Showing papers by "Samsung published in 2016"

Next Generation 5G Wireless Networks: A Comprehensive Survey

Abstract: The vision of next generation 5G wireless communications lies in providing very high data rates (typically of Gbps order), extremely low latency, manifold increase in base station capacity, and significant improvement in users’ perceived quality of service (QoS), compared to current 4G LTE networks. Ever increasing proliferation of smart devices, introduction of new emerging multimedia applications, together with an exponential rise in wireless data (multimedia) demand and usage is already creating a significant burden on existing cellular networks. 5G wireless systems, with improved data rates, capacity, latency, and QoS are expected to be the panacea of most of the current cellular networks’ problems. In this survey, we make an exhaustive review of wireless evolution toward 5G networks. We first discuss the new architectural changes associated with the radio access network (RAN) design, including air interfaces, smart antennas, cloud and heterogeneous RAN. Subsequently, we make an in-depth survey of underlying novel mm-wave physical layer technologies, encompassing new channel model estimation, directional antenna design, beamforming algorithms, and massive MIMO technologies. Next, the details of MAC layer protocols and multiplexing schemes needed to efficiently support this new physical layer are discussed. We also look into the killer applications, considered as the major driving force behind 5G. In order to understand the improved user experience, we provide highlights of new QoS, QoE, and SON features associated with the 5G evolution. For alleviating the increased network energy consumption and operating expenditure, we make a detail review on energy awareness and cost efficiency. As understanding the current status of 5G implementation is important for its eventual commercialization, we also discuss relevant field trials, drive tests, and simulation experiments. Finally, we point out major existing research issues and identify possible future research directions.

An Overview of Signal Processing Techniques for Millimeter Wave MIMO Systems

Abstract: Communication at millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies is defining a new era of wireless communication. The mmWave band offers higher bandwidth communication channels versus those presently used in commercial wireless systems. The applications of mmWave are immense: wireless local and personal area networks in the unlicensed band, 5G cellular systems, not to mention vehicular area networks, ad hoc networks, and wearables. Signal processing is critical for enabling the next generation of mmWave communication. Due to the use of large antenna arrays at the transmitter and receiver, combined with radio frequency and mixed signal power constraints, new multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication signal processing techniques are needed. Because of the wide bandwidths, low complexity transceiver algorithms become important. There are opportunities to exploit techniques like compressed sensing for channel estimation and beamforming. This article provides an overview of signal processing challenges in mmWave wireless systems, with an emphasis on those faced by using MIMO communication at higher carrier frequencies.

Interface Stability in Solid-State Batteries

Abstract: Development of high conductivity solid-state electrolytes for lithium ion batteries has proceeded rapidly in recent years, but incorporating these new materials into high-performing batteries has proven difficult. Interfacial resistance is now the limiting factor in many systems, but the exact mechanisms of this resistance have not been fully explained - in part because experimental evaluation of the interface can be very difficult. In this work, we develop a computational methodology to examine the thermodynamics of formation of resistive interfacial phases. The predicted interfacial phase formation is well correlated with experimental interfacial observations and battery performance. We calculate that thiophosphate electrolytes have especially high reactivity with high voltage cathodes and a narrow electrochemical stability window. We also find that a number of known electrolytes are not inherently stable but react in situ with the electrode to form passivating but ionically conducting barrier layers. A...

Intrinsically stretchable and healable semiconducting polymer for organic transistors

Abstract: Introducing non-covalent crosslinking moieties to polymer semiconductors produces a stretchable and healable material suitable for wearable electronics. There is great interest and potential in the development of skin-inspired flexible and wearable electronic devices. Such devices require materials that twist, fold and bend with no loss in electronic—or material—properties. Zhenan Bao and colleagues report a conjugated polymer that also incorporates non-covalent interactions between adjacent chains, enabling the material to accommodate up to 100% strain whilst maintaining high charge-carrier mobility. In this proof-of-principle study the authors use the polymers to fabricate flexible and stretchable organic transistors that combine robustness with good electronic properties. Thin-film field-effect transistors are essential elements of stretchable electronic devices for wearable electronics1,2. All of the materials and components of such transistors need to be stretchable and mechanically robust3,4. Although there has been recent progress towards stretchable conductors5,6,7,8, the realization of stretchable semiconductors has focused mainly on strain-accommodating engineering of materials, or blending of nanofibres or nanowires into elastomers9,10,11. An alternative approach relies on using semiconductors that are intrinsically stretchable, so that they can be fabricated using standard processing methods12. Molecular stretchability can be enhanced when conjugated polymers, containing modified side-chains and segmented backbones, are infused with more flexible molecular building blocks13,14. Here we present a design concept for stretchable semiconducting polymers, which involves introducing chemical moieties to promote dynamic non-covalent crosslinking of the conjugated polymers. These non-covalent crosslinking moieties are able to undergo an energy dissipation mechanism through breakage of bonds when strain is applied, while retaining high charge transport abilities. As a result, our polymer is able to recover its high field-effect mobility performance (more than 1 square centimetre per volt per second) even after a hundred cycles at 100 per cent applied strain. Organic thin-film field-effect transistors fabricated from these materials exhibited mobility as high as 1.3 square centimetres per volt per second and a high on/off current ratio exceeding a million. The field-effect mobility remained as high as 1.12 square centimetres per volt per second at 100 per cent strain along the direction perpendicular to the strain. The field-effect mobility of damaged devices can be almost fully recovered after a solvent and thermal healing treatment. Finally, we successfully fabricated a skin-inspired stretchable organic transistor operating under deformations that might be expected in a wearable device.

Design of efficient molecular organic light-emitting diodes by a high-throughput virtual screening and experimental approach

Abstract: A high-throughput virtual screening approach is used to select molecules with efficient, thermally activated delayed fluorescence. The good performance of several selected emitters in organic LED applications has also been confirmed experimentally.

Compression of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Fast and Low Power Mobile Applications

Abstract: Although the latest high-end smartphone has powerful CPU and GPU, running deeper convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for complex tasks such as ImageNet classification on mobile devices is challenging. To deploy deep CNNs on mobile devices, we present a simple and effective scheme to compress the entire CNN, which we call one-shot whole network compression. The proposed scheme consists of three steps: (1) rank selection with variational Bayesian matrix factorization, (2) Tucker decomposition on kernel tensor, and (3) fine-tuning to recover accumulated loss of accuracy, and each step can be easily implemented using publicly available tools. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme by testing the performance of various compressed CNNs (AlexNet, VGGS, GoogLeNet, and VGG-16) on the smartphone. Significant reductions in model size, runtime, and energy consumption are obtained, at the cost of small loss in accuracy. In addition, we address the important implementation level issue on 1?1 convolution, which is a key operation of inception module of GoogLeNet as well as CNNs compressed by our proposed scheme.

Organic light-emitting display device

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display device includes: a substrate; a driving thin film transistor on the substrate; and a DAM at an outermost portion of the substrate, where the DAM includes an inorganic layer and includes a first metallic DAM. The first metallic DAM may include two or more metal layers spaced apart at a set interval.

Gate-Tunable Conducting Oxide Metasurfaces

Abstract: Metasurfaces composed of planar arrays of subwavelength artificial structures show promise for extraordinary light manipulation. They have yielded novel ultrathin optical components such as flat lenses, wave plates, holographic surfaces, and orbital angular momentum manipulation and detection over a broad range of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, the optical properties of metasurfaces developed to date do not allow for versatile tunability of reflected or transmitted wave amplitude and phase after their fabrication, thus limiting their use in a wide range of applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a gate-tunable metasurface that enables dynamic electrical control of the phase and amplitude of the plane wave reflected from the metasurface. Tunability arises from field-effect modulation of the complex refractive index of conducting oxide layers incorporated into metasurface antenna elements which are configured in reflectarray geometry. We measure a phase shift of 180° and ∼30% change in the...

5-year analysis of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in patients with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer (NeoSphere): a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised trial

Abstract: Summary Background In the primary analysis of the NeoSphere trial, patients given neoadjuvant pertuzumab, trastuzumab, and docetaxel showed a significantly improved pathological complete response compared with those given trastuzumab and docetaxel after surgery. Here, we report 5-year progression-free survival, disease-free survival, and safety. Methods In this multicentre, open-label, phase 2 randomised trial in hospitals and medical clinics, treatment-naive adults with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to receive four neoadjuvant cycles of trastuzumab (8 mg/kg loading dose, followed by 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks) plus docetaxel (75 mg/m 2 every 3 weeks, increasing to 100 mg/m 2 from cycle 2 if tolerated; group A), pertuzumab (840 mg loading dose, followed by 420 mg every 3 weeks) and trastuzumab plus docetaxel (group B), pertuzumab and trastuzumab (group C), or pertuzumab and docetaxel (group D). After surgery, patients received three cycles of FEC (fluorouracil 600 mg/m 2 , epirubicin 90 mg/m 2 , and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m 2 ) every 3 weeks (patients in group C received four cycles of docetaxel prior to FEC), and trastuzumab 6 mg/kg every 3 weeks to complete 1 year's treatment (17 cycles in total). Randomisation was done by a central centre using dynamic allocation, stratified by operable, locally advanced, and inflammatory breast cancer, and by oestrogen and/or progesterone receptor positivity. Safety analyses were done according to treatment received. The primary endpoint (pathological complete response) was previously reported; secondary endpoints reported here are 5-year progression-free survival (analysed in the intention-to-treat population) and disease-free survival (analysed in patients who had surgery). Secondary and exploratory analyses were not powered for formal statistical hypothesis testing, and therefore results are for descriptive purposes only. The study ended on Sept 22, 2014 (last patient, last visit). This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00545688. Findings Between Dec 17, 2007, and Dec 22, 2009, 417 eligible patients were randomly assigned to group A (107 patients), group B (107 patients), group C (107 patients), or group D (96 patients). One patient in group A withdrew before treatment. One patient assigned to group D received group A treatment, one patient assigned to group D received group B treatment, and one patient assigned to group B received group C treatment. At clinical cutoff, 87 patients had progressed or died. 5-year progression-free survival rates were 81% (95% CI 71–87) for group A, 86% (77–91) for group B, 73% (64–81) for group C, and 73% (63–81) for group D (hazard ratios 0·69 [95% CI 0·34–1·40] group B vs group A, 1·25 [0·68–2·30] group C vs group A, and 2·05 [1·07–3·93] group D vs group B). Disease-free survival results were consistent with progression-free survival results and were 81% (95% CI 72–88) for group A, 84% (72–91) for group B, 80% (70–86) for group C, and 75% (64–83) for group D. Patients who achieved total pathological complete response (all groups combined) had longer progression-free survival compared with patients who did not (85% [76–91] in patients who achieved total pathological response vs 76% [71–81] in patients who did not achieve total pathological response; hazard ratio 0·54 [95% CI 0·29–1·00]). There were no new or long-term safety concerns and tolerability was similar across groups (neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatment periods combined). The most common grade 3 or worse adverse events were neutropenia (group A: 71 [66%] of 107 patients; group B: 59 [55%] of 107; group C: 40 [37%] of 108; group D: 60 [64%] of 94), febrile neutropenia (group A: 10 [9%]; group B: 12 [11%]; group C: 5 [5%]; group D: 15 [16%]), and leucopenia (group A: 13 [12%]; group B: 6 [6%]; group C: 4 [4%]; group D: 8 [9%]). The number of patients with one or more serious adverse event was similar across groups (19–22 serious adverse events per group in 18–22% of patients). Interpretation Progression-free survival and disease-free survival at 5-year follow-up show large and overlapping CIs, but support the primary endpoint (pathological complete response) and suggest that neoadjuvant pertuzumab is beneficial when combined with trastuzumab and docetaxel. Additionally, they suggest that total pathological complete response could be an early indicator of long-term outcome in early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer. Funding F Hoffmann-La Roche.

Stretchable Hydrogel Electronics and Devices.

Abstract: Stretchable hydrogel electronics and devices are designed by integrating stretchable conductors, functional chips, drug-delivery channels, and reservoirs into stretchable, robust, and biocompatible hydrogel matrices. Novel applications include a smart wound dressing capable of sensing the temperatures of various locations on the skin, delivering different drugs to these locations, and subsequently maintaining sustained release of drugs.

Miniature optical planar camera based on a wide-angle metasurface doublet corrected for monochromatic aberrations

Abstract: Optical metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of nano-scatterers that modify optical wavefronts at subwavelength spatial resolution They are poised to revolutionize optics by enabling complex low-cost systems where multiple metasurfaces are lithographically stacked and integrated with electronics For imaging applications, metasurface stacks can perform sophisticated image corrections and can be directly integrated with image sensors Here we demonstrate this concept with a miniature flat camera integrating a monolithic metasurface lens doublet corrected for monochromatic aberrations, and an image sensor The doublet lens, which acts as a fisheye photographic objective, has a small f-number of 09, an angle-of-view larger than 60° × 60°, and operates at 850 nm wavelength with 70% focusing efficiency The camera exhibits nearly diffraction-limited image quality, which indicates the potential of this technology in the development of optical systems for microscopy, photography, and computer vision

Stretchable Self-Healing Polymeric Dielectrics Cross-Linked Through Metal–Ligand Coordination

Abstract: A self-healing dielectric elastomer is achieved by the incorporation of metal–ligand coordination as cross-linking sites in nonpolar polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymers. The ligand is 2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-dicarboxylic amide, while the metal salts investigated here are Fe2+ and Zn2+ with various counteranions. The kinetically labile coordination between Zn2+ and bipyridine endows the polymer fast self-healing ability at ambient condition. When integrated into organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) as gate dielectrics, transistors with FeCl2 and ZnCl2 salts cross-linked PDMS exhibited increased dielectric constants compared to PDMS and demonstrated hysteresis-free transfer characteristics, owing to the low ion conductivity in PDMS and the strong columbic interaction between metal cations and the small Cl– anions which can prevent mobile anions drifting under gate bias. Fully stretchable transistors with FeCl2-PDMS dielectrics were fabricated and exhibited ideal transfer characteristics. The gate leakage ...

Organic light emitting display apparatus and method of manufacturing the same

Abstract: An organic light-emitting display apparatus includes a substrate including a first region configured to realize an image, and a second region through which an external light penetrates; a first electrode provided in the first region; an auxiliary electrode provided in the second region; a pixel defining layer provided in at least the first region and including a first opening exposing at least a part of the first electrode and a second opening exposing at least a part of the auxiliary electrode; a second electrode provided throughout the first region and the second region, facing the first electrode, and electrically connected to the auxiliary electrode; and an intermediate layer provided in at least the first region, provided above the first electrode and below the second electrode, and including an organic emission layer.

Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory

Abstract: In this paper, a review of the developments in MRAM technology over the past 20 years is presented. The various MRAM generations are described with a particular focus on spin-transfer torque MRAM (STT-MRAM) which is currently receiving the greatest attention. The working principles of these various MRAM generations, the status of their developments, and demonstrations of working circuits, including already commercialized MRAM products, are discussed.

Proposal on Millimeter-Wave Channel Modeling for 5G Cellular System

Abstract: This paper presents 28 GHz wideband propagation channel characteristics for millimeter wave (mmWave) urban cellular communication systems. The mmWave spectrum is considered as a key-enabling feature of 5G cellular communication systems to provide an enormous capacity increment; however, mmWave channel models are lacking today. The paper compares measurements conducted with a spherical scanning 28 GHz channel sounder system in the urban street-canyon environments of Daejeon, Korea and NYU campus, Manhattan, with ray-tracing simulations made for the same areas. Since such scanning measurements are very costly and time-intensive, only a relatively small number of channel samples can be obtained. The measurements are thus used to quantify the accuracy of a ray-tracer; the ray-tracer is subsequently used to obtain a large number of channel samples to fill gaps in the measurements. A set of mmWave radio propagation parameters is presented based on both the measurement results and ray-tracing, and the corresponding channel models following the 3GPP spatial channel model (SCM) methodology are also described.

Rational design of redox mediators for advanced Li–O2 batteries

Abstract: The discovery of effective catalysts is an important step towards achieving Li–O2 batteries with long cycle life and high round-trip efficiency. Soluble-type catalysts or redox mediators (RMs) possess great advantages over conventional solid catalysts, generally exhibiting much higher efficiency. Here, we select a series of organic RM candidates as a model system to identify the key descriptor in determining the catalytic activities and stabilities in Li–O2 cells. It is revealed that the level of ionization energies, readily available parameters from a database of the molecules, can serve such a role when comparing with the formation energy of Li2O2 and the highest occupied molecular orbital energy of the electrolyte. It is demonstrated that they are critical in reducing the overpotential and improving the stability of Li–O2 cells, respectively. Accordingly, we propose a general principle for designing feasible catalysts and report a RM, dimethylphenazine, with a remarkably low overpotential and high stability. Soluble catalysts such as redox mediators are promising in enhancing energy efficiency of Li–O2 batteries. Here, the authors propose a design principle for finding efficient redox mediators and demonstrate the application of such a new catalyst.

5G 3GPP-Like Channel Models for Outdoor Urban Microcellular and Macrocellular Environments

Abstract: For the development of new 5G systems to operate in bands up to 100 GHz, there is a need for accurate radio propagation models at these bands that currently are not addressed by existing channel models developed for bands below 6 GHz. This document presents a preliminary overview of 5G channel models for bands up to 100 GHz. These have been derived based on extensive measurement and ray tracing results across a multitude of frequencies from 6 GHz to 100 GHz, and this document describes an initial 3D channel model which includes: 1) typical deployment scenarios for urban microcells (UMi) and urban macrocells (UMa), and 2) a baseline model for incorporating path loss, shadow fading, line of sight probability, penetration and blockage models for the typical scenarios. Various processing methodologies such as clustering and antenna decoupling algorithms are also presented.

The Cybersecurity Landscape in Industrial Control Systems

Abstract: Industrial control systems (ICSs) are transitioning from legacy-electromechanical-based systems to modern information and communication technology (ICT)-based systems creating a close coupling between cyber and physical components. In this paper, we explore the ICS cybersecurity landscape including: 1) the key principles and unique aspects of ICS operation; 2) a brief history of cyberattacks on ICS; 3) an overview of ICS security assessment; 4) a survey of “uniquely-ICS” testbeds that capture the interactions between the various layers of an ICS; and 5) current trends in ICS attacks and defenses.

Two-terminal floating-gate memory with van der Waals heterostructures for ultrahigh on/off ratio

Abstract: Concepts of non-volatile memory to replace conventional flash memory have suffered from low material reliability and high off-state current, and the use of a thick, rigid blocking oxide layer in flash memory further restricts vertical scale-up. Here, we report a two-terminal floating gate memory, tunnelling random access memory fabricated by a monolayer MoS2/h-BN/monolayer graphene vertical stack. Our device uses a two-terminal electrode for current flow in the MoS2 channel and simultaneously for charging and discharging the graphene floating gate through the h-BN tunnelling barrier. By effective charge tunnelling through crystalline h-BN layer and storing charges in graphene layer, our memory device demonstrates an ultimately low off-state current of 10(-14) A, leading to ultrahigh on/off ratio over 10(9), about ∼10(3) times higher than other two-terminal memories. Furthermore, the absence of thick, rigid blocking oxides enables high stretchability (>19%) which is useful for soft electronics.

Biscuit: a framework for near-data processing of big data workloads

Abstract: Data-intensive queries are common in business intelligence, data warehousing and analytics applications. Typically, processing a query involves full inspection of large in-storage data sets by CPUs. An intuitive way to speed up such queries is to reduce the volume of data transferred over the storage network to a host system. This can be achieved by filtering out extraneous data within the storage, motivating a form of near-data processing. This work presents Biscuit, a novel near-data processing framework designed for modern solid-state drives. It allows programmers to write a data-intensive application to run on the host system and the storage system in a distributed, yet seamless manner. In order to offer a high-level programming model, Biscuit builds on the concept of data flow. Data processing tasks communicate through typed and data-ordered ports. Biscuit does not distinguish tasks that run on the host system and the storage system. As the result, Biscuit has desirable traits like generality and expressiveness, while promoting code reuse and naturally exposing concurrency. We implement Biscuit on a host system that runs the Linux OS and a high-performance solid-state drive. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and implementation with experimental results. When data filtering is done by hardware in the solid-state drive, the average speed-up obtained for the top five queries of TPC-H is over 15×.

Dynamic Pricing and Energy Consumption Scheduling With Reinforcement Learning

Abstract: In this paper, we study a dynamic pricing and energy consumption scheduling problem in the microgrid where the service provider acts as a broker between the utility company and customers by purchasing electric energy from the utility company and selling it to the customers. For the service provider, even though dynamic pricing is an efficient tool to manage the microgrid, the implementation of dynamic pricing is highly challenging due to the lack of the customer-side information and the various types of uncertainties in the microgrid. Similarly, the customers also face challenges in scheduling their energy consumption due to the uncertainty of the retail electricity price. In order to overcome the challenges of implementing dynamic pricing and energy consumption scheduling, we develop reinforcement learning algorithms that allow each of the service provider and the customers to learn its strategy without a priori information about the microgrid. Through numerical results, we show that the proposed reinforcement learning-based dynamic pricing algorithm can effectively work without a priori information about the system dynamics and the proposed energy consumption scheduling algorithm further reduces the system cost thanks to the learning capability of each customer.

Mechanically Durable and Highly Stretchable Transistors Employing Carbon Nanotube Semiconductor and Electrodes

Abstract: Mechanically durable stretchable trans-istors are fabricated using carbon nanotube electrical components and tough thermoplastic elastomers. After an initial conditioning step, the electrical characteristics remain constant with strain. The strain-dependent characteristics are similar in orthogonal stretching directions. Devices can be impacted with a hammer and punctured with a needle while remaining functional and stretchable.

Design and synthesis of the superionic conductor Na10SnP2S12.

Abstract: Sodium-ion batteries are emerging as candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their low cost and the wide variety of cathode materials available. As battery size and adoption in critical applications increases, safety concerns are resurfacing due to the inherent flammability of organic electrolytes currently in use in both lithium and sodium battery chemistries. Development of solid-state batteries with ionic electrolytes eliminates this concern, while also allowing novel device architectures and potentially improving cycle life. Here we report the computation-assisted discovery and synthesis of a high-performance solid-state electrolyte material: Na10SnP2S12, with room temperature ionic conductivity of 0.4 mS cm(-1) rivalling the conductivity of the best sodium sulfide solid electrolytes to date. We also computationally investigate the variants of this compound where tin is substituted by germanium or silicon and find that the latter may achieve even higher conductivity.

Structural and Electrochemical Consequences of Al and Ga Cosubstitution in Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolytes.

Abstract: Several “Beyond Li-Ion Battery” concepts such as all solid-state batteries and hybrid liquid/solid systems envision the use of a solid electrolyte to protect Li-metal anodes. These configurations are very attractive due to the possibility of exceptionally high energy densities and high (dis)charge rates, but they are far from being realized practically due to a number of issues including high interfacial resistance and difficulties associated with fabrication. One of the most promising solid electrolyte systems for these applications is Al or Ga stabilized Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) based on high ionic conductivities and apparent stability against reduction by Li metal. Nevertheless, the fabrication of dense LLZO membranes with high ionic conductivity and low interfacial resistances remains challenging; it definitely requires a better understanding of the structural and electrochemical properties. In this study, the phase transition from garnet (Ia3d, No. 230) to “non-garnet” (I43d, No. 220) space group as a f...

Integrated circuit device and method of manufacturing the same

Abstract: A method includes providing a plurality of active regions on a substrate, and at least a first device isolation layer between two of the plurality of active regions, wherein the plurality of active regions extend in a first direction; providing a gate layer extending in a second direction, the gate layer forming a plurality of gate lines including a first gate line and a second gate line extending in a straight line with respect to each other and having a space therebetween, each of the first gate line and second gate line crossing at least one of the active regions, providing an insulation layer covering the first device isolation layer and covering the active region around each of the first and second gate lines; and providing an inter-gate insulation region in the space between the first gate line and the second gate line.