportunities for self-development. They have a higher level of internal motivation to achieve personal educational results, and are able to effectively organize their activities in the context of distance learning. In the course of distance learning, most students have become accustomed to this format: there has been a restructuring of everyday practices, the formation of new dispositions that organize educational activities. Despite this, all respondents consider distance learning as an auxiliary format that complements the traditional classroom form of organizing the educational process. This indicates that at present, digital learning technologies are poorly integrated into the system of higher education, which, according to the authors, has become the main factor in students’ experience of the transition to distance learning as a crisis phenomenon.

Application of a by-product in the production of pressed baker yeast for separating rubber from latex

Abstract: Synthetic rubbers are the most common polymers. They are widely used in the production of a wide variety of products. The requirements for the quality of the obtained polymers constantly are increasing with a corresponding reduction in the cost and environmental tension of these industries. One of the effective areas that allow the production of synthetic rubbers to meet the requirements is the search and application of new technologies for the manufacture of emulsion rubbers. One of the problematic stages in the production of emulsion rubbers is their isolation from latex. Agents that reduce the stability of latex dispersions have low resistance to biological oxidation and are capable of chemically binding the components of the emulsion system, as well as being almost completely removed from wastewater discharged to treatment plants, used to solve this problem. The work presents the results of the use of fertile, a by-product of the production of pressed baker's yeast, in the technology of styrene-butadiene rubbers production. Its effect on the process of isolation of rubber SKS-30 ARC from latex has been studied. The costs of acidifying and coagulating agents have been determined. The effect of pH medium on the process of rubber isolation from latex at various dosages of fertile has been studied. Rubber compounds based on rubber SKS-30 ARC have been prepared using standard components and they have been vulcanized. The resulting vulcanizates in terms of performance have met all the requirements.

Wear resistance of nanostructured metal-polymer self-lubricating powder composites

Abstract: Tribotechnical tests and microstructural studies were carried out. Wear mechanism of nanostructured metalpolymer self-lubricating composite materials has been established. This mechanism involves in the formation of separating polymer layers on the friction surface, which reduces the coefficient of friction and running-in period of parts of friction units. Carbon nanoparticles move along the friction surface, hinder the development of seizure processes during the interaction of microroughnesses of the contacting surfaces of the material and the counterbody during the destruction of the separating polymer layers. It was found that the polymer filler is displaced from the friction zone, carbon nanoparticles are pressed into the open areas of the surface of the copper matrix of the composite when the pressure in the tribocontact is higher than 1.5 MPa. The temperature in the tribocontact increases, the polymer filler degrades, the carbon nanoparticles are removed from the friction zone, the strength properties of the composite decrease, the friction coefficient and the wear rate increase at a sliding speed above 1.5 m/s. The obtained research results can be used in mechanical engineering, transportation industry and power engineering.