scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Institution

Rutgers University

EducationNew Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
About: Rutgers University is a education organization based out in New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Poison control. The organization has 68736 authors who have published 159418 publications receiving 6713860 citations. The organization is also known as: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey & Rutgers.


Papers
More filters
Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the pharmacokinetic parameters of green tea polyphenols were analyzed after administration of a single oral dose of a decaffeinated green tea (20 mg tea solids/kg) or EGCG (2 mg/kg).
Abstract: Green tea and tea polyphenols have been studied extensively as cancer chemopreventive agents in recent years. The bioavailability and metabolic fate of tea polyphenols in humans, however, are not clearly understood. In this report, the pharmacokinetic parameters of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (-)-epicatechin (EC) were analyzed after administration of a single oral dose of green tea or decaffeinated green tea (20 mg tea solids/kg) or EGCG (2 mg/kg) to eight subjects. The plasma and urine levels of total EGCG, EGC, and EC (free plus conjugated forms) were quantified by HPLC coupled to an electrochemical detector. The plasma concentration time curves of the catechins were fitted in a one-compartment model. The maximum plasma concentrations of EGCG, EGC, and EC in the three repeated experiments with green tea were 77.9 +/- 22.2, 223.4 +/- 35.2, and 124.03 +/- 7.86 ng/ml, respectively, and the corresponding AUC values were 508.2 +/- 227, 945.4 +/- 438.4, and 529.5 +/- 244.4 ng x h x ml(-1), respectively. The time needed to reach the peak concentrations was in the range of 1.3-1.6 h. The elimination half-lives were 3.4 +/- 0.3, 1.7 +/- 0.4, and 2.0 +/- 0.4 h, respectively. Considerable interindividual differences and variations between repeated experiments in the pharmacokinetic parameters were noted. Significant differences in these pharmacokinetic parameters were not observed when EGCG was given in decaffeinated green tea or in pure form. In the plasma, EGCG was mostly present in the free form, whereas EGC and EC were mostly in the conjugated form. Over 90% of the total urinary EGC and EC, almost all in the conjugated forms, were excreted between 0 and 8 h. Substantial amounts of 4'-O-methyl EGC, at levels higher than EGC, were detected in the urine and plasma. The plasma level of 4'-O-methyl EGC peaked at 1.7 +/- 0.5 h with a half life of 4.4 +/- 1.1 h. Two ring-fission metabolites, (-)-5-(3',4',5'-trihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone (M4) and (-)-5-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-valerolactone (M6), appeared in significant amounts after 3 h and peaked at 8-15 h in the urine as well as in the plasma. These results may be useful for designing the dose and dose frequency in intervention studies with tea and for development of biomarkers of tea consumption.

669 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1994-Neuron
TL;DR: It is reported that TNF beta and TNF alpha can protect cultured embryonic rat hippocampal, septal, and cortical neurons against glucose deprivation-induced injury and excitatory amino acid toxicity, suggesting a neuroprotective role for TNFs in the brain's response to injury.

669 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors will first give a brief summary of the current view of the photosynthetic WOC and its functionality, followed by analysis of the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints for water-oxidation that have to be overcome by any catalyst.
Abstract: This review focuses primarily on homogeneous catalysts for the oxidation of water, but does include selected heterogeneous systems. It does not attempt to summarize all chemistry related to systems that are capable of oxidizing water. In particular, heterogeneous catalysts that have no direct relevance to understanding the WOC [water-oxidizing complex] are not discussed in detail. Neither are nonbiomimetic systems for artificial photosynthesis or water-splitting in its elements discussed. However, a list of some of the recent references in these areas can be found in section X (Nonbiomimetic Water Oxidation Catalysts). The authors will first give a brief summary of the current view of the photosynthetic WOC and its functionality, followed by analysis of the thermodynamic and kinetic constraints for water-oxidation that have to be overcome by any catalyst. Since manganese is the metal that performs this reaction in the WOC, manganese catalysts will be discussed first, followed by other transition metals, particularly ruthenium. In the final section the authors summarize the principles of reactivity learned from theory and existing models that will guide one toward synthesis of better catalysts in the future. This review does not attempt to summarize manganese chemistry relevant to nonfunctional (structural) models of the WOC, whichmore » has been reviewed recently. Water-oxidation catalysts are intrinsically important in their own right, independent of possible biological relevance. They have direct applications as catalysts in artificial photosynthetic systems for the splitting of water that could be used in future fuel cells for the generation of electricity. 133 refs.« less

669 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review studies of the electromagnetic response of various classes of correlated electron materials including transition metal oxides, organic and molecular conductors, intermetallic compounds with $d$- and $f$-electrons as well as magnetic semiconductors.
Abstract: We review studies of the electromagnetic response of various classes of correlated electron materials including transition metal oxides, organic and molecular conductors, intermetallic compounds with $d$- and $f$-electrons as well as magnetic semiconductors. Optical inquiry into correlations in all these diverse systems is enabled by experimental access to the fundamental characteristics of an ensemble of electrons including their self-energy and kinetic energy. Steady-state spectroscopy carried out over a broad range of frequencies from microwaves to UV light and fast optics time-resolved techniques provide complimentary prospectives on correlations. Because the theoretical understanding of strong correlations is still evolving, the review is focused on the analysis of the universal trends that are emerging out of a large body of experimental data augmented where possible with insights from numerical studies.

668 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is tentatively concluded that microglial subtypes serve trophic roles in the normal brain, in addition to exerting well documented deleterious actions in illness and injury.
Abstract: Although microglia-mediated cytotoxicity has been extensively investigated, little is known about the potential microglial role in neuronal and glial support. Characterization of trophin elaboration by microglia and identification of responsive populations may define novel functions. We now report that microglia/brain macrophages express neurotrophins of the nerve growth factor (NGF) gene family in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that these cells promote development and normal function of neurons and glia. Moreover, neurotrophins promote microglial proliferation and phagocytic activity in vitro. We found that microglia express neurotrophins in a region-specific manner and that within any region only subpopulations elaborate trophins. Using an antiserum specific for neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) with the microglial/macrophage marker OX-42 on postnatal day 10 in vivo, double- labeled cells were identified in the cerebral cortex, globus pallidus, and medulla; NT-3 was undetectable in OX-42-positive cells in the ependyma, the external capsule, choroid plexus, and meninges. In contrast, ramified microglia in the adult brain did not exhibit NT-3 immunoreactivity, suggesting developmental regulation of microglial NT- 3 expression. In situ hybridization studies on purified microglial cultures confirmed that only subpopulations express the NGF and NT-3 genes, substantiating the existence of microglial heterogeneity. We tentatively conclude that microglial subtypes serve trophic roles in the normal brain, in addition to exerting well documented deleterious actions in illness and injury. Microglia were also responsive to neurotrophins: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and NT-3 increased [3H]thymidine incorporation in vitro, and NT-3 promoted proliferation. Moreover, NT-3 induced phagocytic activity, suggesting that the factor plays a role in processes associated with cellular activation.

668 citations


Authors

Showing all 69437 results

NameH-indexPapersCitations
Salim Yusuf2311439252912
Daniel Levy212933194778
Eugene V. Koonin1991063175111
Eric Boerwinkle1831321170971
David L. Kaplan1771944146082
Derek R. Lovley16858295315
Mark Gerstein168751149578
Gang Chen1673372149819
Hongfang Liu1662356156290
Robert Stone1601756167901
Mark E. Cooper1581463124887
Michael B. Sporn15755994605
Cumrun Vafa15750988515
Wolfgang Wagner1562342123391
David M. Sabatini155413135833
Network Information
Related Institutions (5)
University of Minnesota
257.9K papers, 11.9M citations

97% related

Cornell University
235.5K papers, 12.2M citations

97% related

University of Washington
305.5K papers, 17.7M citations

97% related

Columbia University
224K papers, 12.8M citations

97% related

University of Wisconsin-Madison
237.5K papers, 11.8M citations

97% related

Performance
Metrics
No. of papers from the Institution in previous years
YearPapers
2023274
20221,028
20218,250
20208,150
20197,397
20186,594