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Showing papers by "Rutgers University published in 2007"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that even a weak magnetoelectric interaction can lead to spectacular cross-coupling effects when it induces electric polarization in a magnetically ordered state.
Abstract: Magnetism and ferroelectricity are essential to many forms of current technology, and the quest for multiferroic materials, where these two phenomena are intimately coupled, is of great technological and fundamental importance. Ferroelectricity and magnetism tend to be mutually exclusive and interact weakly with each other when they coexist. The exciting new development is the discovery that even a weak magnetoelectric interaction can lead to spectacular cross-coupling effects when it induces electric polarization in a magnetically ordered state. Such magnetic ferroelectricity, showing an unprecedented sensitivity to ap plied magnetic fields, occurs in 'frustrated magnets' with competing interactions between spins and complex magnetic orders. We summarize key experimental findings and the current theoretical understanding of these phenomena, which have great potential for tuneable multifunctional devices.

3,683 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: This chapter discusses content-based recommendation systems, i.e., systems that recommend an item to a user based upon a description of the item and a profile of the user's interests, which are used in a variety of domains ranging from recommending web pages, news articles, restaurants, television programs, and items for sale.
Abstract: This chapter discusses content-based recommendation systems, i.e., systems that recommend an item to a user based upon a description of the item and a profile of the user's interests. Content-based recommendation systems may be used in a variety of domains ranging from recommending web pages, news articles, restaurants, television programs, and items for sale. Although the details of various systems differ, content-based recommendation systems share in common a means for describing the items that may be recommended, a means for creating a profile of the user that describes the types of items the user likes, and a means of comparing items to the user profile to determine what to recommend. The profile is often created and updated automatically in response to feedback on the desirability of items that have been presented to the user.

2,428 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Highly stable, polymer micelle assemblies known as filomicelles are used to compare the transport and trafficking of flexible filaments with spheres of similar chemistry and show that long-circulating vehicles need not be nanospheres.
Abstract: Interaction of spherical particles with cells and within animals has been studied extensively, but the effects of shape have received little attention. Here we use highly stable, polymer micelle assemblies known as filomicelles to compare the transport and trafficking of flexible filaments with spheres of similar chemistry. In rodents, filomicelles persisted in the circulation up to one week after intravenous injection. This is about ten times longer than their spherical counterparts and is more persistent than any known synthetic nanoparticle. Under fluid flow conditions, spheres and short filomicelles are taken up by cells more readily than longer filaments because the latter are extended by the flow. Preliminary results further demonstrate that filomicelles can effectively deliver the anticancer drug paclitaxel and shrink human-derived tumours in mice. Although these findings show that long-circulating vehicles need not be nanospheres, they also lend insight into possible shape effects of natural filamentous viruses.

2,332 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that problem-based learning (PBL) and inquiry learning (IL) are powerful and effective models of learning and that they employ scaffolding extensively, thereby reducing the cognitive load and allowing students to learn in complex domains.
Abstract: Many innovative approaches to education such as problem-based learning (PBL) and inquiry learning (IL) situate learning in problem-solving or investigations of complex phenomena. Kirschner, Sweller, and Clark (2006) grouped these approaches together with unguided discovery learning. However, the problem with their line of argument is that IL and PBL approaches are highly scaffolded. In this article, we first demonstrate that Kirschner et al. have mistakenly conflated PBL and IL with discovery learning. We then present evidence demonstrating that PBL and IL are powerful and effective models of learning. Far from being contrary to many of the principles of guided learning that Kirschner et al. discussed, both PBL and IL employ scaffolding extensively thereby reducing the cognitive load and allowing students to learn in complex domains. Moreover, these approaches to learning address important goals of education that include content knowledge, epistemic practices, and soft skills such as collaboration and sel...

2,040 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A metagenomic study of the marine planktonic microbiota in which surface (mostly marine) water samples were analyzed as part of the Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling expedition, which yielded an extensive dataset consisting of 7.7 million sequencing reads.
Abstract: The world's oceans contain a complex mixture of micro-organisms that are for the most part, uncharacterized both genetically and biochemically. We report here a metagenomic study of the marine planktonic microbiota in which surface (mostly marine) water samples were analyzed as part of the Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling expedition. These samples, collected across a several-thousand km transect from the North Atlantic through the Panama Canal and ending in the South Pacific yielded an extensive dataset consisting of 7.7 million sequencing reads (6.3 billion bp). Though a few major microbial clades dominate the planktonic marine niche, the dataset contains great diversity with 85% of the assembled sequence and 57% of the unassembled data being unique at a 98% sequence identity cutoff. Using the metadata associated with each sample and sequencing library, we developed new comparative genomic and assembly methods. One comparative genomic method, termed "fragment recruitment," addressed questions of genome structure, evolution, and taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity, as well as the biochemical diversity of genes and gene families. A second method, termed "extreme assembly," made possible the assembly and reconstruction of large segments of abundant but clearly nonclonal organisms. Within all abundant populations analyzed, we found extensive intra-ribotype diversity in several forms: (1) extensive sequence variation within orthologous regions throughout a given genome; despite coverage of individual ribotypes approaching 500-fold, most individual sequencing reads are unique; (2) numerous changes in gene content some with direct adaptive implications; and (3) hypervariable genomic islands that are too variable to assemble. The intra-ribotype diversity is organized into genetically isolated populations that have overlapping but independent distributions, implying distinct environmental preference. We present novel methods for measuring the genomic similarity between metagenomic samples and show how they may be grouped into several community types. Specific functional adaptations can be identified both within individual ribotypes and across the entire community, including proteorhodopsin spectral tuning and the presence or absence of the phosphate-binding gene PstS.

1,982 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
30 Nov 2007-Science
TL;DR: Cognitive control skills important for success in school and life are amenable to improvement in at-risk preschoolers without costly interventions.
Abstract: Cognitive control skills important for success in school and life are amenable to improvement in at-risk preschoolers without costly interventions.

1,824 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The consistent relationships between risk perceptions and behavior, larger than suggested by prior meta-analyses, suggest that risk perceptions are rightly placed as core concepts in theories of health behavior.
Abstract: Background: Risk perceptions are central to many health behavior theories. However, the relationship between risk perceptions and behavior, muddied by instances of inappropriate assessment and analysis, often looks weak. Method: A meta-analysis of eligible studies assessing the bivariate association between adult vaccination and perceived likelihood, susceptibility, or severity was conducted. Results: Thirty-four studies met inclusion criteria (N 15,988). Risk likelihood (pooled r .26), susceptibility (pooled r .24), and severity (pooled r .16) significantly predicted vaccination behavior. The risk perception behavior relationship was larger for studies that were prospective, had higher quality risk measures, or had unskewed risk or behavior measures. Conclusions: The consistent relationships between risk perceptions and behavior, larger than suggested by prior meta-analyses, suggest that risk perceptions are rightly placed as core concepts in theories of health behavior.

1,589 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results suggest that, in the heart, ischemia stimulates autophagy through an AMPK-dependent mechanism, whereas ischemIA/reperfusion stimulates autophile through a Beclin 1–dependent but AM PK-independent mechanism.
Abstract: Autophagy is an intracellular bulk degradation process for proteins and organelles. In the heart, autophagy is stimulated by myocardial ischemia. However, the causative role of autophagy in the survival of cardiac myocytes and the underlying signaling mechanisms are poorly understood. Glucose deprivation (GD), which mimics myocardial ischemia, induces autophagy in cultured cardiac myocytes. Survival of cardiac myocytes was decreased by 3-methyladenine, an inhibitor of autophagy, suggesting that autophagy is protective against GD in cardiac myocytes. GD-induced autophagy coincided with activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inactivation of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin). Inhibition of AMPK by adenine 9-beta-d-arabinofuranoside or dominant negative AMPK significantly reduced GD-induced autophagy, whereas stimulation of autophagy by rapamycin failed to cause an additive effect on GD-induced autophagy, suggesting that activation of AMPK and inhibition of mTOR mediate GD-induced autophagy. Autophagy was also induced by ischemia and further enhanced by reperfusion in the mouse heart, in vivo. Autophagy resulting from ischemia was accompanied by activation of AMPK and was inhibited by dominant negative AMPK. In contrast, autophagy during reperfusion was accompanied by upregulation of Beclin 1 but not by activation of AMPK. Induction of autophagy and cardiac injury during the reperfusion phase was significantly attenuated in beclin 1(+/-) mice. These results suggest that, in the heart, ischemia stimulates autophagy through an AMPK-dependent mechanism, whereas ischemia/reperfusion stimulates autophagy through a Beclin 1-dependent but AMPK-independent mechanism. Furthermore, autophagy plays distinct roles during ischemia and reperfusion: autophagy may be protective during ischemia, whereas it may be detrimental during reperfusion.

1,385 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors reconstructs the concept of critical junctures, delimits its range of application, and provides methodological guidance for its use in historical institutional analyses, and addresses specific issues relevant to both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of critical junction points.
Abstract: The causal logic behind many arguments in historical institutionalism emphasizes the enduring impact of choices made during critical junctures in history. These choices close off alternative options and lead to the establishment of institutions that generate self-reinforcing path-dependent processes. Despite the theoretical and practical importance of critical junctures, however, analyses of path dependence often devote little attention to them. The article reconstructs the concept of critical junctures, delimits its range of application, and provides methodological guidance for its use in historical institutional analyses. Contingency is the key characteristic of critical junctures, and counterfactual reasoning and narrative methods are necessary to analyze contingent factors and their impact. Finally, the authors address specific issues relevant to both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of critical junctures.

1,301 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors define value creation in terms of use value and exchange value and discuss some of the key issues related to its study, including the topic of value capture, and use the concepts of competition and isolating mechanisms to explain how value can be captured at different levels of analysis.
Abstract: As an introduction to the special issue topic of value creation, we define value creation in terms of use value and exchange value and discuss some of the key issues related to its study, including the topic of value capture. Although the definition of value creation is common across levels of analysis, the process of value creation will differ based on whether value is created by an individual, an organization, or society. We use the concepts of competition and isolating mechanisms to explain how value can be captured at different levels of analysis.

1,250 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Lenalidomide plus dexamethasone is superior to placebo plus DexamethAsone in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma.
Abstract: Background Lenalidomide, an oral immunomodulatory drug that is similar to thalidomide but has a different safety profile, has clinical activity in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Methods Patients in the United States and Canada who had received at least one previous therapy for multiple myeloma but who required additional treatment were randomly assigned to receive either 25 mg of lenalidomide or placebo on days 1 to 21 of a 28-day cycle. Both groups also received 40 mg of oral dexamethasone on days 1 to 4, 9 to 12, and 17 to 20 for the first four cycles. After the fourth cycle, 40 mg of dexamethasone was administered only on days 1 to 4. Safety, clinical response, time to progression, and overall survival were assessed. Results We assigned 177 patients to the lenalidomide group and 176 to the placebo group. Complete, near-complete, or partial responses occurred in 108 patients (61.0%) in the lenalidomide group and in 35 patients (19.9%) in the placebo group (P<0.001); complete responses occurred...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The rate of severe sepsis hospitalization almost doubled during the 11-yr period studied and is considerably greater than has been previously predicted.
Abstract: umans have been familiarwith the term “sepsis” for2,700 yrs (1). Despite a longhistory of this disease, it isstill life-threatening, with a poor out-come. During past decades, the incidenceof sepsis has increased in the UnitedStates (2, 3).The cascade of sepsis may progress tothe development of one or multiple organdysfunctions, which is severe sepsis (4),and death. Varying from 6% to 15% ofthe intensive care unit (ICU) population,patients with severe sepsis consume al-most half of ICU resources (5–7). How-ever, their mortality is extremely high,and Vincent et al. (8) have suggested thatclinical outcome has not improved essen-tially for the past 25 yrs.Consequently, severe sepsis is a majorfactor in the need for critical care re-sources, affecting decisions regarding in-frastructure and equipment and plans formaintaining sufficient human resourcesto care for these patients effectively. Thelatter factor is especially important in lightof already well-publicized predictions of fu-ture shortfalls in the supply of both nursingand physician intensive care practitioners.Therefore, accurate data on the growth ofthis disease is of great importance to gov-ernment agencies, educational institutions,insurance companies, and individual hospi-tals alike.Researchers from various countrieshave reported the incidence, mortality, andresource utilization for severe sepsis,mostly in the ICU, over varying periods oftime (9–19). The most recent nationalanalysis of severe sepsis in the United Stateswas conducted by Angus et al. (5) based onthe data from the year 1995. Using a seven-state administrative database, they identi-fied 750,000 cases of severe sepsis in theUnited States and predicted an increase of1.5% per year. However, actual changes innational rates of hospitalization and mor-tality for severe sepsis have not been re-ported.We have previously reported the ratesof hospitalization and mortality for severesepsis in New Jersey during an 8-yr pe-riod from 1995 to 2002 (20). In that pe-riod, statewide rate of hospitalization forsevere sepsis increased 54.2%, a muchhigher increase than was previously pre-dicted (5). In addition, in contrast to thesuggestion by Vincent et al. (8), we foundthat case fatality rates had decreased dur-ing the same period. Given these discrep-ancies, we were interested in whether thedata from New Jersey reflected national

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived the exchange-correlation potential corresponding to the nonlocal van der Waals density functional and used it for a self-consistent calculation of the ground state properties of a number of van derWaals complexes as well as crystalline silicon.
Abstract: We derive the exchange-correlation potential corresponding to the nonlocal van der Waals density functional [M. Dion, H. Rydberg, E. Schroder, D. C. Langreth, and B. I. Lundqvist, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 246401 (2004)]. We use this potential for a self-consistent calculation of the ground state properties of a number of van der Waals complexes as well as crystalline silicon. For the latter, where little or no van der Waals interaction is expected, we find that the results are mostly determined by semilocal exchange and correlation as in standard generalized gradient approximations (GGA), with the fully nonlocal term giving little effect. On the other hand, our results for the van der Waals complexes show that the self-consistency has little effect on the atomic interaction energy and structure at equilibrium distances. This finding validates previous calculations with the same functional that treated the fully nonlocal term as a post-GGA perturbation. A comparison of our results with wave-function calculations demonstrates the usefulness of our approach. The exchange-correlation potential also allows us to calculate Hellmann-Feynman forces, hence providing the means for efficient geometry relaxations as well as unleashing the potential use of other standard techniques that depend on the self-consistent charge distribution. The nature of the van der Waals bond is discussed in terms of the self-consistent bonding charge.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) is the international collaboration that manages the deposition, processing and distribution of the PDB archive, a repository for the coordinates and related information for more than 38 000 structures, including proteins, nucleic acids and large macromolecular complexes that have been determined using X-ray crystallography, NMR and electron microscopy techniques.
Abstract: The worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) is the international collaboration that manages the deposition, processing and distribution of the PDB archive. The online PDB archive is a repository for the coordinates and related information for more than 38 000 structures, including proteins, nucleic acids and large macromolecular complexes that have been determined using X-ray crystallography, NMR and electron microscopy techniques. The founding members of the wwPDB are RCSB PDB (USA), MSD-EBI (Europe) and PDBj (Japan) [H.M. Berman, K. Henrick and H. Nakamura (2003) Nature Struct. Biol., 10, 980]. The BMRB group (USA) joined the wwPDB in 2006. The mission of the wwPDB is to maintain a single archive of macromolecular structural data that are freely and publicly available to the global community. Additionally, the wwPDB provides a variety of services to a broad community of users. The wwPDB website at http://www.wwpdb.org/ provides information about services provided by the individual member organizations and about projects undertaken by the wwPDB.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the delivery of H2S at the time of reperfusion limits infarct size and preserves left ventricular (LV) function in an in vivo model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI-R) and that either administration of H 2S or the modulation of endogenous production may be of clinical benefit in ischemic disorders.
Abstract: The recent discovery that hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an endogenously produced gaseous second messenger capable of modulating many physiological processes, much like nitric oxide, prompted us to investigate the potential of H2S as a cardioprotective agent. In the current study, we demonstrate that the delivery of H2S at the time of reperfusion limits infarct size and preserves left ventricular (LV) function in an in vivo model of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI-R). This observed cytoprotection is associated with an inhibition of myocardial inflammation and a preservation of both mitochondrial structure and function after I-R injury. Additionally, we show that modulation of endogenously produced H2S by cardiac-specific overexpression of cystathionine γ-lyase (α-MHC-CGL-Tg mouse) significantly limits the extent of injury. These findings demonstrate that H2S may be of value in cytoprotection during the evolution of myocardial infarction and that either administration of H2S or the modulation of endogenous production may be of clinical benefit in ischemic disorders.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review focuses on the key issues such as survival of the pathogen in adverse environments, and the important adaptation and survival mechanisms such as biofilm formation, quorum sensing and antimicrobial resistance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present multilevel research on bribery, national identity, team boundary spanning, professional role identity, organizational citizenship, interorganizational exchanges, and divestitures.
Abstract: Most management problems involve multilevel phenomena, yet most management research uses a single level of analysis. A micro or a macro lens alone yields incomplete understanding at either level. Multilevel research addresses the levels of theory, measurement, and analysis required to fully examine research questions. This forum presents multilevel research on bribery, national identity, team boundary spanning, professional role identity, organizational citizenship, interorganizational exchanges, and divestitures. To enrich the impact of future management research, we recommend (1) applying multilevel designs to existing models (2) considering bottom-up effects, (3) collaborating across disciplines on multidisciplinary topics, and (4) addressing major real-world problems via multilevel approaches.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An approach in which Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations are used to integrate over the space of genealogies, whereas other parameters are integrated out analytically, resulting in an approximation to the full joint posterior density of the model parameters.
Abstract: In 1988, Felsenstein described a framework for assessing the likelihood of a genetic data set in which all of the possible genealogical histories of the data are considered, each in proportion to their probability. Although not analytically solvable, several approaches, including Markov chain Monte Carlo methods, have been developed to find approximate solutions. Here, we describe an approach in which Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations are used to integrate over the space of genealogies, whereas other parameters are integrated out analytically. The result is an approximation to the full joint posterior density of the model parameters. For many purposes, this function can be treated as a likelihood, thereby permitting likelihood-based analyses, including likelihood ratio tests of nested models. Several examples, including an application to the divergence of chimpanzee subspecies, are provided.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is reported that temporal spike sequences from hippocampal place neurons of rats on an elevated track recurred in reverse order at the end of a run, but in forward order in anticipation of the run, coinciding with sharp waves.
Abstract: We report that temporal spike sequences from hippocampal place neurons of rats on an elevated track recurred in reverse order at the end of a run, but in forward order in anticipation of the run, coinciding with sharp waves. Vector distances between the place fields were reflected in the temporal structure of these sequences. This bidirectional re-enactment of temporal sequences may contribute to the establishment of higher-order associations in episodic memory.

Journal ArticleDOI
G. L. Bayatian, S. Chatrchyan, G. Hmayakyan, Albert M. Sirunyan  +2060 moreInstitutions (143)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a detailed analysis of the performance of the Large Hadron Collider (CMS) at 14 TeV and compare it with the state-of-the-art analytical tools.
Abstract: CMS is a general purpose experiment, designed to study the physics of pp collisions at 14 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It currently involves more than 2000 physicists from more than 150 institutes and 37 countries. The LHC will provide extraordinary opportunities for particle physics based on its unprecedented collision energy and luminosity when it begins operation in 2007. The principal aim of this report is to present the strategy of CMS to explore the rich physics programme offered by the LHC. This volume demonstrates the physics capability of the CMS experiment. The prime goals of CMS are to explore physics at the TeV scale and to study the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking--through the discovery of the Higgs particle or otherwise. To carry out this task, CMS must be prepared to search for new particles, such as the Higgs boson or supersymmetric partners of the Standard Model particles, from the start-up of the LHC since new physics at the TeV scale may manifest itself with modest data samples of the order of a few fb−1 or less. The analysis tools that have been developed are applied to study in great detail and with all the methodology of performing an analysis on CMS data specific benchmark processes upon which to gauge the performance of CMS. These processes cover several Higgs boson decay channels, the production and decay of new particles such as Z' and supersymmetric particles, Bs production and processes in heavy ion collisions. The simulation of these benchmark processes includes subtle effects such as possible detector miscalibration and misalignment. Besides these benchmark processes, the physics reach of CMS is studied for a large number of signatures arising in the Standard Model and also in theories beyond the Standard Model for integrated luminosities ranging from 1 fb−1 to 30 fb−1. The Standard Model processes include QCD, B-physics, diffraction, detailed studies of the top quark properties, and electroweak physics topics such as the W and Z0 boson properties. The production and decay of the Higgs particle is studied for many observable decays, and the precision with which the Higgs boson properties can be derived is determined. About ten different supersymmetry benchmark points are analysed using full simulation. The CMS discovery reach is evaluated in the SUSY parameter space covering a large variety of decay signatures. Furthermore, the discovery reach for a plethora of alternative models for new physics is explored, notably extra dimensions, new vector boson high mass states, little Higgs models, technicolour and others. Methods to discriminate between models have been investigated. This report is organized as follows. Chapter 1, the Introduction, describes the context of this document. Chapters 2-6 describe examples of full analyses, with photons, electrons, muons, jets, missing ET, B-mesons and τ's, and for quarkonia in heavy ion collisions. Chapters 7-15 describe the physics reach for Standard Model processes, Higgs discovery and searches for new physics beyond the Standard Model

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Examples from the articles in this special issue “Information Technology and Organizational Form and Function” are used to show the kinds of opportunities that are created in the understanding of organizations when the “black boxes” of technology and organization are simultaneously unpacked.
Abstract: Technology has been an important theme in the study of organizational form and function since the 1950s. However, organization science's interest in this relationship has declined significantly over the past 30 years, a period during which information technologies have become pervasive in organizations and brought about significant changes in them. Organizing no longer needs to take place around hierarchy and the collection, storage, and distribution of information as was the case with “command and control” bureaucracies in the past. The adoption of innovations in information technology (IT) and organizational practices since the 1990s now make it possible to organize around what can be done with information. These changes are not the result of information technologies per se, but of the combination of their features with organizational arrangements and practices that support their use. Yet concepts and theories of organizational form and function remain remarkably silent about these changes. Our analysis offers five affordances---visualizing entire work processes, real-time/flexible product and service innovation, virtual collaboration, mass collaboration, and simulation/synthetic reality---that can result from the intersection of technology and organizational features. We explore how these affordances can result in new forms of organizing. Examples from the articles in this special issue “Information Technology and Organizational Form and Function” are used to show the kinds of opportunities that are created in our understanding of organizations when the “black boxes” of technology and organization are simultaneously unpacked.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of biaxial strain on the properties of epitaxial ferroelectric thin films and superlattices is discussed. But the results for single-layer thin films are not discussed.
Abstract: Predictions and measurements of the effect of biaxial strain on the properties of epitaxial ferroelectric thin films and superlattices are reviewed. Results for single-layer ferroelectric films of biaxially strained SrTiO3, BaTiO3, and PbTiO3 as well as PbTiO3/SrTiO3 and BaTiO3/SrTiO3 superlattices are described. Theoretical ap- proaches, including first principles, thermodynamic analysis, and phase-field models, are applied to these biaxially strained materials, the assumptions and limitations of each technique are explained, and the predictions are compared. Measurements of the effect of biax- ial strain on the paraelectric-to-ferroelectric transition temperature (TC) are shown, demonstrating the ability of percent-level strains to shift TC by hundreds of degrees in agreement with the predic- tions that predated such experiments. Along the way, important ex- perimental techniques for characterizing the properties of strained ferroelectric thin films and superlattices, as well as appropriate sub- strates on which to grow them, are mentioned.

Journal ArticleDOI
Kazuhisa Mitsuda, Mark W. Bautz1, Hajime Inoue, Richard L. Kelley2, Katsuji Koyama3, Hideyo Kunieda4, Kazuo Makishima5, Yoshiaki Ogawara, Robert Petre2, Tadayuk Takahashi, Hiroshi Tsunemi6, Nicholas E. White2, Naohisa Anabuki6, Lorella Angelini2, Keith A. Arnaud2, Hisamitsu Awaki7, Aya Bamba, Kevin R. Boyce2, Gregory V. Brown2, Kai Wing Chan2, Jean Cottam2, Tadayasu Dotani, John P. Doty, Ken Ebisawa, Yuichiro Ezoe, Andrew C. Fabian8, Enectali Figueroa2, Ryuichi Fujimoto, Yasushi Fukazawa9, Tae Furusho, Akihiro Furuzawa4, Keith C. Gendreau2, Richard E. Griffiths10, Yoshito Haba4, Kenji Hamaguchi2, Ilana M. Harrus2, Günther Hasinger11, Isamu Hatsukade12, Kiyoshi Hayashida4, Patrick Henry, Junko S. Hiraga, Stephen S. Holt13, Ann Hornschemeier2, John P. Hughes14, Una Hwang2, Manabu Ishida15, Yoshitaka Ishisaki15, Naoki Isobe, Masayuki Itoh16, Naoko Iyomoto2, Steven M. Kahn17, Tuneyoshi Kamae17, Hideaki Katagiri9, Jun Kataoka18, Haruyoshi Katayama, Nobuyuki Kawai18, Caroline Kllbourne2, Kenzo Kinugasa, Steve Klssel1, Shunji Kitamoto19, Mitsuhiro Kohama, Takayoshi Kohmura20, Motohide Kokubun5, Taro Kotani18, J. Kotoku18, Aya Kubota5, Greg Madejski17, Yoshitomo Maeda, Fumiyoshi Makino, Alex Markowitz2, Chiho Matsumoto4, Hironori Matsumoto3, Masaru Matsuoka, Kyoko Matsushita21, Dan McCammon22, Tatehiko Mihara, Kazutami Misakl11, Emi Miyata6, Tsunefumi Mizuno9, Koji Mori12, Hideyuki Mori3, Mikio Morii, Harvey Moseley2, Koji Mukai2, Hiroshi Murakami, Toshio Murakami23, Richard Mushotzky2, Fumiaki Nagase, M. Namiki6, Hitoshi Negoro24, Kazuhiro Nakazawa, John A. Nousek25, Takashi Okajima2, Yasushi Ogasaka4, Takaya Ohashi15, T. Oshima15, Naomi Ota, Masanobu Ozaki, H. Ozawa6, Arvind Parmar26, W. D. Pence2, F. Scott Porter2, James Reeves2, George R. Ricker1, Ikuya Sakurai4, Wilton T. Sanders, Atsushi Senda, Peter J. Serlemitsos2, Ryo Shibata4, Yang Soong2, Randall K. Smith2, Motoko Suzuki, Andrew Szymkowiak27, Hiromitsu Takahashi9, Toru Tamagawa, Keisuke Tamura4, Takayuki Tamura, Yasuo Tanaka11, Makoto Tashiro28, Yuzuru Tawara4, Yukikatsu Terada, Yuichi Terashima, Hiroshi Tomida, Ken'ichi Torii6, Yohko Tsuboi29, Masahiro Tsujimoto19, Takeshi Go Tsuru3, Martin J. L. Turner30, Yoshihiro Ueda3, Shiro Ueno, M. Ueno18, Shin'ichiro Uno31, Yuji Urata28, Shin Watanabe, Norimasa Yamamoto4, Kazutaka Yamaoka32, Noriko Y. Yamasaki, Koujun Yamashita4, Makoto Yamauchi12, Shigeo Yamauchi33, Tahir Yaqoob2, Daisuke Yonetoku23, Atsumasa Yoshida32 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarized the spacecraft, in-orbit performance, operations, and data processing that are related to observations of the Suzaku X-ray observatory, including high-sensitivity wide-band Xray spectroscopy.
Abstract: High-sensitivity wide-band X-ray spectroscopy is the key feature of the Suzaku X-ray observatory, launched on 2005 July 10. This paper summarizes the spacecraft, in-orbit performance, operations, and data processing that are related to observations. The scientific instruments, the high-throughput X-ray telescopes, X-ray CCD cameras, non-imaging hard X-ray detector are also described.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model is discussed whereby perilipin serves as a dynamic scaffold to coordinate the access of enzymes to the lipid droplet in a manner that is responsive to the metabolic status of the adipocyte.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Polycomb group complexes, which are known to regulate homeotic genes, have been found to control hundreds of other genes in mammals and insects, and function as global enforcers of epigenetically repressed states.
Abstract: Polycomb group complexes, which are known to regulate homeotic genes, have now been found to control hundreds of other genes in mammals and insects. First believed to progressively assemble and package chromatin, they are now thought to be localized, but induce a methylation mark on histone H3 over a broad chromatin domain. Recent progress has changed our view of how these complexes are recruited, and how they affect chromatin and repress gene activity. Polycomb complexes function as global enforcers of epigenetically repressed states, balanced by an antagonistic state that is mediated by Trithorax. These epigenetic states must be reprogrammed when cells become committed to differentiation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Recent findings regarding the mechanisms of protection in helminth infections that have been elucidated in murine models are examined and the implications of these findings in terms of future therapies are discussed.
Abstract: Important insights have recently been gained in our understanding of how host immune responses mediate resistance to parasitic helminths and control associated pathological responses. Although similar cells and cytokines are evoked in response to infection by helminths as diverse as nematodes and schistosomes, the components of the response that mediate protection are dependent on the particular parasite. In this Review, we examine recent findings regarding the mechanisms of protection in helminth infections that have been elucidated in murine models and discuss the implications of these findings in terms of future therapies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that there is a conceptual confusion about the meaning of ingroups that constitute the target of collectivism, and a theoretical framework is proposed that draws on M. B. Brewer and G. Gardner's conceptualization of individual, relational, and collective selves and their manifestation in self-representations, beliefs, and values.
Abstract: In psychological research on cultural differences, the distinction between individualism and collectivism has received the lion's share of attention as a fundamental dimension of cultural variation In recent years, however, these constructs have been criticized as being ill-defined and "a catchall" to represent all forms of cultural differences The authors argue that there is a conceptual confusion about the meaning of ingroups that constitute the target of collectivism Collectives are rarely referred to in existing measures to assess collectivism Instead, networks of interpersonal relationships dominate the operational definition of "ingroups" in these measures Results from a content analysis of existing scales support this observation To clarify and expand the individualism-collectivism distinction, a theoretical framework is proposed that draws on M B Brewer and G Gardner's (1996) conceptualization of individual, relational, and collective selves and their manifestation in self-representations, beliefs, and values Analyses of data from past studies provide preliminary support for this conceptual model The authors propose that this new theoretical framework will contribute conceptual clarity to interpretation of past research on individualism and collectivism and guide future research on these important constructs

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TL;DR: In a population-based cohort of middle-aged men and women, childhood physical abuse predicted worse mental and physical health decades after the abuse and these effects were attenuated, but not eliminated, by age, sex, family background, and childhood adversities.

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TL;DR: Clomiphene is superior to metformin in achieving live birth in infertile women with the polycystic ovary syndrome, although multiple birth is a complication.
Abstract: Background The polycystic ovary syndrome is a common cause of infertility. Clomiphene and insulin sensitizers are used alone and in combination to induce ovulation, but it is unknown whether one approach is superior. Methods We randomly assigned 626 infertile women with the polycystic ovary syndrome to receive clomiphene citrate plus placebo, extended-release metformin plus placebo, or a combination of metformin and clomiphene for up to 6 months. Medication was discontinued when pregnancy was confirmed, and subjects were followed until delivery. Results The live-birth rate was 22.5% (47 of 209 subjects) in the clomiphene group, 7.2% (15 of 208) in the metformin group, and 26.8% (56 of 209) in the combination-therapy group (P<0.001 for metformin vs. both clomiphene and combination therapy; P=0.31 for clomiphene vs. combination therapy). Among pregnancies, the rate of multiple pregnancy was 6.0% in the clomiphene group, 0% in the metformin group, and 3.1% in the combination-therapy group. The rates of first...

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TL;DR: The authors' observations serve as a demonstration and explanation of the epidemiologic evidence that associates the degree of traffic exposure with lung function in asthma.
Abstract: Background Air pollution from road traffic is a serious health hazard, and people with preexisting respiratory disease may be at increased risk. We investigated the effects of short-term exposure to diesel traffic in people with asthma in an urban, roadside environment. Methods We recruited 60 adults with either mild or moderate asthma to participate in a randomized, crossover study. Each participant walked for 2 hours along a London street (Oxford Street) and, on a separate occasion, through a nearby park (Hyde Park). We performed detailed real-time exposure, physiological, and immunologic measurements. Results Participants had significantly higher exposures to fine particles (<2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter), ultrafine particles, elemental carbon, and nitrogen dioxide on Oxford Street than in Hyde Park. Walking for 2 hours on Oxford Street induced asymptomatic but consistent reductions in the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (up to 6.1%) and forced vital capacity (FVC) (up to 5.4%) that were ...