Rutgers University

About: Rutgers University is a education organization based out in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 68736 authors who have published 159418 publications receiving 6713860 citations. The organization is also known as: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey & Rutgers.

The cap-to-tail guide to mRNA turnover

Abstract: The levels of cellular messenger RNA transcripts can be regulated by controlling the rate at which the mRNA decays. Because decay rates affect the expression of specific genes, they provide a cell with flexibility in effecting rapid change. Moreover, many clinically relevant mRNAs — including several encoding cytokines, growth factors and proto-oncogenes — are regulated by differential RNA stability. But what are the sequence elements and factors that control the half-lives of mRNAs?

Mechanical properties of ceramics

Abstract: Preface. Acknowledgments. 1 Stress and Strain. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Tensor Notation for Stress. 1.3 Stress in Rotated Coordinate System. 1.4 Principal Stress. 1.4.1 Principal Stresses in Three Dimensions. 1.5 Stress Invariants. 1.6 Stress Deviator. 1.7 Strain. 1.8 True Stress and True Strain. 1.8.1 True Strain. 1.8.2 True Stress. Problems. 2 Types of Mechanical Behavior. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Elasticity and Brittle Fracture. 2.3 Permanent Deformation. 3 Elasticity. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Elasticity of Isotropic Bodies. 3.3 Reduced Notation for Stresses, Strains, and Elastic Constants. 3.4 Effect of Symmetry on Elastic Constants. 3.5 Orientation Dependence of Elastic Moduli in Single Crystals and Composites. 3.6 Values of Polycrystalline Moduli in Terms of Single-Crystal Constants. 3.7 Variation of Elastic Constants with Lattice Parameter. 3.8 Variation of Elastic Constants with Temperature. 3.9 Elastic Properties of Porous Ceramics. 3.10 Stored Elastic Energy. Problems. 4 Strength of Defect-Free Solids. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Theoretical Strength in Tension. 4.3 Theoretical Strength in Shear. Problems. 5 Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Stress Concentrations. 5.3 Griffith Theory of Fracture of a Brittle Solid. 5.4 Stress at Crack Tip: An Estimate. 5.5 Crack Shape in Brittle Solids. 5.6 Irwin Formulation of Fracture Mechanics: Stress Intensity Factor. 5.7 Irwin Formulation of Fracture Mechanics: Energy Release Rate. 5.8 Some Useful Stress Intensity Factors. 5.9 The J Integral. 5.10 Cracks with Internal Loading. 5.11 Failure under Multiaxial Stress. Problems. 6 Measurements of Elasticity, Strength, and Fracture Toughness. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Tensile Tests. 6.3 Flexure Tests. 6.4 Double-Cantilever-Beam Test. 6.5 Double-Torsion Test. 6.6 Indentation Test. 6.7 Biaxial Flexure Testing. 6.8 Elastic Constant Determination Using Vibrational and Ultrasonic Methods. Problems. 7 Statistical Treatment of Strength. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Statistical Distributions. 7.3 Strength Distribution Functions. 7.4 Weakest Link Theory. 7.5 Determining Weibull Parameters. 7.6 Effect of Specimen Size. 7.7 Adaptation to Bend Testing. 7.8 Safety Factors. 7.9 Example of Safe Stress Calculation. 7.10 Proof Testing. 7.11 Use of Pooled Fracture Data in Linear Regression Determination of Weibull Parameters. 7.12 Method of Maximum Likelihood in Weibull Parameter Estimation. 7.13 Statistics of Failure under Multiaxial Stress. 7.14 Effects of Slow Crack Propagation and R-Curve Behavior on Statistical Distributions of Strength. 7.15 Surface Flaw Distributions and Multiple Flaw Distributions. Problems. 8 Subcritical Crack Propagation. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Observed Subcritical Crack Propagation. 8.3 Crack Velocity Theory and Molecular Mechanism. 8.4 Time to Failure under Constant Stress. 8.5 Failure under Constant Stress Rate. 8.6 Comparison of Times to Failure under Constant Stress and Constant Stress Rate. 8.7 Relation of Weibull Statistical Parameters with and without Subcritical Crack Growth. 8.8 Construction of Strength-Probability-Time Diagrams. 8.9 Proof Testing to Guarantee Minimum Life. 8.10 Subcritical Crack Growth and Failure from Flaws Originating from Residual Stress Concentrations. 8.11 Slow Crack Propagation at High Temperature. Problems. 9 Stable Crack Propagation and R -Curve Behavior. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 R-Curve (T-Curve) Concept. 9.3 R-Curve Effects of Strength Distributions. 9.4 Effect of R Curve on Subcritical Crack Growth. Problems. 10 Overview of Toughening Mechanisms in Ceramics. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Toughening by Crack Deflection. 10.3 Toughening by Crack Bowing. 10.4 General Remarks on Crack Tip Shielding. 11 Effect of Microstructure on Toughness and Strength. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Fracture Modes in Polycrystalline Ceramics. 11.3 Crystalline Anisotropy in Polycrystalline Ceramics. 11.4 Effect of Grain Size on Toughness. 11.5 Natural Flaws in Polycrystalline Ceramics. 11.6 Effect of Grain Size on Fracture Strength. 11.7 Effect of Second-Phase Particles on Fracture Strength. 11.8 Relationship between Strength and Toughness. 11.9 Effect of Porosity on Toughness and Strength. 11.10 Fracture of Traditional Ceramics. Problems. 12 Toughening by Transformation. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Basic Facts of Transformation Toughening. 12.3 Theory of Transformation Toughening. 12.4 Shear-Dilatant Transformation Theory. 12.5 Grain-Size-Dependent Transformation Behavior. 12.6 Application of Theory to Ca-Stabilized Zirconia. Problems. 13 Mechanical Properties of Continuous-Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Elastic Behavior of Composites. 13.3 Fracture Behavior of Composites with Continuous, Aligned Fibers. 13.4 Complete Matrix Cracking of Composites with Continuous, Aligned Fibers. 13.5 Propagation of Short, Fully Bridged Cracks. 13.6 Propagation of Partially Bridged Cracks. 13.7 Additional Treatment of Crack-Bridging Effects. 13.8 Additional Statistical Treatments. 13.9 Summary of Fiber-Toughening Mechanisms. 13.10 Other Failure Mechanisms in Continuous, Aligned-Fiber Composites. 13.11 Tensile Stress-Strain Curve of Continuous, Aligned-Fiber Composites. 13.12 Laminated Composites. Problems. 14 Mechanical Properties of Whisker-, Ligament-, and Platelet-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Model for Whisker Toughening. 14.3 Combined Toughening Mechanisms in Whisker-Reinforced Composites. 14.4 Ligament-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites. 14.5 Platelet-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix Composites. Problems. 15 Cyclic Fatigue of Ceramics. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Cyclic Fatigue of Metals. 15.3 Cyclic Fatigue of Ceramics. 15.4 Mechanisms of Cyclic Fatigue of Ceramics. 15.5 Cyclic Fatigue by Degradation of Crack Bridges. 15.6 Short-Crack Fatigue of Ceramics. 15.7 Implications of Cyclic Fatigue in Design of Ceramics. Problems. 16 Thermal Stress and Thermal Shock in Ceramics. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Magnitude of Thermal Stresses. 16.3 Figure of Merit for Various Thermal Stress Conditions. 16.4 Crack Propagation under Thermal Stress. Problems. 17 Fractography. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Qualitative Features of Fracture Surfaces. 17.3 Quantitative Fractography. 17.4 Fractal Concepts in Fractography. 17.5 Fractography of Single Crystals and Polycrystals. Problems. 18 Dislocations and Plastic Deformation in Ductile Crystals. 18.1 Introduction. 18.2 Definition of Dislocations. 18.3 Glide and Climb of Dislocations. 18.4 Force on a Dislocation. 18.5 Stress Field and Energy of a Dislocation. 18.6 Force Required to Move a Dislocation. 18.7 Line Tension of a Dislocation. 18.8 Dislocation Multiplication. 18.9 Forces between Dislocations. 18.10 Dislocation Pileups. 18.11 Orowan's Equation for Strain Rate. 18.12 Dislocation Velocity. 18.13 Hardening by Solid Solution and Precipitation. 18.14 Slip Systems. 18.15 Partial Dislocations. 18.16 Deformation Twinning. Problems. 19 Dislocations and Plastic Deformation in Ceramics. 19.1 Introduction. 19.2 Slip Systems in Ceramics. 19.3 Independent Slip Systems. 19.4 Plastic Deformation in Single-Crystal Alumina. 19.5 Twinning in Aluminum Oxide. 19.6 Plastic Deformation of Single-Crystal Magnesium Oxide. 19.7 Plastic Deformation of Single-Crystal Cubic Zirconia. Problems. 20 Creep in Ceramics. 20.1 Introduction. 20.2 Nabarro-Herring Creep. 20.3 Combined Diffusional Creep Mechanisms. 20.4 Power Law Creep. 20.5 Combined Diffusional and Power Law Creep. 20.6 Role of Grain Boundaries in High-Temperature Deformation and Failure. 20.7 Damage-Enhanced Creep. 20.8 Superplasticity. 20.9 Deformation Mechanism Maps. Problems. 21 Creep Rupture at High Temperatures and Safe Life Design. 21.1 Introduction. 21.2 General Process of Creep Damage and Failure in Ceramics. 21.3 Monkman-Grant Technique of Life Prediction. 21.4 Two-Stage Strain Projection Technique. 21.5 Fracture Mechanism Maps. Problems. 22 Hardness and Wear. 22.1 Introduction. 22.2 Spherical Indenters versus Sharp Indenters. 22.3 Methods of Hardness Measurement. 22.4 Deformation around Indentation. 22.5 Cracking around Indentation. 22.6 Indentation Size Effect. 22.7 Wear Resistance. Problems. 23 Mechanical Properties of Glass and Glass Ceramics. 23.1 Introduction. 23.2 Typical Inorganic Glasses. 23.3 Viscosity of Glass. 23.4 Elasticity of Inorganic Glasses. 23.5 Strength and Fracture Surface Energy of Inorganic Glasses. 23.6 Achieving High Strength in Bulk Glasses. 23.7 Glass Ceramics. Problems. 24 Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Ceramics in General and Design Considerations. 24.1 Introduction. 24.2 Mechanical Properties of Polycrystalline Ceramics in General. 24.3 Design Involving Mechanical Properties. References. Index.

Anidulafungin versus Fluconazole for Invasive Candidiasis

Abstract: Eighty-nine percent of the 245 patients in the primary analysis had candidemia only. Candida albicans was isolated in 62% of the 245 patients. In vitro fluconazole resistance was infrequent. Most of the patients (97%) did not have neutropenia. At the end of intravenous therapy, treatment was successful in 75.6% of patients treated with anidulafungin, as compared with 60.2% of those treated with fluconazole (difference, 15.4 percentage points; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.9 to 27.0). The results were similar for other efficacy end points. The statistical analyses failed to show a “center effect”; when data from the site enrolling the largest number of patients were removed, success rates at the end of intravenous therapy were 73.2% in the anidulafungin group and 61.1% in the fluconazole group (difference, 12.1 percentage points; 95% CI, −1.1 to 25.3). The frequency and types of adverse events were similar in the two groups. The rate of death from all causes was 31% in the fluconazole group and 23% in the anidulafungin group (P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS Anidulafungin was shown to be noninferior to fluconazole in the treatment of invasive candidiasis. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00056368).

Beyond Trending Topics: Real-World Event Identification on Twitter

Abstract: User-contributed messages on social media sites such as Twitter have emerged aspowerful, real-time means of information sharing on the Web. These short messages tend to reflect a variety of events in real time, making Twitter particularly well suited as a source of real-time event content. In this paper, we explore approaches for analyzing the stream of Twitter messages to distinguish between messages about real-world events andnon-event messages. Our approach relies on a rich family of aggregatestatistics of topically similar message clusters. Large-scale experiments over millions of Twitter messages show the effectiveness of our approach for surfacing real-world event content on Twitter.

E-eyes: device-free location-oriented activity identification using fine-grained WiFi signatures

Abstract: Activity monitoring in home environments has become increasingly important and has the potential to support a broad array of applications including elder care, well-being management, and latchkey child safety. Traditional approaches involve wearable sensors and specialized hardware installations. This paper presents device-free location-oriented activity identification at home through the use of existing WiFi access points and WiFi devices (e.g., desktops, thermostats, refrigerators, smartTVs, laptops). Our low-cost system takes advantage of the ever more complex web of WiFi links between such devices and the increasingly fine-grained channel state information that can be extracted from such links. It examines channel features and can uniquely identify both in-place activities and walking movements across a home by comparing them against signal profiles. Signal profiles construction can be semi-supervised and the profiles can be adaptively updated to accommodate the movement of the mobile devices and day-to-day signal calibration. Our experimental evaluation in two apartments of different size demonstrates that our approach can achieve over 96% average true positive rate and less than 1% average false positive rate to distinguish a set of in-place and walking activities with only a single WiFi access point. Our prototype also shows that our system can work with wider signal band (802.11ac) with even higher accuracy.