Showing papers by "San Diego State University published in 1973"
TL;DR: This paper explored the use of psychological reactance theory to explain consumer response to the elimination of phosphate detergents, finding that consumers tended to express attitudes consistent with those consistent with the reaction theory.
Abstract: This study explores the use of psychological reactance theory to explain consumer response to the elimination of phosphate laundry detergents. Consumers tended to express attitudes consistent with ...
92 citations
73 citations
TL;DR: The locomotory systems of forty-two genera of hydro- and scyphomedusae were surveyed, to serve as a basis for generalizations about medusan locomotion and a classification of mesogleal skeletons was erected.
Abstract: 1. The locomotory systems of forty-two genera of hydro- and scyphomedusae, representing nine orders, were surveyed, to serve as a basis for generalizations about medusan locomotion. The more pertinent of these have been discussed. The comparisons are based on previous studies ofPolyorchis montereyensis andCyanea capillata (Gladfelter 1972a, b). 2. The bell ranges from broad and flat to long, narrow and pointed; the mesoglea ranges from soft to rigid. Radial mesogleal fibers are distributed in the regions of the bell deformed during contraction, and are most densely arrayed along joint apices. A variety of “joint systems” is present, from none or temporary creases, to permanent exumbrellar creases, to elaborate systems in most Anthomedusae and Scyphomedusae: a classification of mesogleal skeletons was erected. 3. The contractile elements of the swimming muscle vary from widely spaced cord-like elements in weak swimmers to tightly packed ribbon-like processes with aligned striations in small strong swimmers, to thick cord-like elements in closely spaced, highly convoluted array arranged on larger mesogleal folds. Radial swimming muscles are present in flat forms. 4. The velum (Hydromedusae) or its analog, the velarium (Cubomedusae) is important in forms with strongly arched bells, where it functions as a nozzle during straight swimming and turning. It is less important in broader bells, which, however, can turn in a smaller radius than tall forms.
68 citations
TL;DR: Two young adults, 1 male and 1 female, reduced their total sleep time by 30 min. every 2 wk from an initial 7.5 hr. to 4 hr. and then ad lib.
Abstract: Two young adults, 1 male and 1 female, reduced their total sleep time by 30 min. every 2 wk. from an initial 7.5 hr. to 4 hr. The 4-hr. regimen was maintained for 3 wk. and then ad lib. sleep was p...
66 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a new mechanism for gas phase ozone-olefin reactions is proposed, which involves biradical intermediates which can react in a variety of ways, including the Criegie mechanism originally proposed to explain solution ozonolysis reactions.
Abstract: A new mechanism for gas phase ozone-olefin reactions is proposed. The mechanism involves biradical intermediates which can react in a variety of ways. One of the possible reaction modes corresponds to the Criegie mechanism originally proposed to explain solution ozonolysis reactions and generally also accepted in the past for gas phase reactions. However, an examination of the gas phase data on ozone–olefin reactions and of the thermochemical and kinetic requirements for these reactions indicates that the Criegie reaction mode may be the least important of various other reaction possibilities. Those other reaction possibilities involve intramolecular H abstractions and rearrangements in biradical intermediates. The proposed mechanism provides very reasonable explanations for a number of unusual observations on gas phase ozonolysis. These are the formation of peroxidic bound products, aldehyde and 1,2-dicarbonyl product fluorescences, and unexpected carbonyl product formations.
62 citations
60 citations
TL;DR: The annual carbohydrate economy of two trees in the mediterranean climate of California was studied and it is suggested that the evergreen oak, Quercus agrifolia, has little annual change in the carbohydrate status of its tissues and presumably channels photosynthate directly into fruits during this long development period.
57 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that “students are less than perfect judges of teaching effectiveness”—at least if teaching effectiveness is measured by how much students learn.
Abstract: Rodin and Rodin point out that there are two ways of judging teaching through students—ascertaining how much students have learned and obtaining student evaluations of teacher effectiveness Some commonly accepted notions regarding student evaluations are challenged in this article, which comments on the results obtained in a number of studies The authors suggest that “students are less than perfect judges of teaching effectiveness”—at least if teaching effectiveness is measured by how much students learn This paper, reprinted from Science, helps to set the stage for the remaining articles in this issue
56 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an analysis of atmospheric transmission measurements taken during the first half of the twentieth century at thirteen widely separated sites by the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution was made.
Abstract: Analysis is made of atmospheric transmission measurements taken during the first half of the twentieth century at thirteen widely separated sites by the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution. Long and short period variations in the atmospheric transmission have been examined for the individual sites. Significant variations from one day to the next are not unusual. Seasonal variations are found for all sites, with characteristic summer maxima. The variations appear to be due almost entirely to variations in the aerosol component above the observing sites. The observed phases of these variations, the derived characteristic size distributions of the particles which cause them, and the correlations between atmospheric moisture and transmission lead to the conclusion that differences in the nature and sources of aerosols above arid and vegetated regions are detectable. Including the results of more recent studies, our best estimate is that, except for sporadic perturbations due to v...
56 citations
TL;DR: Evidence that a single protein catalyzes the three reactions of thymine 7-hydroxylase includes the parallel purification of the three activities throughout the purification scheme, the inhibition of each reaction by the substrates of the other two, and considerations of a mechanism which suggest that asingle active site may be involved.
50 citations
TL;DR: A number of significant studies of genetic divergence and speciation in island populations of Drosophila have been undertaken in recent years, including light (brownish-yellow) and dark (blackish-brown) D. ananassae-like populations found on the American Samoan island of Tutuila.
Abstract: A number of significant studies of genetic divergence and speciation in island populations of Drosophila have been undertaken in recent years. Certainly the grandest example of this has been the detailed study of the spectacular array of Drosophila species native to the Hawaiian Islands begun under the leadership of the late Professor Wilson S. Stone of the University of Texas and Professor D. Elmo Hardy of the University of Hawaii, and still being carried on by Hardy and a number of their colleagues; e.g., see Carson et al. (1970). Other island groups and Drosophila species have also been investigated by Stone and others at the University of Texas. Among these studies are those on Drosophila ananassae populations from island groups in the central and western Pacific Ocean, including light (brownish-yellow) and dark (blackish-brown) D. ananassae-like populations found on the American Samoan island of Tutuila. These populations are especially interesting in that, aside from the pigmentation difference, they are morphologically nearly indistinguishable and, in spite of exhibiting no apparent postmating reproductive barriers (Stone et al., 1966), they coexist together on this island as separate, reproductively isolated units. That they are sexually isolated has been shown cytologically (Futch, 1966) and ethologically (Futch, 1966; Spieth, 1966) with strains from Pago Pago, Tutuila. In recent years other collections of similar light and dark D. ananassae-like flies have been obtained from other islands in the Samoan archipelago as well as from islands in the Fijian group. Based mainly on the cytological and ethological evidence cited above concerning the genetic isolation of these light and dark forms, Bock and Wheeler (1972) recognize the two as distinct species belonging to the D. ananassae subgroup of the D. melanogaster species group of Drosophila. The dark flies have been identified as Drosophila ananassae Doleschall, a polytypic, widespread (circumtropical) "domestic" species of the tropical and sub-tropical world, whereas they describe the light flies as Drosophila pallidosa. This recently described species has a relatively localized distribution presently known only to include the southcentral Pacific islands of Samoa and Fiji where it exists side-by-side with its widely distributed sibling, D. ananassae. That two such very closely related, potentially interfertile sympatric species have been found living together successfully and separately in the island groups of Samoa and Fiji seems to warrant further investigation. As a part of this continuing investigation, populations from other islands of the Samoan group have been analyzed cytologically and for crossing fertility as stocks have become available to me.
TL;DR: In this paper, the modified moments of the frequency distribution were used to obtain the recursion coefficients of the orthogonal polynomials of the harmonic solids defined by the frequency distributions.
Abstract: Appropriately chosen modified moments of the frequency distribution provide valuable information about harmonic solids. They contain the same information as exact power moments but much more efficiently. They stably determine quadrature formulas which have been shown to give thermal and dynamic properties of harmonic solids with great accuracy. They can be calculated either directly or from exact power moments when these are available. In this paper we give the motivation for a particularly suitable choice of modified moments for harmonic solids and show how the modified moments can be obtained from exact power moments for solids with finite-ranged forces. The modified moments can be stably transformed to power moments and to other choices of modified moments by methods which are described. We show how these transformations can be used to obtain the recursion coefficients of the orthogonal polynomials defined by the frequency distribution. We use the recursion coefficients to obtain the various Gaussian-quadrature formulas of use in the harmonic-solid problem. The transformation from modified moments to quadrature formulas is extremely stable, in striking contrast to the behavior encountered with power moments for which the transformation is exponentially ill conditioned. A particularly useful feature of the modified-moments method for harmonic solids is that additional information about the form of the spectral density function can be incorporated in order to improve the accuracy of averages of singular functions without loss of stability. We illustrate this feature of the method by presenting new results for singular averages such as inverse-power moments.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the effect of a standard symmetric Prisoner's Dilemma game and an asymmetric prisoner's dilemma game on choice behavior, and found that subjects in the asymmetric game condition would manifest less cooperative behavior than those in the symmetric one.
Abstract: This study compares the effect of a standard symmetric Prisoner's Dilemma game and an asymmetric Prisoner's Dilemma game on choice behavior. The two types of Prisoner's Dilemma games were crossed with two sets of payoff matrices, thus generating four experimental conditions. It was predicted that subjects in the asymmetric game condition would manifest less cooperative behavior than subjects in the symmetric game condition. This effect would be due primarily to the significantly lower amount of cooperation for subjects assigned to the low potential reward position. The predicted outcomes were supported. It was concluded that concern with relative outcomes, and in particular concern with being surpassed by other, rather than maximization of own outcomes was the primary motivating factor underlying this finding.
TL;DR: Labeling experiments with radioactive glucose and fructose show that aleurone layers continuously synthesize sucrose and that the release, but not the synthesis of sucrose is enhanced by GA3.
Abstract: Aleurone layers of barley contain large amounts of a soluble oligosaccharide which was identified as sucrose (30–40 μg/mg fresh weight). Treatment of the layers with gibberellic acid (GA3) causes the release of sucrose from the cells. This release requires the participation of metabolic processes, including protein synthesis. When embryoless half-seeds are incubated sucrose accumulates in the aleurone layers, but when seeds are germinated the sucrose content of the aleurone layers declines. Labeling experiments with radioactive glucose and fructose show that aleurone layers continuously synthesize sucrose and that the release, but not the synthesis of sucrose is enhanced by GA3.
TL;DR: A penalty function and several techniques for searching nonconvex areas for a global optimum are developed and numerical results for several small though very difficult non Convex programming problems are presented.
Abstract: This paper develops a penalty function and several techniques for searching nonconvex areas for a global optimum and presents numerical results for several small though very difficult nonconvex programming problems. No proofs of convergence have been obtained, nor has it been possible to categorize the types of problems for which these techniques are successful.
TL;DR: Dunaliella tertiolecta and Scenedesmus quadricauda, two algal species with quite different morphological characteristics, were tested for resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbons, as measured by carbons.
Abstract: Dunaliella tertiolecta and Scenedesmus quadricauda, two algal species with quite different morphological characteristics, were tested for resistance to chlorinated hydrocarbons, as measured by carb...
TL;DR: The decade of the 1930s in Egypt has been subject to varying interpretations in recent scholarship as discussed by the authors, and a dominant influence upon scholarly literature has been Nadav Safran's important study, Egypt in Search of Political Community, and his conclusion that the intellectuals surrendered their previous bearing without being able to produce any viable Muslim-inspired alternative.
Abstract: The decade of the 1930s in Egypt has been subject to varying interpretations in recent scholarship. The publication of books on classical Islamic themes and figures by men who previously had advocated the adoption of Western scientific techniques and cultural values as essential to Egypt's modernization has been seen as indicative of an intellectual crisis which contributed to a more general conservative reaction from 1935 onwards. While analyses have varied as to the motivation and scope of this crisis, a dominant influence upon scholarly literature has been Nadav Safran's important study, Egypt in Search of Political Community, and his conclusion that ‘the intellectuals surrendered their previous bearing — rationalism and a Western cultural orientation — without being able to produce any viable Muslim-inspired alternative’. Given the importance of Safran's work and its relationship to the research presented here, we will discuss the period in question and, in particular, Taha Husayn and Muhammad Husayn Haykal, with specific references to Safran's general approach as well as to his treatment of the 1930s.
TL;DR: In this article, the changes in the static electric polarizability upon transition to excited singlet states were measured and calculated for anthracene, tetracene and pyrene, chrysene and 1,2,5,6dibenzanthracene.
TL;DR: The relative rates of GeH2 insertions into the GeH bonds on a per bond basis were found to be in the order: (CH3)3GeH > (CH 3)2GeH2 > Ge2H6 > CH 3GeH3 as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: The ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was close to one to one in both fish, and total fatty acid unsaturation in the swimbladder foams was high despite the presence of hyperbaric oxygen.
Abstract: 1. 1. Cholesterol-rich swimbladder foams from Coryphaenoides (cf. fernandezianus ) and Parabassogigas sp. collected from 3400 to 4575 m depth appear as sheets of layered membranes having typical bilayers. 2. 2. Sphingomyelin was the major phospholipid in Parabassogigas swimbladder foam (48.7 and 63.0 per cent) whereas phosphatidylcholine (39.1–44.8 per cent) was the major phospholipid in Coryphaenoides . 3. 3. Although percentages of both cholesterol and phospholipids were lower in Parabassogigas than in Coryphaenoides , the ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid was close to one to one in both fish. 4. 4. Total fatty acid unsaturation in the swimbladder foams was high (71.4–80.5 per cent) despite the presence of hyperbaric oxygen.
TL;DR: Limited (but recent) prior experience in being an S in drug experiments may facilitate drug recognition, if the experimental situation provides cues to S in relationship to task demands, but the over-all accuracy of drug recognition was only slightly better than chance.
Abstract: A series of 4 related experiments are described, using male and female student volunteers. Each experiment involved 3 to 5 evening sessions, during which a number of drug treatments were rotated among Ss. After drug ingestion, a series of experimental tasks, differing among the experiments, were used. At the end of each session, S reported on how the drug received had affected him, and classified the drug as a “stimulant,” “depressant,” “tranquilizer,” or as having “no effect.” In one experiment only the first two categories were used. Differences in drugs received accounted for only a small part of the variance in assigned categories. Amphetamines at the dose levels used were better discriminated from placebo than were other drugs. Limited (but recent) prior experience in being an S in drug experiments may facilitate drug recognition, if the experimental situation provides cues to S in relationship to task demands. However, since the over-all accuracy of drug recognition was only slightly better than cha...
TL;DR: In this paper, one hundred and twenty female subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: no information, partial information, or complete information about the purpose of the experiment, and group pressure to conform was given to half of the subjects on trials on which the correct response was fairly obvious and to the other half on cases when the correct answer was somewhat ambiguous.
Abstract: Summary One hundred and twenty female subjects took part in an experiment to explore the necessity of deceiving subjects about the purpose of a conformity experiment. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: no information, partial information, or complete information about the purpose of the experiment. In addition, group pressure to conform was given to half of the subjects on trials on which the correct response was fairly obvious and to the other half on trials on which the correct response was somewhat ambiguous. Anova revealed a significant effect only for item difficulty. The statistic omega squared indicated that none of the variance in the conformity scores could be attributed to amount of information about the purpose of the experiment, either alone or in interaction with item difficulty. It was suggested that these results raise severe doubts about methodological assumptions commonly employed in social Psychology
TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model for the approximate calculation of the consumption rates along every consumption pathway in a food web is described, in the form of a family of algebraic formulas using singly and doubly subscripted variables.
Abstract: A mathematical model is described for the approximate calculation of the consumption rates along every consumption pathway in a food web. The model is in the form of a family of algebraic formulas using singly and doubly subscripted variables. A criterion for setting certain consumption rates to zero under certain conditions in order to maximize the energy input to consumer species is described. Graphical examples of output of the model are given. The model is designed to be used as a submodel in a multispecies population dynamics simulation.
TL;DR: The only significant variation between the lipids of the mycelial growth exhibited by strains RS and 95 was 33% more anteiso C-21 in some fractions of the free lipid of strain 95.
Abstract: Cells of a mouse-virulent Coccidioides immitis wild type, strain RS, and a mouse-avirulent induced mutant strain of RS, strain 95, were analyzed to characterize and compare the lipid content of mycelium and arthrospores. The arthrospores of strain RS contained 18% more total lipid, 15% more free lipid and 39% more bound lipid than arthrospores of strain 95 and the free lipid fraction contained 30% C-18:1 in contrast to the arthrospores of strain 95 which contained 79% C-18:1.The only significant variation between the lipids of the mycelial growth exhibited by strains RS and 95 was 33% more anteiso C-21 in some fractions of the free lipid of strain 95. The mycelium of the wild type organism, strain RS, contained 11·6% free lipid and 0·86% bound lipid. Phosphatidyl choline 21%, phosphatidyl ethanolamine 17%, sterol 26% and cariolipin 13% together constituted 95% of the total mycelial strain RS free lipid phospholipid fraction. The major mycelial fatty acids were C-16, 26·2%; C-18, 12·2%; C-18:1, 31·7% and C...
TL;DR: In this article, the changes in the static electric polarizability upon transition to excited singlet states are measured by perturbing the absorption spectrum with an intense (10 6 V/cm) electric field.
TL;DR: The data indicate that pretreatment level of emotionality is an important predictor for drug effects and that differences in emotionality can be masked but not eliminated by training.
Abstract: Rats were classified low or high emotional (E) depending upon the initiation of consummatory behavior in an open field. High E included those that failed to begin drinking before the fifth training day. By the last day of training, drinking time did not differ for Low and High E; except for a slight, but nonsignificant, depression in activity, High E animals had become behaviorally indistinguishable from Low E. When both groups were confronted with a cat, differences in emotionality reemerged. High E rats showed significantly more behavioral suppression — more freezing and less ambulation. Moreover, pretreatment differences in emotionality resulted in radically different drug effects. For Low E animals, scopolamine (Sco) reduced fear responses: Sco animals showed significantly more approach into the area near the cat and significantly more drinking near the cat than controls. For High E animals, there was no significant difference on either measure between Sco and control. These data indicate that pretreatment level of emotionality is an important predictor for drug effects and that differences in emotionality can be masked but not eliminated by training.
TL;DR: Traditional notions of the Afro-American woman consist of four images: Topsy, Peaches, Caldonia, and Aunt Chloe as mentioned in this paper, and these four images have been used to define the stereotypical image of the Black woman.
Abstract: Traditional notions of the Afro-American woman consist of four images: Topsy, Peaches, Caldonia, and Aunt Chloe Topsy the child is black with big eyes, long skinny legs and at least fifteen short plaits, more imp than human, and possessing none of daddy's-little-girl's enchantments The older Peaches is luscious, sly, and loose She definitely will become a mother-maybe, a wife-and eventually will wind up as Caldonia, the matriarch, fat, loud, and emasculating Only when her sexual capabilities have seemingly departed, and age has diluted her temper, is any noticeable degree of a nonphysical attribute even implied The stereotyped Black woman at this time has donned a flowered dress and rundown shoes and become the stalwart Christian or the Voodoo crone But traditional notions concerning the Black woman are changing Too many exceptions have become too obvious to be ignored Both her allies and her enemies have some measure of responsibility for assigning her new dimensions of personality and power Daniel P Moynihan has discovered that she as matriarch is the source and perpetuation of all
TL;DR: GA3 inhibited the activity of a membrane-bound arabinosyl transferase present in the aleurone layers, which may explain the inhibition of cell-wall pentosan synthesis by GA3.
Abstract: Treatment of isolated barley aleurone layers with gibberellic acid (GA3) resulted in a progressive inhibition of cell-wall synthesis after a 4-h lag period. The incorporation of both [14C]arabinose and [14C]glucose into the cell wall was inhibited by GA3, but analysis of the labelled sugars in the polymerized product showed that the process most affected by the hormone treatment was pentosan biosynthesis. Labelling kinetics and pulse-chase analysis indicated that the pentosans were synthesized in the cytoplasm and subsequently transferred to the cell wall; GA3 did not significantly affect the latter step. The GA3-inhibited labelling of the cell-wall pentosans cannot be explained on the basis of an effect on uptake of radioactive cell-wall precursor, expansion of the free pentose pool, or degradation of newly-formed pentosan. GA3 inhibited the activity of a membrane-bound arabinosyl transferase present in the aleurone layers. This inhibition may explain the inhibition of cell-wall pentosan synthesis by GA3.
TL;DR: In the early 1960s, Germany, Holland, and Switzerland upvalued their currencies one or more times, the United States sought to restrict new investments abroad, and we took many other steps to limit the outflow of American gold as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: It was in 1958 that France &dquo;stabilized&dquo; her franc and in June of 1961 that Rueff &dquo;first sounded the alarm&dquo; in three articles published in Le Monde which he draws on in opening this book dealing with the 1960s. During that decade Germany, Holland, and Switzerland up-valued their currencies one or more times, the United States sought to restrict new investments abroad, and we took many other steps to limit the outflow of American gold. But it kept on flowing. Given our spending propensities and the opportunity our monetary system offered, this was inevitable, Rueff says. Fortunately for the United States, nations with large holdings of dollars as part of their reserves or nations that were militarily beholden to the United States, were reluctant either to jeopardize their own currencies by sounding the alarm or offend us by demanding large amounts of gold. But a growing number bought gold with dollars on the London market. In March of 1968 the members of the 1960 pool suspended their agreement to keep gold at $35 on that market. The &dquo;two tier&dquo; system began, that is, the United States would redeem dollars in gold at $35-if it could not talk its way out of doing so-but leave it to the forces of demand and supply to set the price of gold on London’s &dquo;free&dquo; market (pp. 182-85). American deficits, debts, and dollars kept