Showing papers by "Saint Louis University published in 1976"

Risk Taking Propensity of Entrepreneurs.

Abstract: The risk taking propensities of entrepreneurs of new ventures were objectively obtained using the KoganWallach choice dilemmas questionnaire and were compared to those of managers and to normative data developedfor the measurement instrument. The findings suggest that risk taking propensity may not be a distinguishing characteristic of entrepreneurs. They refute assumptions based on research that has been subjective and noncomparative and that used established entrepreneurs. Palmer has suggested that psychological testing of entrepreneurs "be directed most toward the measurement of an individual's perception and handling of a risk" (1971, p. 38). The major purpose of the present research is to determine whether founders of new ventures and newly hired managers or newly promoted managers differ in their risk taking propensities. In order for this study to be understood completely, the varied definitions of the term "entrepreneur" must be presented and a functional definition for use in this study must be developed. Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1961) defines an entrepreneur as "the organizer of an economic venture, especially one who organizes, owns, manages, and assumes the risk of a business." Funk and Wagnall's Standard Dictionary (1958) offers a similar definition. It states that an entrepreneur is "one who undertakes to start and conduct an enterprise or business, assuming full control and risks." Schumpeter (1954) credits J. S. Mill with bringing the term into general use among economists. Mill (1848) included as entrepreneurial functions direction, control, superintendence, and risk bearing. Mill appeared to believe that the inclusion of risk bearing distinguished the term "entrepreneur" from the term "manager. "

Immunological identification of two adenovirus 2-induced early proteins possibly involved in cell transformation.

Abstract: HUMAN adenovirus 2(Ad2), a DNA tumour virus that replicates in the nucleus of permissive human cells1,2, transforms non-permissive or semipermissive cultured rodent cells, but does not induce tumours in newborn hamsters (oncogenic group C). The constant functioning of protein product(s) from Ad2 ‘transforming gene(s)’ is probably responsible for the transformed phenotype, although this has not been proved. Identification and functional characterisation of ‘transforming protein(s)’ are important for the understanding of cell transformation and growth control. We describe here immunoprecipitation studies made with antisera against presumptive Ad2 ‘transforming protein(s)’, that identify two candidate transforming proteins of 53,000 (53k) and 15kdaltons.

The anatomical organization of the cerebello-olivary projection in the cat.

Abstract: The cerebello-olivary pathway in the cat has been examined using orthograde and retrograde neuroanatomical tracing techniques. The orthograde transport of 3H-leucine from injection sites in the deep cerebellar nuclei labeled dentate and interpositus projections to the rostral two-thirds of the contralateral inferior olivary complex. These projections are topographically organized, with the dentate nucleus projecting to the principal olivary nucleus and the posterior and anterior interpositus nuclei projecting to the medial and dorsal accessory olives respectively. Fibers from the ventral half of the dentate nucleus terminate in the lateral bend and ventral lamina of the principal olive, whereas the medial and lateral parts of the dorsal half of the nucleus project to the medial and lateral regions of the dorsal lamina respectively. It is apparent that the more caudal parts of the interpositus nuclei project to areas of the medial and dorsal accessory olives near the caudal end of the principal olivary nucleus, whereas neurons in the more rostral parts of the interpositus nuclei project to the more rostral areas of the accessory olivary nuclei. A connection between the fastigial nucleus and the inferior olive could not be demonstrated. The retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from injections sites in the inferior olive labeled cells throughout the contralateral dentate and interpositus nuclei. The labeled cells were especially numerous in the ventral parts of the dentate and posterior interpositus nuclei. These HRP-positive neurons were consistently small (10–15 μ) ovoid or spindle-shaped cells, with relatively large nuclei and light-staining Nissl substance. This evidence strongly suggests that the cerebello-olivary pathway originates from a population of small neurons in the dentate and interpositus nuclei and projects to specific, topographically defined areas in the contralateral inferior olive.

Selective Damping in a Galerkin Method for Solving Wave Problems with Variable Grids

Abstract: A dissipative Galerkin procedure is used to solve two hyperbolic problems on an irregular or variable grid. Both forced wave motions (Gaussian) and boundary induced wave propagations are considered. It is shown that results obtained by using the traditional Galerkin approximation can be improved by using the dissipative procedure. Reflections or noise produced an a grid because of mesh refinements can be substantially reduced by this technique. Comparisons are also made with the dissipative effects obtained from an added artificial viscosity term.

Isometric strength and endurance during the menstrual cycle.

Abstract: Seven healthy young women, 3 of whom had been taking oral contraceptives, were examined during the course of 2 menstrual cycles to assess their isometric strength, their endurance during a series of 5 fatiguing isometric contractions at a tension of 40% MVC, and their blood pressures and heart rates during those fatiguing contractions. Two sets of experiments were performed, one in which the subject's forearm temperature was allowed to vary as a function of TA, and one with the muscle temperature stabilized by immersion of the forearm in water at 37‡ C. During exposure to ambient temperatures, isometric strength and both the heart rate and blood pressure responses at rest and at the end of a fatiguing, sustained isometric exercise, were not significantly different during any phase of the menstrual cycle in any subject. In contrast, the isometric endurance in the women not taking oral contraceptives varied sinusoidally in all 5 contractions with a peak endurance midway through the ovulatory phase and the lowest endurance mid-way through the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The isometric endurance of the women taking oral contraceptives did not vary during their menstrual cycle. After stabilization of the temperature of the muscles of the forearm in water at 37‡ C, the isometric endurance of the “normal” subjects showed a hyperbolic response with the maximal endurance at the beginning and end of their cycles, and the shortest endurance at mid-cycle. Here again, however, the isometric endurance of the women taking oral contraceptives did not vary after immersion of their forearms in the 37‡ C water.

Detection of adenovirus type 2-induced early polypeptides using cycloheximide pretreatment to enhance viral protein synthesis.

Abstract: (35S) methionine-labeled polypeptides synthesized by adenovirus type 2-infected cells have been analyzed by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Cycloheximide (CH) was added to infected cultures to accumulate early viral mRNA relative to host cell mRNA. This allowed viral proteins to be synthesized in increased amounts relative to host proteins after removal of CH and pulse-labeling with (35S)methionine. During the labeling period arabinosyl cytosine was added to prevent the synthesis of late viral proteins. This procedure facilitated the detection of six early viral-induced polypeptides, designated EP1 through EP6 (early protein), with apparent molecular weights of 75,000 (75K), 42K, 21K, 18K, 15K, and 11K. Supportive data were obtained by coelectrophoresis of (35S)- and (3H)methionine-labeled polypeptides from infected and uninfected cells, respectively. Three of these early polypeptides have not been previously reported. CH pretreatment enhanced the rates of synthesis of EP4 and EP6 20- to 30-fold and enhanced that of the others approximately twofold. The maximal rates of synthesis of the virus-induced proteins varied, in a different manner, with time postinfection and CH pretreatment. Since CH pretreatment appears to increase the levels of early viral proteins, it may be a useful procedure to assist their isolation and functional characterization.

The Effects of Presleep Activity on All‐Night Sleep

Abstract: The effects of different presleep activities on all-night sleep were assessed. Nine young adult males engaged in brief periods of progressive relaxation (Relaxation), light dynamic exercise (Exercise), or a boring monotonous vigilance task (Vigilance) immediately before bed on consecutive nights. Standard electrophysiological data were recorded during the 7.5 hrs of sleep. The latency of sleep onset was shortest after Relaxation and longest after Exercise. Presleep heart rate and electromyograph levels were not related to sleep onset. Sleep stages were not differentiated by condition and no sleep parameter differed from normative data. The results suggest that it is possible to alter sleep latency by manipulating presleep behavior without disrupting the normal steep pattern.

The GPSS Simulation of Scheduling Policies for Surgical Patients

Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine and evaluate utilization levels of the operating-room and recovery-room facilities of a hospital under different policy considerations governing patient flows. The utilization rates are examined under constraints that apply to the particular hospital from which the empirical data was obtained; however, the model and approach were designed with general applications in mind. The range of values for critical timing measurements is obtained from a model employing the Monte Carlo simulation technique. The model is programmed in GPSS and was run on an IBM 360/165. An optimal policy that satisfies the “real world” constraints of an active hospital is sought. The output from the model is interpreted. It is revealed that increases in facility utilization can be made while meeting the constraints dictated by normal hospital routine, thus offering the possibility of reducing costs.

Whipple's disease of the central nervous system.

Abstract: Whipple's disease presenting as a neurological disease without gastrointestinal symptoms is an unusual occurrence. A 40 year old man suffered hypersomnia, memory loss and progressive ophthalmoplegia for 6 months prior to death. The nature of his disease was not established during life. Extensive granulomatous inflammation affecting the hypothalamus, hippocampus and periaqueductal gray matter of the brain was found to represent Whipple's disease by electron microscopy. Characteristic lesions were also present in spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, small intestine and myocardium. Bacillary bodies and membranous inclusions similar to those seen in visceral lesions of Whipple's disease were present in macrophages. The findings supported the theory of direct involvement of the central nervous system by bacilli rather than a metabolic origin for the lesions.

Sialic acid uptake by fibroblasts

Abstract: The existence of surface sialytransferases that use cytidine monophosphate (CMP)-sialic acid as substrate has been postulated in previous studies. This is based on the assumption that if whole, viable cells can catalyze the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to endogenous acceptors, then the transferases carrying out the reaction must be on the cell surface, provided that (1) CMP-sialic acid does not enter the cells, and (2) CMP-sialic acid does not break down outside the cells, yielding free sialic acid which then may enter the cells, in amounts large enough to explain the incorporation. We now report evidence showing that after incubation of intact NIL, BHK, and 3T3 fibroblasts with CMP-sialic acid, at least 78% of the sialic acid incorporated by these cells is the result of free sialic acid uptake. When cells growing in a monolayer were incubated with a mixture of CMP-[14C]sialic acid and [3H]CMP-sialic acid with a ratio of 3H/14C=0.60, this ratio was found to be markedly increased in whole cells. Chemical analyses of the radioactive species in the incubation medium showed that a considerable portion of the radiolabeled sugar nucleotide had broken down to cytidine, phosphoric acid, and sialic acid. Upon incubation of cells with doubly labeled sugar nucleotide in the presence of a large excess of both nonradiolabeled cytidine and sialic acid, the cells incorporated less than 6% of both isotopes. Incubation of cells with a mixture of CMP-[14C]sialic acid and [3H]sialic acid resulted in only 20-40% of the radioactivity within the cells being membrane bound, and 70-90% of this incorporation could be inhibited by the addition of 10 mM azide to the incubation medium. The possibility that a small fraction of the total incorporation of sialic acid by these cells is due to surface sialytransferases cannot be completely ruled out. The uptake of free sialic acid by these fibroblasts is concentration dependent and a portion of it is incorporated into glycoproteins and glycolipids. Considerable loss of cell integrity was observed when fibroblasts grown on plates were removed by (ethylenedinitrilo)-tetraacetic acid or trypsin and subsequently incubated in buffer, indicating that these preparations are not suitable for intact cell studies.

Frequency of eidetic imagery among hydrocephalic children.

Abstract: A sample of 75 mentally retarded children, including 14 with arrested hydrocephalus, 39 with other diagnoses of brain damage, and 22 familial cases, was tested for eidetic imagery, in order to clarify the relationship between eidetric imagery and neuropathology. The hypotheses tested were that the frequency of eidetic imagery is higher among hydrocephalics than among other brain-damaged children and higher among hydrocephalics than among familials. The data confirmed the hypotheses and are interpreted as supporting a theory in which particular structural impairments in the visual system may delay neural development and result in a persistance of eidetic imagery.

Pallidothalamic projections in the rat.

Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to examine pallidofugal projections to the thalamus of the rat using a selective silver degeneration method and autoradiography. Degenerating pallidothalamic projections emerging from the anterior part of the pallidum formed two diffuse groups of fibers; one coursed ventromedially directly through the internal capsule without forming a lenticular fasciculus and terminated uniformly in the reticular, VA, VD, VM and the medial part of the VE. The other group coursed ventrolaterally in the internal capsule and, without forming an ansa lenticularis, entered the zona incerta, swept medially through and ventral to the medial lemniscus, and terminated in the medial part of the VE and throughout the VD. Degenerating fibers from both of these groups also terminated in the rhomboid, gelatinous, and medial dorsal nuclei of the thalamus. Fibers from the intermediate and posterior parts of the pallidum crossed the internal capsule in diffuse bundles and terminated in the medial and posterior zones of the reticular nucleus respectively. Most of the fibers passed through the reticular nucleus and terminated uniformly in the VA, VD, VM and the ventral portion of the VE. Some terminated in the medial and midline thalamic nuclear groups. The character of terminal degeneration differed markedly. In the ventral aspect of the VE it had a fine dust-like appearance whereas in the VA, VD, and VM it was coarsely granular. Autoradiography confirmed the course and terminations described above except that reduced silver grains were not observed in the rhomboid, gelatinous and medial dorsal nuclei of the thalamus. Also, autoradiography confirmed that the dust-like terminal degeneration in the ventral VE was of the anterograde type since the leucine label was concentrated in precisely the same area.

Primary Kaposi’s Sarcoma of Lymph Nodes

Abstract: An example of Kaposi’s sarcoma with primary involvement of lymph nodes is reported. The patient, a woman, was admitted because of generalized lymphadenopathy and anemia. She was also known to have congestive heart failure of rheumatic origin. SMA-12 screening disclosed hypercalcemia on several occasions during her hospitalization. Levels of circulating parathormone and prostaglandins E2 and F were markedly increased. Total bone scan was negative for involvement by tumor. Electronmicroscopic examination of an involved lymph node disclosed secretory bodies in the cytoplasm of malignant cells and other cells, with clear indication of endothelial origin. The rarity of Kaposi’s sarcoma with primary lymph nodal involvement in the United States is discussed. So far as is known by the authors, no example of Kaposi’s sarcoma has been associated with hypercalcemia due to ectopic endocrine production.