Showing papers by "Russian State Agricultural University published in 2010"

External Transaction Costs and Large‐scale Farming in Moscow Oblast Coûts de transaction externes et agriculture à grande échelle dans la région de Moscou Externe Transaktionskosten und landwirtschaftliche Großbetriebe in der Oblast Moskau

Abstract: Summary External Transaction Costs and Large-scale Farming in Moscow Oblast The article addresses the reasons for the domination of large-scale corporate farms in the Moscow oblast of Russia and concludes that high external transaction costs are likely to be an important determining factor. Over the nine year period studied, larger farms are shown to achieve higher performance. Increasing returns to scale, however, were not significant in explaining the superior performance of the larger farms. It is hypothesised that high external transaction costs due to lack of transparency in the milk market, typical of underdeveloped markets, give the larger farms a competitive advantage. Their search costs per unit of output are relatively low and they are able therefore to achieve higher farm-gate prices for milk as a result. The results confirm the dependence of the farm-gate milk price on farm size due to the presence of high transaction costs in the market of milk, the major output of the studied farms. The high performance farms were able to grow during the study period whereas the lower performing farms had limited growth capacity. A more competitive and transparent market environment along with improved infrastructure could lower transaction costs and entry barriers and provide opportunities for smaller scale corporate farms to compete more effectively. Cet article essaie d’expliquer les raisons de la domination des grandes exploitations agricoles constituees en societe de la region de Moscou et conclut que l’ampleur des couts de transaction externes est probablement un facteur explicatif important. Au cours de la periode etudiee qui couvre neuf annees, les exploitations les plus grandes ont enregistre les performances les plus elevees. Les rendements d’echelle croissants n’ont cependant pas explique de maniere significative la meilleure performance de ces exploitations. Nous faisons l’hypothese que les forts couts de transaction externes lies au manque de transparence sur le marche laitier, typique des marches incompletement developpes, donnent a ces plus grandes exploitations un avantage competitif. Leur cout de recherche par unite de produit est relativement bas et elles sont donc capables d’obtenir des prix au niveau de la ferme plus eleves pour le lait. Les resultats confirment la dependance des prix a la ferme envers la taille de l’exploitation du fait de la presence de couts de transaction eleves sur le marche laitier, le lait etant le principal produit des exploitations etudiees. Les exploitations tres performantes ont pu croitre au cours de la periode examinee tandis que les capacites de developpement des exploitations les moins performantes etaient limitees. Un environnement de marche plus concurrentiel et transparent ainsi que de meilleures infrastructures pourraient reduire les couts de transaction et les barrieres a l’entree dans le secteur, et fournir des opportunites aux exploitations constituees en societe de plus petite taille d’etre concurrentielles de maniere plus efficace. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, weshalb es in der russischen Oblast Moskau hauptsachlich grose Corporate Farms gibt, und kommt zu dem Schluss, dass dafur wahrscheinlich hohe externe Transaktionskosten ausschlaggebend sind. Uber den neunjahrigen Untersuchungszeitraum waren grosere Betriebe erfolgreicher. Steigende Skalenertrage waren jedoch bei der Begrundung fur den hoheren Erfolg der groseren Betriebe nicht masgeblich. Es wird angenommen, dass hohe externe Transaktionskosten aufgrund von fehlender Transparenz auf dem Milchmarkt – typisch fur unterentwickelte Markte – den groseren Betrieben einen Wettbewerbsvorteil verschaffen. Ihre Suchkosten pro Produkteinheit sind relativ gering, daher sind sie in der Lage, hohere Preise fur Milch ab Hof zu erzielen. Die Ergebnisse bestatigen die Abhangigkeit des Preises fur Milch ab Hof von der Betriebsgrose, weil es auf dem Markt fur Milch (dem wichtigsten Produkt der untersuchten Betriebe) hohe Transaktionskosten gibt. Den erfolgreichen Betrieben gelang es, uber den Untersuchungszeitraum zu wachsen, wahrend die leistungsschwacheren Betriebe nur eingeschrankt wachstumsfahig waren. Ein wettbewerbsfahigeres und transparenteres Marktumfeld in Kombination mit einer besseren Infrastruktur konnte die Transaktionskosten und Marktzugangsbeschrankungen senken sowie kleineren Corporate Farms Moglichkeiten eroffnen, um effektiver am Wettbewerb teilzunehmen.

Semisterile meiotic mutant sy11 with heterologous chromosome synapsis in rye Secale cereale L.

Abstract: A study was made of the expression and inheritance of the sy11 mutation, which alters homologous chromosome synapsis in meiotic prophase I of rye. The abnormal phenotype proved to be determined by a recessive allele of a single sy11 gene. Univalents and multivalents were observed in homozygotes for the mutant allele. Analysis of the synaptonemal complex revealed a combination of homologous and nonhomologous synapsis in the mutant. The nonhomologous synapsis frequency significantly decreased in the course of meiotic prophase I in the mutant. The number of chiasmata per bivalent in metaphase I was 1.1 ± 0.01 versus 1.8 ± 0.01 in wild-type plants, and the number of univalents was 2.7 ± 0.06 versus 0.5 ± 0.05 in wild-type plants. As a result, a broad range of abnormalities was observed at subsequent stages of meiosis and led to the formation of defective microspores. Mutant plants were semisterile.

On a toroidal pendulum

Abstract: We consider the problem of motion of a heavy particle on the surface of a torus with horizontal axis of rotation. On nondevelopable surfaces other than surfaces of revolution with vertical axis, the solution is known only for the surface of an elliptic paraboloid [1]. To solve the problem on the surface of a torus with horizontal axis of rotation, we use the method of reduction of equations of motion proposed in [2]. We construct the asymptotics of the general and periodic solutions and show that one can use this asymptotics when studying the motion of a heavy particle on an elliptic torus. We obtain the stability conditions in the first approximation for the particle motion along the outer equator and the lower meridian of the torus.