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Showing papers by "Samsung published in 1999"


Proceedings ArticleDOI
23 Jun 1999
TL;DR: In this work, a new approach to fully automatic color image segmentation, called JSEG, is presented, where colors in the image are quantized to several representing classes that can be used to differentiate regions in the photo, thus forming a class-map of the image.
Abstract: In this work, a new approach to fully automatic color image segmentation, called JSEG, is presented. First, colors in the image are quantized to several representing classes that can be used to differentiate regions in the image. Then, image pixel colors are replaced by their corresponding color class labels, thus forming a class-map of the image. A criterion for "good" segmentation using this class-map is proposed. Applying the criterion to local windows in the class-map results in the "J-image", in which high and low values correspond to possible region boundaries and region centers, respectively. A region growing method is then used to segment the image based on the multi-scale J-images. Experiments show that JSEG provides good segmentation results on a variety of images.

583 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicate that telomere shortening in mTR−/− mice leads to progressive loss of organismal viability.
Abstract: Mice deficient for the mouse telomerase RNA (mTR −/− ) and lacking telomerase activity can only be bred for approximately six generations due to decreased male and female fertility and to an increased embryonic lethality associated with a neural tube closure defect. Although late generation mTR −/− mice show defects in the hematopoietic system, they are viable to adulthood, only showing a decrease in viability in old age. To assess the contribution of genetic background to the effect of telomerase deficiency on viability, we generated mTR −/− mutants on a C57BL6 background, which showed shorter telomeres than the original mixed genetic background C57BL6/129Sv. Interestingly, these mice could be bred for only four generations and the survival of late generation mTR −/− mice decreased dramatically with age as compared with their wild‐type counterparts. Fifty percent of the generation 4 mice die at only 5 months of age. This decreased viability with age in the late generation mice is coincident with telomere shortening, sterility, splenic atrophy, reduced proliferative capacity of B and T cells, abnormal hematology and atrophy of the small intestine. These results indicate that telomere shortening in mTR −/− mice leads to progressive loss of organismal viability.

464 citations


Patent
09 Aug 1999
TL;DR: In this article, a thin film manufacturing method is provided, which includes the step of chemically adsorbing a first reactant on a substrate by injecting the first reactants into a chamber in which the substrate is loaded, and the second reactant is removed by purging or pumping the chamber.
Abstract: A thin film manufacturing method is provided. The method includes the step of chemically adsorbing a first reactant on a substrate by injecting the first reactant into a chamber in which the substrate is loaded. Physisorbed first reactant on the chemically adsorbed first reactant is removed by purging or pumping the chamber. After the first reactant is densely chemically adsorbed on the substrate by re-injecting the first reactant into the chamber, the physisorbed first reactant on the dense chemisorbed first reactant is removed by purging or pumping the chamber. A second reactant is chemically adsorbed onto the surface of the substrate by injecting the second reactant into the chamber. Physisorbed second reactant on the chemisorbed first reactant and the second reactant is removed by purging or pumping the chamber. A solid thin film is formed by chemical exchange through densely adsorbing the second reactant onto the substrate by re-injecting the second reactant into the chamber. According to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a precise stoichiometric thin film having a high film density, since the first reactant and the second reactant are densely adsorbed and the impurities are substantially removed by pumping or purging

391 citations


Patent
Yun-sook Chae1, In-Sang Jeon1, Sang-Bom Kang1, Sang-In Lee1, Kyu-wan Ryu1 
20 Dec 1999
TL;DR: In this article, a method of delivering two or more mutually-reactive reaction gases when a predetermined film is deposited on a substrate, and a shower head used in the gas delivery method, function to increase the film deposition rate while preventing formation of contaminating particles.
Abstract: A method of delivering two or more mutually-reactive reaction gases when a predetermined film is deposited on a substrate, and a shower head used in the gas delivery method, function to increase the film deposition rate while preventing formation of contaminating particles. In this method, one reaction gas is delivered toward the edge of the substrate, and the other reaction gases are delivered toward the central portion of the substrate, each of the reaction gases being delivered via an independent gas outlet to prevent the reaction gases from being mixed. In the shower head, separate passages are provided to prevent the first reaction gas from mixing with the other reaction gases by delivering the first reaction gas from outlets formed around the edge of the bottom surface of the shower head. The other reaction gases are delivered from outlets formed in the central portion of the bottom surface of the shower head. Accordingly, one of the mutually-reactive gases is delivered toward the central portion of the substrate, and the others are delivered toward the edge of the substrate.

368 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
17 Oct 1999
TL;DR: This paper reviews recent R&D and commercial status of inertial sensors using silicon micromachining technologies and discusses the requirement for commercialization of the research results.
Abstract: The emergence of micro sensors and actuators is pushing forward the revolution of intelligent systems technology. Intelligent systems technology allows a dramatic change in the way that machines, tools, and systems serve humans. This paper reviews recent R&D and commercial status of inertial sensors using silicon micromachining technologies and discusses the requirement for commercialization of the research results.

296 citations


Patent
Richard Humpleman1, Dongyan Wang1
07 May 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a system for command and control among a plurality of devices via a network by connecting a first device to the network, where the second device stores application interface description data in a structured format for commanding and controlling the second devices by other network devices.
Abstract: Method and system for command and control among a plurality of devices via a network by: connecting a first device to the network; connecting a second device to the network, where the second device stores application interface description data in a structured format for commanding and controlling the second device by other network devices; providing the application interface description data to the first device over the network; and sending control and command data from the first device to the second device over the network utilizing the application interface description data to control the operation of the second device.

257 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aligned carbon nanotubes have been synthesized on transition metal-coated silicon substrates with C2H2 using thermal chemical vapor deposition as mentioned in this paper, and they can be mostly vertically aligned on a large area of plain Si substrates when the density of metal domains reaches a certain value.

250 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a multilayer structure consisting of three layers, tin-doped indium oxide (ITO)/Ag/ITO, was prepared by using magnetron sputtering.

229 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Jong-Kook Kim1, HyunWook Park2
TL;DR: The surrounding region-dependence method is shown to be superior to the conventional texture-analysis methods with respect to classification accuracy and computational complexity.
Abstract: Clustered microcalcifications on X-ray mammograms are an important sign for early detection of breast cancer. Texture-analysis methods can be applied to detect clustered microcalcifications in digitized mammograms. In this paper, a comparative study of texture-analysis methods is performed for the surrounding region-dependence method, which has been proposed by the authors, and conventional texture-analysis methods, such as the spatial gray level dependence method, the gray-level run-length method, and the gray-level difference method. Textural features extracted by these methods are exploited to classify regions of interest (ROI's) into positive ROI's containing clustered microcalcifications and negative ROI's containing normal tissues. A three-layer backpropagation neural network is used as a classifier. The results of the neural network for the texture-analysis methods are evaluated by using a receiver operating-characteristics (ROC) analysis. The surrounding region-dependence method is shown to be superior to the conventional texture-analysis methods with respect to classification accuracy and computational complexity.

223 citations


Patent
Ji-hoon Hong1, Ki-heum Nam1
22 Jun 1999
TL;DR: A boat for semiconductor wafers has been used to reduce contact surface area with the wafer, thereby preventing distortion of wafer during heating as mentioned in this paper, where the boat has an upper member; a lower member; and a plurality of support members vertically extended between and connecting the upper member to the lower member for supporting the waffers.
Abstract: A boat for semiconductor wafers has reduced contact surface area with the wafer, thereby preventing distortion of the wafer during heating The boat has an upper member; a lower member, a plurality of wafers being loaded between the upper member and the lower member; and a plurality of support members vertically extended between and connecting the upper member to the lower member for supporting the wafers A plurality of slots are successively and horizontally formed in each of the support members, and the peripheral edge of the wafer is inserted therein, wherein a hemisphere-shaped protrusion is formed inside the slot, and the bottom surface of the wafer contacts and is supported by each hemisphere-shaped protrusion at a single contact point

210 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, structural changes of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} spinel electrodes were investigated by X-ray diffraction during prolonged electrochemical cycling between 4.5 and 3.4 V at room temperature.
Abstract: Structural changes of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} spinel electrodes have been investigated in 4 V Li/Li{sub x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} cells by X-ray diffraction during prolonged electrochemical cycling between 4.5 and 3.4 V at room temperature. The capacity fade that is observed during cycling is attributed, at least partly, to disproportionation reactions at the particle surface of discharged Li{sub x}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} electrodes, resulting in a soluble MnO component. The disproportionation reactions are described with respect to the Li-Mn-O phase diagram. The data support recent reports that Li{sub 2}Mn{sub 2}O{sub 4} can be formed at the electrode surface slightly above 3 V when cells are discharged and charged at high rates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report that sol-gel coating of and subsequent heat treatment at relatively low temperature greatly improves the structural stability of cathodes and exhibit excellent structural stability, retaining 86 and 84 %, respectively, of their initial capacities after 47 cycles between 4.4 and at the rate.
Abstract: We report that sol‐gel coating of and subsequent heat‐treatment at relatively low temperature greatly improve the structural stability of cathodes. Coated materials heat‐treated at 400 and exhibit excellent structural stability, retaining 86 and 84 %, respectively, of their initial capacities after 47 cycles between 4.4 and at the rate. This is attributed to the disappearance of the transition to a hexagonal phase from a monoclinic phase at during cycling, a result of the formation of nonuniform distribution throughout the particle, i.e., higher concentration near the particle surface. In contrast, coated heat‐treated at that shows unifom distribution throughout the particles exhibits this phase transition during cycling, as does uncoated , leading to 51 % capacity loss after 47 cycles. This phase transition also increases cation disorder upon cycling. ©2000 The Electrochemical Society

Patent
12 Oct 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, a lower electrode having a surface and a rounded protruding portion is formed on a semiconductor substrate, and a chemisorption layer is then formed on the surface and the rounding protruding part by supplying a first reactant.
Abstract: The present invention discloses a method for forming a dielectric film having improved leakage current characteristics in a capacitor. A lower electrode having a surface and a rounded protruding portion is formed on a semiconductor substrate. The surface and the protruding portion define at least one concave area. A chemisorption layer is then formed on the surface and the rounded protruding portion by supplying a first reactant. Also, a physisorption layer is formed on the chemisorption layer from the first reactant. Next, a portion of the physisorption layer is removed and a portion of the physisorption layer is left on the concave area. Subsequently, the chemisorption layer and the portion of the physisorption layer on the concave area react with a second reactant to form a dielectric film on the surface of the lower electrode. The thickness of said dielectric film is greater on the concave area than on the protruding portion, thereby reducing leakage current.

Patent
Gun Ho Song1, Si Chan Sung1
09 Aug 1999
TL;DR: A lead frame for manufacturing semiconductor device packages has inner leads, tie bars and a die pad that are formed with irregular dimples on their respective upper and lower surfaces.
Abstract: A lead frame for manufacturing semiconductor device packages has inner leads, tie bars and a die pad that are formed with irregular dimples on their respective upper and lower surfaces. This improves the bonding strength between the lead frame and the molding compound as well as between the die pad and a semiconductor device. The dimples are formed during the manufacture of the lead frame which allows the lead frame to be economically and easily manufactured.

Patent
07 May 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a method and system for performing a service on a home network, by connecting a first and a second home device to the home network; providing a database including a plurality of application interface description data objects, where each application description data object includes information in a structured format for commanding and controlling of a home device by one or more other home devices connected to the network.
Abstract: A method and system for performing a service on a home network, by: connecting a first and a second home device to the home network; providing a database including a plurality of application interface description data objects, where each application interface description data object includes information in a structured format for commanding and controlling of a home device by one or more other home device connected to the network; the second home device accessing a first application interface description object for the first home device in the database; the first home device accessing a second application interface description object for the second home device in the database; sending control and command data from the first home device to the second home device utilizing the second application interface description object over the network; and sending control and command data from the second home device to the first home device utilizing the first application interface description object over the network. Whereby, the first and second home devices perform said service.

Patent
Hi Chan Moon1, Jin Woo Choi1, Young Ky Kim1, Jae-Min Ahn1, Hyun Suk Lee1 
23 Mar 1999
TL;DR: In this article, a common power control channel transmission device for a base station in a CDMA communication system is provided having a selector for receiving power control commands to be transmitted to multiple subscribers, and a spreading modulator for spreading an output of a selector by multiplying the output of the selector by a spreading sequence.
Abstract: A common power control channel transmission device for a base station in a CDMA communication system is provided having a selector for receiving power control commands to be transmitted to multiple subscribers and multiplexing the received power control commands; and a spreading modulator for spreading an output of the selector by multiplying the output of the selector by a spreading sequence. The common power control channel transmission device can be used to control power of a reverse link common channel. For the power control of the reverse link common channel, the base station receives a signal from a mobile station via the reverse link common channel, and transmits to the mobile station a power control command for controlling a transmission power of the reverse link common channel according to a measured strength of the received signal.

Patent
Kim Min-Goo1
10 Dec 1999
TL;DR: In this article, a decoding device for decoding an input codeword bit stream using a generator polynomial represented by the product of a plurality of sub-polynomials disclosed is presented.
Abstract: A decoding device for decoding an input codeword bit stream using a generator polynomial represented by the product of a plurality of sub-polynomials disclosed. The decoding device comprises a plurality of serial concatenated decoders each having different generator polynomials, wherein a product of the different generator polynomials becomes said generator polynomial, the different generator polynomials are represented by the different sub-polynomials or by a product thereof, and a first-stage decoder out of the serial concatenated decoders receives said codeword bit stream. The decoders each perform soft decision, and the codeword is a linear block code.

Patent
Hyun-Seok Lee1, Dae-Gyun Kim1, Ahn Jae-Min1, Chang-Hoi Koo1, Hoon Chang1 
07 Dec 1999
TL;DR: In this article, a method for determining a gating rate in a base station for a CDMA communication system is described, which includes transmitting information for assigning a dedicated control channel and a traffic channel to a mobile station.
Abstract: A method for determining a gating rate in a base station for a CDMA communication system is disclosed. The method comprises transmitting information for assigning a dedicated control channel and a traffic channel to a mobile station, when a call is generated; after call setup, transmitting a message requesting mobile station's capability information to the mobile station; receiving the capability information including gating availability information of a reverse pilot signal and information about at least one gating rate, transmitted from the mobile station in reply to the request message; and determining a gating rate according to the capability information, transmitting information about the determined gating rate to the mobile station, and transitioning to an active sate. The mobile station's capability information includes information about gating availability and at least one gating rate, when gating is available.

Patent
Sang-bum Kang1, Yun-Sook Chae1, Sang-In Lee1, Hyun-Seok Lim1, Meeyoung Yoon1 
16 Jun 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, a selective metal layer formation method, a capacitor formation method and a method of forming an ohmic layer on a contact hole and filling the contact hole using the same, are provided.
Abstract: A selective metal layer formation method, a capacitor formation method using the same, and a method of forming an ohmic layer on a contact hole and filling the contact hole using the same, are provided. A sacrificial metal layer is selectively deposited on a conductive layer by supplying a sacrificial metal source gas which deposits selectively on a semiconductor substrate having an insulating film and the conductive layer. Sacrificial metal atoms and a halide are formed, and the sacrificial metal layer is replaced with a deposition metal layer such as titanium Ti or platinum Pt, by supplying a metal halide gas having a halogen coherence smaller than the halogen coherence of the metal atoms in the sacrificial metal layer. If such a process is used to form a capacitor lower electrode or form an ohmic layer on the bottom of a contact hole, a metal layer can be selectively formed at a temperature of 500° C. or lower.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The trefoils were shown to act in a manner suggestive of immediate-early genes capable of auto- and cross-induction through cis-acting regulatory regions, and the trefoil/EGF-R relationship may be pivotal in the generation and maintenance of the mucosal repair phenotype.
Abstract: The trefoil gene family of mucus cell-secreted proteins is a critical mediator of gastrointestinal mucosal restitution. Transcription of trefoil genes is induced during mucosal repair, but the regulatory mechanisms involved are unknown. Mice deficient in the intestine-specific peptide intestinal trefoil factor (ITF), in which colonic restitution is lethally impaired, showed reduced expression of the gastric trefoil genes SP and pS2, suggesting that trefoil peptides may individually regulate transcription of the entire family. In gastric cell lines, the trefoils were shown to act in a manner suggestive of immediate-early genes capable of auto- and cross-induction through cis-acting regulatory regions. Trefoil-mediated transcriptional regulation required activation of the Ras/MEK/MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. EGF receptor (EGF-R) activation was also necessary for trefoil auto- and cross-induction, and both spasmolytic polypeptide (SP) and ITF stimulation of gastric cell lines led to phosphorylation of EGF-R. Nevertheless, ITF and ITF-thioredoxin cell surface binding at 4 degrees C colocalized not with EGF-R, but with CD71, which is found in clathrin-coated pits, suggesting that integration of trefoil peptide responses may occur after internalization. As EGF-R expression is itself strongly induced after mucosal damage, the trefoil/EGF-R relationship may be pivotal in the generation and maintenance of the mucosal repair phenotype.

Patent
Jin-Chul Lee1
06 May 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, a software keyboard system using the trace of a stylus and a method of recognizing key codes in accordance with the keyboard system is presented, where one key includes numerous codes, to reduce the number of keys without reducing the key size, to facilitate use of the key.
Abstract: A software keyboard system using the trace of a stylus and a method of recognizing key codes in accordance with the keyboard system are provided. The software keyboard system includes a screen for displaying a keyboard image or other information, a touch panel formed of a transparent material covered on the screen, for generating a coordinate value in accordance with a position pressed by a stylus, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter for converting an analog coordinate value generated by the touch panel to a digital coordinate value, a memory for storing names of keys forming a keyboard image displayed on the screen and direction range information of a plurality of key codes assigned to each of keys, and a controller for displaying the keyboard image formed by the key names on the screen, receiving a digital value for the trace of the stylus output from the analog-to-digital (A/D) converter to retrieve a position of the stylus and a direction of the trace, reading a key code from the memory according to the stylus position and the trace direction, and outputting the key code. Thus, one key includes numerous codes, to thereby reduce the number of keys, so that the size of the keyboard is reduced without reducing the key size, to thereby facilitate use of the key.

Patent
30 Apr 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a system that uses a bad sector formed in the portable medium during the manufacturing process for preventing an illegal copy of the downloaded digital contents through the portable device after the digital contents have been downloaded.
Abstract: Systems connected to users generate a plurality of keys which are mutually shared, and download and upload digital contents by using secret channels formed between the systems. An information provider receives an authorization from a certificate authority. A licensed SDMI compliant module (LCM) is authenticated through the information provider, and the information provider and the LCM form a channel. A portable device is authenticated from the information provider through the LCM, and the LCM and the portable device form a channel. The digital content between the LCM and the portable device is downloaded and uploaded according to respective control state data of the LCM and the portable device. The system can use a physical address of a bad sector formed in the portable medium during the manufacturing process for preventing an illegal copy of the downloaded digital contents through the portable device after the digital contents have been downloaded.

Patent
16 Jul 1999
TL;DR: In this article, a packet data processing device for a mobile communication system is presented, which includes a channel status measurer for detecting power of a signal received over a pilot channel to measure channel status; a channel information transmitter for generating channel status information according to the measured channel status and transmitting the channel status status information to a base station; and a supplemental channel receiver for detecting a bit rate of data transmitted at a variable rate from the base station and receiving data at the detected bit rate.
Abstract: A packet data processing device for a mobile communication system. A base station includes a channel status information receiver for receiving channel status information for a forward channel from a mobile station; a supplemental channel transmission controller for determining a bit rate of the mobile station according to the channel status information, a supplemental channel transmitter for transmitting data to the mobile station at the bit rate determined by the supplemental channel transmission controller; and a rate indicator transmitter for generating a rate indicator having information about the determined bit rate and transmitting the generated rate indicator to the mobile station. The mobile station includes a channel status measurer for detecting power of a signal received over a pilot channel to measure channel status; a channel status information transmitter for generating channel status information according to the measured channel status and transmitting the channel status information to a base station; and a supplemental channel receiver for detecting a bit rate of data transmitted at a variable rate from the base station and receiving data at the detected bit rate.

Patent
Jung-Wan Ko1, Kyung-Geun Lee1
14 Jun 1999
TL;DR: In this article, a write protection method for protecting data recorded on a recordable and/or rewritable disc from unwanted overwriting or erasing is proposed, where the write protection information stored on a disc does not match the state of a recognition switch of a case for write protection.
Abstract: A recording medium storing a write protection information, and a write protection method for protecting data recorded on a recordable and/or rewritable disc from unwanted overwriting or erasing. In order for write protection of a disc in a bare state that is usually used in a cartridge having a recognition switch for write-protection, such as a DVD-RAM, write protection information is recorded in a Lead-in area, a Lead-out area or a recording information area other than a user data area of the disc, and the data is protected from unwanted overwriting or erasing using the write protection information. Also, even though the write protection information stored on a disc does not match the state of a recognition switch of a case for write-protection, the data can be prevented from unwanted overwriting or erasing. Thus, the write protection can be ensured when a recordable and/or rewritable recording medium, such as DVD-RAM, DVD-R and DVD-RW, is used in a bare state.

Patent
02 Mar 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, a traffic channel transmission device for a CDMA communication system using a plurality of coding rates and orthogonal codes, determines a present channel condition and adaptively selects a coding rate and an Orthogonal code according to the determination.
Abstract: A traffic channel transmission device for a CDMA communication system using a plurality of coding rates and orthogonal codes, determines a present channel condition and adaptively selects a coding rate and an orthogonal code according to the determination. In the device, a channel receiver receives a channel signal and a controller analyzes the received signal to decide an environment of a channel in service and generates a coding rate select signal and orthogonal code information according to the decision result. A channel transmitter includes a channel encoder (311, 312) for encoding transmission data at a coding rate selected according to the coding rate select signal (Csel) and an orthogonal modulator (361, 362) for generating an orthogonal code according to the orthogonal code information to spread the encoded data with the generated orthogonal code, whereby the channel transmitter adaptively encodes and spreads the transmission data according to the channel environment. The orthogonal code information includes a number and a length of the orthogonal code.

Patent
18 Jun 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, a training-signal method for adjusting the filtering coefficients of the adaptive equalizer is described, which characterizes the reception channel by comparing prescribed portions of the received signal as translated in frequency to provide the final I-F signal to final I -F signal segments stored at the receiver.
Abstract: A digital communications radio receiver, as for television, digitizes a final intermediate-frequency signal offset from zero frequency no more than a few megahertz. This digitized final I-F signal is passed through an adaptive equalizer before being synchrodyned to baseband in the digital regime, which adaptive equalizer has its weighting coefficients determined by comparing I-F signal as received with possible multipath with ideal I-F signal free from multipath distortion. Decision feedback for adjusting the filtering coefficients of the equalizer is described, which is based on the ideal baseband signal being re-modulated onto final I-F carrier and compared to the received signal as translated in frequency to provide the final I-F signal. A training-signal method for adjusting the filtering coefficients of the equalizer is described, which characterizes the reception channel by comparing prescribed portions of the received signal as translated in frequency to provide the final I-F signal to final I-F signal segments stored at the receiver. Equalization of the final I-F signal based on error signals derived from modulated I-F signal, rather than from demodulated baseband signal, allows different equalization of the upper sideband and the lower sideband of the final I-F signal. This facilitates receiver passband tilts as well as multipath distortion being compensated for.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesize carbon nanotubes by thermal chemical vapor deposition of C2H2 on transition metal-coated silicon substrates, and demonstrate that the diameters of carbon-nanotubes can be controlled by applying the different transition metals.
Abstract: We have synthesized carbon nanotubes by thermal chemical vapor deposition of C2H2 on transition metal-coated silicon substrates. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes are uniformly synthesized on a large area of the plain Si substrates, different from previously reported porous Si substrates. It is observed that surface modification of transition metals deposited on substrates by either etching with dipping in a HF solution and/or NH3 pretreatment is a crucial step for the nanotube growth prior to the reaction of C2H2 gas. We will demonstrate that the diameters of carbon nanotubes can be controlled by applying the different transition metals.

Patent
Dong In Ha1, Ho Soo Seo1, Seong-Joong Kim1, Alexandre Goudelev1, Konstantin Krylov1 
20 Feb 1999
TL;DR: In this article, a dual-band antenna for a radio terminal consists of a retractable whip antenna (10) and a helical antenna (30) with irregular pitches, wherein the whip antenna is independent of the helical antennas (30).
Abstract: A dual band antenna for a radio terminal consists of a retractable whip antenna (10) and a helical antenna (30) with irregular pitches, wherein the whip antenna (10) is independent of the helical antenna (30). The helical antenna (30) includes first and second helical portions (35) having first and second pitches, respectively and the first and second helical portions (35) are operable at different frequency bands independently. The whip antenna (10) includes a conductive core line (12), a conductive substance (13) covering a first portion of the conductive core line (12) to serve as a choke and an isolation element extending from an upper end of the conductive core line (12), for filling a gap between the conductive core line (12) and the conductive substance (13). Here, only the first portion of the conductive core line is operable at a first frequency band and the entire conductive core line (12) is operable at a second frequency. A fixing element (40) fixes the helical antenna (30) and the whip antenna (10) to the radio terminal (60). The fixing element (40) has an upper end connected to a lower end of the helical antenna (30) and a through hold via which the whip antenna (10) is inserted into an interior of the radio terminal (60).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of retrial queues with two types of calls and new results of several models are presented, including the M"1, M"2/G/1 retrial queue and its variations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the selective thermal oxidation method with MnO2 catalyst was used for analysis of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in particles at Seoul and Cheju Island, Korea were observed in 1994.