Showing papers by "Rutgers University published in 1968"
890 citations
TL;DR: Rats had a memory loss of a fear response when they received an electroconvulsive shock 24 hours after the fear-conditioning trial and preceded by a brief presentation of the conditioned stimulus, which throws doubt on the assertion that electro Convulsive shock exerts a selective amnesic effect on recently acquired memories.
Abstract: Rats had a memory loss of a fear response when they received an electroconvulsive shock 24 hours after the fear-conditioning trial and preceded by a brief presentation of the conditioned stimulus. No such loss occurred when the conditioned stimulus was not presented. The memory loss in animals given electroconvulsive shock 24 hours after conditioning was, furthermore, as great as that displayed in animals given electroconvulsive shock immediately after conditioning. This result throws doubt on the assertion that electroconvulsive shock exerts a selective amnesic effect on recently acquired memories and thus that electroconvulsive shock produces amnesia solely through interference with memory trace consolidation.
820 citations
TL;DR: The properties of purified preparations of the internal and external invertases of yeast, designated by their location relative to the cell membrane, show similarities and marked disparities, which suggest a precursor-product relationship.
285 citations
TL;DR: Comparison of the rates of drug release from the planar surface of a compressed polymer matrix with theoretically predicted values was made and the integrity of the hydrated polymer was maintained, and the release of drug was diffusion controlled.
258 citations
TL;DR: A comparative study of the distribution of invertase isozymes in two stains of yeast and, after the selection of the best conditions and source, the purification of the internal or small enzyme is presented.
243 citations
TL;DR: An ideal-typical model of the stigma of obesity is constructed, not so much as a hypothesis to be verified or modified, but as a conceptual guidepost with which the varieties of actual occurrences may be compared.
Abstract: OBESITY is a complex phenomenon having a variety of causes and consequences, and accordingly, it is very insufficiently understood In the vast medical and nutritional literature on the topic, obesity is usually treated as a clinical problem residing in the physical make-up and the behavior pattern of the individual, and it has been only recently that social causations and their consequences, amounting to stigmatization, have received increased attention However, obesity is hardly ever mentioned in the writings of sociologists, and not at all in the literature on social deviance This omission is amazing because it ought not to escape any one scanning the articles and advertisements in popular journals or listening to radio and television commercials that obesity is a social phenomenon Clearly, in our kind of society, with its stress on affluence and upward mobility, being overweight is considered to be detrimental to health, a blemish to appearance, and a social disgrace What is much less obvious is that it is held to be morally reprehensible In the deliberations that follow I intend to review some pertinent findings in recent research with regard to these factors, but with emphasis on the moral factor which I believe to be of decisive importance, both diagnostically and therapeutically I shall attempt to construct an ideal-typical model of the stigma of obesity, not so much as a hypothesis to be verified or modified, but as a conceptual guidepost with which the varieties of actual occurrences may be compared' Speaking of obesity, I am going to disregard the internal difference between overweight and obesity in a narrower sense It is possible to think of overweight as minimal obesity and of obesity as maximal overweight Generally, among medical practitioners, something like 30 to 40 per cent beyond a presumed "normal" weight-whatever that may
220 citations
189 citations
TL;DR: This paper suggests that there are three important types of reference groups which act together to foster achievement level striving: the normative group, the role model and the audience.
Abstract: This paper suggests that there are three important types of reference groups which act together to foster achievement level striving. These are the normative group, the role model and the audience. The normative group defines the roles the individual is to assume, the model provides exemplification of how the role is to be performed, at least adequately, and the audience provides anticipation of rewards for outstanding performance in the role. Expectations for performance level attained in two types of situations are discussed: (a) instances where one or more of the three reference groups is missing in the individual's reference group reporters, and (b) instances where the three reference groups are not "located" in the same concrete group or person. Finally, the reference group theory of achievement is compared with David McClelland's theory of n-Achievement and Max Weber's theory of achievement implicit in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.
188 citations
TL;DR: A mildly painful electric shock was delivered every 30 seconds to the skin of male rats while they were with a receptive female rat, and successive shocks resulted in a pacing of sexual behavior.
Abstract: A mildly painful electric shock lasting 0.5 second was delivered every 30 seconds to the skin of male rats while they were with a receptive female rat. Sexual behavior occurred, with brief latency, after shocks; thus, successive shocks resulted in a pacing of sexual behavior. This effect is attributed to periodic augmentation of sexual arousal by a periodic, nonspecific arousing stimulus (that is, shock).
176 citations
129 citations
TL;DR: This chapter discusses experiments on habituation and the action of anticholinergics like scopolamine and atropine is to attenuate the muscarinic activity of brain acetylcholine, which might be critical in the process of habituation.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses experiments on habituation. Habituation is evidently a relatively primitive form of learning and refers to the fact that the effects of a stimulus disappear under certain conditions. This loss of stimulus effectiveness follows two simple rules. First, relatively protracted exposure to the stimulus is required. Second, the stimulus must not itself be a biologically significant one nor can it be associated with a second stimulus having such significance. Brain acetylcholine (ACh) might be critical in the process of habituation. One of the problems in investigating the idea is to develop a scheme that would provide a behavioral index of habituation. Another problem is to find a means for altering the normal activity of brain acetylcholine. Well established pharmacological techniques are, of course, available; the action of anticholinergics like scopolamine and atropine is to attenuate the muscarinic activity of ACh. If ACh activity is, in fact, required for habituation, then habituation should be drastically attenuated when Ach activity is attenuated by the anticholinergics.
TL;DR: Data call into question the explanations of schedule-induced drinking based entirely upon thirst motivation, and suggest that it is only one of a number of post-reinforcement behaviors affected on an intermittent reinforcement schedule.
TL;DR: The group G of the title is obtained as a primitive permutation group of degree 100 in which the stabilizer of a point has orbits of lengths 1, 22 and 77 and is isomorphic to the Mathieu group M22.
Abstract: The group G of the title is obtained as a primitive permutation group of degree 100 in which the stabilizer of a point has orbits of lengths 1, 22 and 77 and is isomorphic to the Mathieu group M22. Thus G has rank 3 in the sense of [1]. G is an automorphism group of a graph constructed from the Steiner system ~ (3, 6, 22). WITT [3] defined a Steiner system ~(d, rn, n) to be a set S of n points together with a set B of subsets of S (referred to here as blocks) such that each block contains exactly m points and each set of d points is contained in exactly one block. WITT [4] showed that Steiner systems ~ (3, 6, 22) exist and that they are unique up to isomorphism. The automorphism group Mz2 of an ~ (3, 6, 22) contains the Mathieu group Mz2 as a subgroup of index 2 and is the normalizer of M22 in M24. Throughout the rest of the paper we shall use the following notation: S and B will denote the sets of points and blocks, respectively, of a fixed ~(3, 6, 22). Points will be denoted by Greek letters ~, fl, ... and blocks by Roman letters u, v, .... For each o~eS, [~] will denote the set of blocks containing ~. We shall use the following facts about ~(3, 6, 22) and M22:
TL;DR: If memories are not permanently destroyed by the administration of amnesic agents, a revision of consolidation theory will be necessary.
Abstract: THE possible recovery of a memory which has disappeared as the result of an electroconvulsive shock (ECS) or some other amnesic agent is of considerable theoretical importance to the understanding of the process by which memories are laid down. Consolidation theory1 assumes that the engram remains susceptible to disruption for a period after its formation and that interference with its consolidation results in its permanent disruption. Evidence suggesting that memories can be recovered2 is rebutted by those who hold to consolidation3. If memories are not permanently destroyed by the administration of amnesic agents, a revision of consolidation theory will be necessary.
TL;DR: The relationship between student and teacher should be one which fosters learning and the provision of skilled nursing care, and clinical teaching adds another dimension to this relationship in that theStudent and teacher become, in many ways, junior and senior partners in caring for patients.
Abstract: The relationship between student and teacher should be one which fosters learning and the provision of skilled nursing care. Clinical teaching adds another dimension to this relationship in that the student and teacher become, in many ways, junior and senior partners in caring for patients. Both satisfactions and responsibilities are involved in this relationship. There is, for example, the rewarding opportunity for the teacher to share the student’s fresh insights, questions, and enthusiasm. The teacher must also, however, accept responsibility for accurately assessing the student’s requirements for instruction and supervision, and for dealing with embarrassing or sometimes hazardous situations resulting from the student’s uneven performance and inexperience. The instructor shares in the results of the student’s performance, sometimes with pride and sometimes with disappointment. A test of this relationship occurs when the student’s actions lead to an undesired outcome. The teacher must then assist the student to do what is necessary to rectify the consequences of her action and to prevent recurrence of similar incidents. This must be done in a way which provides support for the student without condoning her mistake, or de-emphasizing its seriousness, and without undermining the student’s confidence in her own ability. The teacher must convey to the staff her concern and her sense of responsibility about the incident, without implying a lack of confidence in the student’s over-all ability.
TL;DR: DPN-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase has been purified approximately 100-fold from extracts of porcine liver mitochondria, and the purified enzyme is free of TPN- linked isoc itrate dehydrogensase, glutamate dehydrogen enzyme, aconitase, and ATP-AMP transphosphorylase activity.
TL;DR: Aniline and 11 different chloroanilines were added to soil. No azo compound was formed from aniline, but all monochloro-and some dichloroaniline were transformed to their corresponding dichloro and tetrachloroazobenzenes as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Aniline and 11 different chloroanilines were added to soil. No azo compound was formed from aniline, but all monochloro-and some dichloroanilines were transformed to their corresponding dichloro-and tetrachloroazobenzenes. Other dichloroanilines and the trichloroanilines were stable in soil. Peroxidase catalyzed the formation of azo compounds by some chloroanilines. Correspondence in the range of substrates used and products formed in the two systems suggests a peroxidatic mechanism for the synthesis of azo compounds residues in soil.
TL;DR: There is now evidence for two brush-border enzymes involved in the digestion of peptides in the intestinal epithelial cell by treatment with low concentrations of papain.
TL;DR: In this article, a self-consistent phonon approximation that includes odd-order anharmonic terms was found to give an improvement over the usual lowest-order selfconsistent approximation when applied to computation of several properties of crystalline Ne and Ar.
Abstract: A self-consistent phonon approximation that includes odd-order anharmonic terms is found to give improvement over the usual lowest-order self-consistent phonon approximation when applied to computation of several properties of crystalline Ne and Ar At low temperatures the improved theory joins smoothly onto the results of conventional perturbation theory
TL;DR: The data obtained from the electron microscopical and the biochemical analyses provided the basis for the present report, which shows the existence of cytoplasmic granules which differed from mitochondria in fine-structural features and in enzyme activity distribution.
Abstract: Microbodies and microbody-like cytoplasmic granules have been identified by ultrastructural criteria in liver and kidney cells (1, 7, 17) and in various cell types in all major plant groups (14). These or similar organelles have been shown to contain hydrogen peroxide-producing and -destroying enzymes in liver and kidney cells (2, 7-9) and in the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis (8). The term \"peroxisome\" has been introduced by de Duve and Baudhuin (11) to identify the biochemical one diploid strain, since this enzyme has been used as a peroxisome marker (7, 11). The data obtained from the electron microscopical and the biochemical analyses provided the basis for the present report, which shows the existence of cytoplasmic granules which differed from mitochondria in fine-structural features and in enzyme activity distribution.
TL;DR: Verbal and nonverbal memorization skills were tested before and after electroconvulsive shocks to the left, right, or both cerebral hemispheres of neurologically normal patients, predicting decrements for the left-hemisphere—shocked group were larger on the verbal than nonverbal tasks.
Abstract: Verbal and nonverbal memorization skills were tested before and after electroconvulsive shocks to the left, right, or both cerebral hemispheres of neurologically normal patients. As predicted, decrements for the left-hemisphere—shocked group were larger on the verbal than nonverbal tasks, while the reverse was true for the right-hemisphere—shocked group. Largest decrements on both tasks were shown by the bilaterally shocked group.
TL;DR: Comparative Foreign Policy is coming on strong for the 1970s: as a television commercial might describe it, "Comparative foreign policy is coming strong for 1970s!" A few undergraduate and graduate courses with this title are now being taught as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: All tlhe signs are pointing in the same direction: as a television commercial might describe it, "Comparative Foreign Policy is coming on strong for the 1970s!" A few undergraduate and graduate courses with this title are now being taught.' Several conferences on allied topics have recently been held2 and a couple of these have even resulted in the appearance of publications on the subject.3 Occasionally a paper is delivered4 or book published5 which
TL;DR: The duration of the meal eating pattern of six male albino rats was extremely sensitive to both changes in diet and to body weight loss following food deprivation.
TL;DR: The first 6 months of 1962 as mentioned in this paper showed that 1145 (11.6% men and 573 (5.4% women) drivers were arrested for driving while intoxicated (adwi) within Santa Clara County, Calif.
Abstract: Of the 1145 (11.6% women) drivers arrested for driving while intoxicated (adwi) within Santa Clara County, Calif., and the 573 (5.4% women) in Columbus, Ohio, during the first 6 months of 1962, abo...
TL;DR: The hypoplasia in the crypts, despite the fact that there were a constant number of cells per crypt undergoing proliferative activity, was due to the inhibitory effect of the dietary regimes on the generation cycle time.
Abstract: SummaryIn rats starved for periods up to 10 days or fed a protein-free diet for periods up to 11 weeks, the number of cells per crypt of the small intestine declined steadily. During this time, however, with the exception of the rats kept on a protein-free diet for 11 weeks, the number of cells per crypt synthesizing DNA and dividing remained the same as in the control crypts, thus resulting in an increase in the labeling and mitotic indices in the experimental animals. The hypoplasia in the crypts, despite the fact that there were a constant number of cells per crypt undergoing proliferative activity was due to the inhibitory effect of the dietary regimes on the generation cycle time. The synthetic and the mitotic phases of the cycle are inhibited to the greatest extent.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of fluctuations on conductivity above and near the normal superconducting transition was calculated by means of the time dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation.