Showing papers by "San Diego State University published in 1975"
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01 Jan 1975361 citations
TL;DR: Water potentials, leaf resistances to water loss, and relative saturation deficits of selected shrub species of chaparral and coastal sage communities were measured each month from June 1973 through May 1974 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Water potentials, leaf resistances to water loss, and relative saturation deficits of selected shrub species of chaparral and coastal sage communities were measured each month from June 1973 through May 1974. Measurements were made at coastal and inland sites in southern California, USA with a pressure chamber and a stomatal diffusion porometer, and by floating leaves until saturated. The drought-deciduous Artemisia californica had water potentials < -65 bars by September. The species of evergreen sclerophylls fell into three groups: (1) A rctostaphzylos glauca and Ceanothlls greggii developed the lowest water potentials (< -65 bars) and showed stomata least responsive to water potential; (2) Rlius ol'ata, Rllus laitiriia, and Rlius initegrifolia had the highest water potentials (^- -25 bars) and stomata most responsive to water potential; and (3) Adlenostouza fasciciulatumii and Heteromiieles arbutifolia showed intermediate water potentials and stomatal responses. The coastal and inland sites did not differ in water relations within species and genus, although water stress occurred earlier in the summer at the coastal site. At the inland site, soil moisture content and plant water potentials were higher on the south-facing slope, indicating less water stress for species there than on the north-facing slope. Slope differences were not as well defined at the coast. Key ivortls: Adenostoma fasciculatum; Arctostaphylos glauca; Artemisia californica; Ceanothus greggii; cliaparral; Heteromeles arbutifolia; leaf resistance; plant water relations; Rhtis integrifolia; Rhtis laurina; Rhus ovata; sage, coastal; Salvia apiana; soltlieri Californiia.
173 citations
TL;DR: The present work is a continuation with emphasis upon reproductive aspects of the problem of the marsupial-placental dichotomy in mamma lian evolution, and focuses on the condition of the newborn in the immediate common ancestor to marsupials and placentals.
Abstract: My recent review (1974) was restricted to biogeographical considerations of the marsupial-placental dichotomy in mamma lian evolution. The present work is a continuation with emphasis upon reproductive aspects of the problem. The major question to be asked here revolves around the condition of the newborn in the immediate common ancestor to marsupials and placentals. Was the neonate a hatchling from an egg laid externally as suggested by Sharman (1970) and Tyndale-Biscoe (1973) or were the young born free of egg membranes in an immature "marsupial-like" state as suggested by me (1969)? In the former case, the evolution of viviparity among therian mammals would had to have occurred independently in marsupials and placentals. A series of excellent papers by Dr. Fabiola Muller (1967-1973), concerned with the comparative ontogenesis of living marsupials and placentals, is pertinent to this question. Her lengthy studies include a wealth of summarized comparative data and literature citations. Her articles, written in German, are not well known by many English-speaking authors. Thus I believe it worthwhile to summarize some of the points, essential to the question that I am asking, contained within the more than 500 pages of her text. Many of Dr. Muller's conclusions are reviewed from one paper to the next, so I will refrain from giving the specific citation for each point. Any misinterpretations are quite unintentional and result from faulty translation.
159 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the Court's relation to patterns of partisan change to show that the traditional philosophic concern with the counter-majoritarian nature of judicial review is largely divorced from empirical reality and has relevance only during periods of partisan realignment within the political system as a whole.
Abstract: Several years ago Professor Robert Dahl argued that the traditional concern over the Supreme Court's power of judicial review was largely unfounded. Dahl demonstrated that seldom, if ever, had the Court been successful in blocking the will of a law-making majority. This paper argues that, had Dahl considered his data from a different perspective, he would have discovered that, by virtue of the recruitment process, the Court will rarely even attempt to thwart a law-making majority. Examining Dahl's data in the context of the Survey Research Center's election classification scheme, the paper focuses on the Court's relation to patterns of partisan change to show that the traditional philosophic concern with the counter-majoritarian nature of judicial review is largely divorced from empirical reality and has relevance only during periods of partisan realignment within the political system as a whole. The paper buttresses the argument that the Court's “yea-saying” power is more important than its “nay-saying” power, a realization which can serve as the premise from which a logically consistent justification of the Court's power of judicial review may be dialectically constructed.
131 citations
TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to summarize existing knowledge of these secondary effects of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems.
Abstract: If the direct, toxicological effects of pesticides1 on the growth, survival, or reproduction of organisms may be called primary, irrespective of the ecological or physiological mechanisms of exposure (e.g., absorption through cuticle, ingestion of contaminated food, etc.) and irrespective of the time interval between exposure and ultimate effect (e.g., immediate mortality on contact, egg mortality after years of gradual pesticide accumulation by parent bird, etc.), then ecosystem changes that follow and result from these primary effects are conveniently termed secondary effects. The purpose of this review is to summarize existing knowledge of these secondary effects of pesticides on aquatic ecosystems.
130 citations
TL;DR: A positive correlation exists between the Brody-Bertalanffy growth constant K and the instantaneous natural mortality rate M : those urchins which approach maximum size very rapidly also have a high mortality rate.
Abstract: Growth and mortality rates and maximum sizes are examined for 16 urchin species using, primarily, values from the literature. A positive correlation exists between the Brody-Bertalanffy growth constant K and the instantaneous natural mortality rate M : those urchins which approach maximum size very rapidly also have a high mortality rate. It is proposed that this relationship is the result of the way particular species allocate resources. Those species in which individuals grow rapidly and expend a large fraction of their resources on reproduction have less to spend on maintenance. The result of this allocation is that these individuals suffer a decreased probability of survival. Predictable recruitment success is suggested as the factor which determines whether a species can persist with fast rowth and short life.
96 citations
TL;DR: In contrast to their chronically ill counterparts, the leukemic children exhibited a lack of adaptability to the necessity of clinic visits, becoming increasingly more anxious about the clinic both as visits became more frequent and as their illness became of longer duration.
Abstract: Awareness of the seriousness of their illness seems to persist with fatally ill children, even when they are not in the hospital. As did the fatally ill hospitalized children in previous studies, so, too, the fatally ill outpatient children in the present study related significantly more stories that contained elements of preoccupation with threat to their body integrity and functioning than did the control group of children with non-fatal chronic illnesses. Not only did they express a greater general anxiety and greater anxiety in relating the stories, but, in contrast to their chronically ill counterparts, the leukemic children exhibited a lack of adaptability to the necessity of clinic visits, becoming increasingly more anxious about the clinic both as visits became more frequent and as their illness became of longer duration. The children continue to dwell on their illness, even when treated as outpatients.
95 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-section of the Peninsular Ranges batholith of southern and Baja California can be reconstructed to demonstrate that great welts of tonalitic magma accumulated near the base of the pre-existing crust.
Abstract: Metamorphic and plutonic rocks within the Peninsular Ranges batholith of southern and Baja California can be divided into structural and petrographic zones parallel and symmetrical to the axis of the batholith. If the axial zone exposes deep plutonic phenomena and the lateral zones progressively shallower phenomena, it is possible to reconstruct a cross section of the area as it existed during the last phases of plutonic rock emplacement. Such a cross section can be used to demonstrate that great welts of tonalitic magma accumulated near the base of the pre-existing crust. These spawned plutons that rose as diapirs through the zone of plastic deformation to the level of fracture deformation; the diapirs then bled upward into shallow plutons and extrusive masses.
76 citations
TL;DR: More than 200 K-Ar apparent ages have been determined from minerals from the Peninsular Ranges batholith of southern California and northern Baja California as mentioned in this paper, and the apparent ages show a progressive decrease from about 120 m.y. in the southwestern (coastal) pan of the batholith to less than 70m.y in the northeastern (desert) part.
Abstract: More than 200 K-Ar apparent ages have been determined from minerals from the Peninsular Ranges batholith of southern California and northern Baja California. In general, the apparent ages show a progressive decrease from about 120 m.y. in the southwestern (coastal) pan of the batholith to less than 70 m.y. in the northeastern (desert) part. The gradients for biotite and hornblende ages can be represented by contours of equal ages. Both concordant and discordant hornblende-biotite pairs and minerals, from a variety of plutonic and metamorphic rock types, share in the apparent-age gradient. Ages for hornblende average 5 m.y. older than the ages for coexistent biotite. Isotopic U-Pb and Pb-α measurements on zircon indicate ages greater than those calculated from K-Ar ratios of hornblende or biotite. It is believed that in the Peninsular Ranges province, the U-Pb ages for zircon approximate the ages of emplacement, whereas concordant K-Ar ages may or may not approximate the ages of emplacement, depending on the depth of emplacement and the rate of uplift and denudation.
73 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that social security programs have a measureable negative effect on subsequent levels of fertility and appear to have as much of an independent impact on fertility as do the traditional correlates of fertility.
Abstract: A number of population scholars have asserted that social security programs such as old-age programs lead to decreased fertility levels because parents need not rely on children for "security" in old age. There is, however, a paucity of empirical data on the above. This paper analyzes 67 countries and shows that social security programs have a measurable negative effect on subsequent levels of fertility. In fact, the social security programs appear to have as much of an independent impact on fertility as do the traditional correlates of fertility (infant mortality, education and per capita income).
71 citations
TL;DR: This article showed that the error of the χ2 test is smaller than Tate and Hyer would suggest for small expected frequencies, and negligible for large expected frequencies when the multinomial test is substituted.
Abstract: Tate and Hyer [9] indicated in a recent article that the χ2 test of goodness of fit is markedly in error when expected frequencies are small, and that, moreover, errors of substance remain even with large expected frequencies. This result appears to arise from the application of an improper statistical model. When the multinomial test proposed here is substituted, it is found that errors of the χ2 test are smaller than Tate and Hyer would suggest for small expected frequencies, and negligible for large expected frequencies. These empirical results support the logical arguments presented here in favor of the proposed “Exact χ2 Test.”
TL;DR: In spite of the plausibility of this reasoning, and the broad acceptance of unit pricing, the results of research that measured the effects of unit prices have been inconclusive as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: U NIT pricing is an idea whose time has come. As a means of improving consumers' decisions, the posting of unit price information has already been accepted by many groups. Beginning with Massachusetts in 1970, several states have enacted legislation requiring the posting of unit prices for some products. I Many supermarket chains are currently posting unit prices or have experimented with them.' Finally, consumer advocates are campaigning for the wider adoption of unit pricing." The argument for unit pricing is straightforward. First, the posting of unit prices should eliminate any confusion due to price calculation, especially across packages of different sizes. The removal of calculation problems ought, in turn, to encourage meaningful price comparisons and result in more purchases of the most economical items. In spite of the plausibility of this reasoning, and of the broad acceptance of unit pricing, the results of research that measured the effects of unit pricing have been inconclusive. Some studies report high consumer awareness of unit pricing, while others show a low level of awareness.' Some studies indicate a change in purchasing patterns; while others report no change.' One purpose of the research reported in this article is to resolve the paradox between the apparent usefulness of unit price information and the failure of
TL;DR: Double hallucination and transparency of hallucination as criteria of trance logic were investigated among 18 highly tranceable and 17 simulsting Ss and suggestions were made to improve future investigations of the problem.
Abstract: Double hallucination and transparency of hallucination as criteria of trance logic were investigated among 18 highly tranceable and 17 simulsting Ss. While no statiSticaUy macant difFerences were found between these 2 group on these 2 dimensions of trance logic, there were suggestions in the data which supported the trancelogic phenomenon. 3 spontaneous reports of tqwparency of the positive hallucination were made by tranceables, while none occurred in the simulating group. These reports were consistent with the observations made by h e (1959) in the original publication on trance logic. Methodological issues in asessing the uniqueness of the hypnotic state were discussed, and suggestions were made to improve future investigations of the problem.
TL;DR: In this paper, the covariance information that is usually discarded in the classical extreme groups approach is used to improve the performance of the correlation and extreme group size analysis, and a new procedure combining the extreme groups and the correlational approach is proposed.
Abstract: The relationship between variables in applied and experimental research is often investigated by the use of extreme (i.e., upper and lower) groups. Earlier analytical work has demonstrated that the extreme groups procedure is more powerful than the standard correlational approach for some values of the correlation and extreme group size. The present article provides methods for using the covariance information that is usually discarded in the classical extreme groups approach. Essentially, then, the new procedure combines the extreme groups approach and the correlational approach. Consequently, it includes the advantages of each and is shown to be more powerful than either approach used alone.
TL;DR: Unusual submarine rocks consisting of barite, opal, and volcanic detritus were recovered from the Lau Basin northeast of Australia are proposed to have been formed when hydrothermal solutions emanating from a fracture zone offsetting the active spreading center came into contact with cooler ocean waters.
Abstract: Unusual submarine rocks consisting of barite, opal, and volcanic detritus were recovered from the Lau Basin northeast of Australia. It is proposed that these rocks were formed when hydrothermal solutions emanating from a fracture zone offsetting the active spreading center in the Lau Basin came into contact with cooler ocean waters.
TL;DR: The Edwards Limestone (Albian) is a mosaic of shallow water, back-reef, carbonate lithofacies averaging about 150 m thick, that have been dolomitized, chertified, and calcitized as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: The bones of three marine fish had oil-filled bones, with the skull of P. simillimus and A. fimbria containing 68 and 60 per cent lipid (per cent dry weight) respectively, and the role of bone lipid in neutral buoyancy is discussed.
Abstract: 1. 1. Three marine fish, Schedophilus medusophagus, Peprilus simillimus and Anoplopoma fimbria , had oil-filled bones, with the skull of P. simillimus and A. fimbria containing 68 and 60 per cent lipid (per cent dry weight) respectively. 2. 2. Triglyceride was the primary component of this lipid, and ranged from 64 to 97 per cent of the bone oil. The major triglyceride fatty acids were 18:1, 16:0 and 16:1. 3. 3. The bones of two fish with fat-filled swimbladders, Coryphaenoides acrolepis and Antimora rostrata , contained only 0·2 per cent lipid (per cent dry weight). The role of bone lipid in neutral buoyancy is discussed.
TL;DR: Sampling of sandy beaches along the eastern Pacific fromMexico to Chile and the western Atlantic from Mexico to Brazil, including the West Indies, demonstrates that E. braziliensis is commonly the most abundant macroscopic organism present in this habitat.
Abstract: Excirolana braziliensis Richardson is shown to be the senior synonym of Cirolana salvadorensis Schuster and C. koepckei Bott. The latter two species, incorrectly assigned to Cirolana, were formerly regarded as distinct and were separated on the basis of size-dependent characters. Sampling of sandy beaches along the eastern Pacific from Mexico to Chile (21 localities) and the western Atlantic from Mexico to Brazil, including the West Indies (20 localities), demonstrates that E. braziliensis is commonly the most abundant macroscopic organism present in this habitat. Marked differences in zonation of young and adults are illustrated from data in Panama.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the rise of Stokes-shifted spontaneous fluorescence intensity during a 10 ps 530 nm actinic light pulse for rhodamine B, rhodamines 6G and erythrosin B dissolved in water, ethanol and methanol.
TL;DR: The African frog Xenopus (a member of the family Pipidae), formerly found in Miocene and Recent deposits in Africa, is described here from the Palaeocene of Brazil.
Abstract: THE African frog Xenopus (a member of the family Pipidae), formerly found in Miocene1,2 and Recent deposits in Africa, is described here from the Palaeocene (∼ 60 Myr) of Brazil. Extant pipids are aquatic freshwater frogs, occurring in sub-saharan Africa (Xenopus, Hymenochirus, Pseudhymenochirus) and northern South America (Pipa, Protopipa, Hemipa). They display a mosaic of primitive and specialised characteristics and are generally placed as an ancient offshoot of early anuran stock. Both fossil and recent occurrences of the Pipidae are consistent with an ancient distribution exclusively across the southern continent3,5.
TL;DR: In this article, Brown divides early language acquisition into five stages, based on mean length of utterance in samples of child speech, and shows that children are beginning to speak in multi-morphemic utterances.
Abstract: Brown's book is selectively reviewed with the aim of noting points of similarity between Brown's psycholinguistic analysis of language acquisition and a functional analysis of verbal behavior. Brown divides early language acquisition into five stages, based on mean length of utterance in samples of child speech. His book concentrates on Stage I, when mean length of utterance first rises above 1.0, indicating that children are beginning to speak in multi-morphemic utterances, and Stage II, when mean length of utterance in morphemes is about 2.25. Multi-morphemic utterances in Stage I consist mainly of ordered sequences of uninflected nouns and verbs, the order being that of the simple declarative sentence (agent-action-indirect object-direct object-locative). The review attempts a theoretical analysis of the functional stimulus control of Stage I syntactic order, concluding that the control must originate partly in relations among events in the environment and partly in covert autoclitic verbal behavior. Increases in mean length of utterance in Stage II are mainly due to the appearance of several “grammatical morphemes” such as the progressive -ing inflection on verbs and the plural -s inflection on nouns. The review attempts a behavioral paraphrase, again in terms of tacts and autoclitics, of Brown's psycholinguistic analysis of grammatical morphemes, concluding that Stage II displays the further development, building on Stage I, of the combined control of verbal behavior by relations in the environment and covert self-generated verbal stimuli. Similarities between Brown's psycholinguistic analysis and a functional analysis of language acquisition suggest that the two viewpoints are converging on a common concern with the stimulus control of verbal behavior.
TL;DR: Immunity in the decapod crustaceans is surveyed and types of immune responses include encapsulation, phagocytosis with or without the aid of serum factors, bactericidins active with or with the help of hemocyte factors, hemagglutinins, hemolysins, agglut inins, and precipitins.
Abstract: Immunity in the decapod crustaceans is surveyed. Types of immune responses include encapsulation, phagocytosis with or without the aid of serum factors, bactericidins active with or without the aid of hemocyte factors, hemagglutinins, hemolysins, agglutinins, and precipitins. Immunity to gaffkemia in Panulirus interruptus is also discussed.
TL;DR: The first quantitative observations of dissolved molecular nitrogen (NP) in deep-sea sedimentary pore waters show increases of up to 17% above adjacent bottom water values as discussed by the authors, which is greater than expected from reduction of seawater nitrate in the sediment.
Abstract: The first quantitative observations of dissolved molecular nitrogen ( NP) in deep-sea sedimentary pore waters show increases of up to 17% above adjacent bottom water values. The N, : Ar concentration ratio similarly increases. This increase is greater than expected from reduction of seawater nitrate in the sediment. A mechanism is suggested in which ammonia, derived from nitrogen-containing organic matter, is converted to Nz through a nitrite intermediate under conditions of low oxygen tension. Ammonia is not converted to N, in anoxic sediments that are undergoing sulfate reduction even though Nz is the thermodynamically stable species.
TL;DR: The populations of these sand dollars appear to be limited by the physical environment and rates of mortality were estimated from the growth parameters and size distributions.
Abstract: Populations of the sand dollars Encope grandis and Mellita grantii were studied at Playa Hermosa in the northern Gulf of California, Mexico. Intertidal distribution and abundance were estimated for the two species from 1969 to 1972. They occurred in the lower intertidal (-0.4 to -1.3 m) and on into the subtidal. Density of E. grandis varied from a high of 380/m2 in the spring of 1970 to a low of 0.1/m2 in the fall of 1971. Density of M. grantii ranged from a high of 56/m2 in 1970 to a low of 0.8/m2 in 1971. Growth curves were constructed based on shifts in the modes of the size distributions, and rates of mortality were estimated from the growth parameters and size distributions. It is estimated that E. grandis would attain 95% of its maximum size (74 mm) in about 6 years with an annual mortality rate of 18%. M. grantii would reach 95% of its maximum size (38 mm) in about 5 years with an annual mortality rate of 58%. The populations of these sand dollars appear to be limited by the physical environment.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the 3-8-A bandwidth of a hole burned in the 0-0 transition of cryptocyanine in methanol and demonstrated the inhomogeneous chatacter of this transition.
Abstract: Using picopulses generated by a mode-locked ruby laser, we have measured the 3-8-A bandwidth of a hole burned in the 0-0 transition of cryptocyanine in methanol and demonstrated the inhomogeneous chatacter of this transition. The population-rate equations are written for an inhomogeneous transition with two and four energy levels interacting with continuous or pulsed excitation. Using the numerical solutions of this model together with the experimental result we determine a transverse relaxation time T_{2} = 0.6-1 ps for cryptocyanine in methanol.
TL;DR: It is concluded that ordinary mesophytic and xerophytic leaves will not develop large gradients in temperature between the surfaces, and these values are several times higher than previously reported values.
Abstract: Thermal conductivities of fresh leaves, both unmodified and infiltrated with water, were measured. Samples were placed between silver plates of known and differing temperatures, and the time required to boil off a constant volume of liquid was measured. The species used are evergreens: Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (sclerophyllous) with isolateral leaf symmetry; and Peperomia obtusifolia A. Dietr. (succulent), Citrus limon Burm. f. (mesophyllous), Arbutus menziessii Pursh. (sclerophyllous), and Heteromeles arbutifolia M. Roem. (sclerophyllous), all with bilateral leaf symmetry. Mean values found were in the range of 0.268 to 0.573 W/m · °C for fresh leaves, and 0.540 to 0.548 W/m · °C for leaves infiltrated with water. An analysis of errors in the technique indicated that these values may be somewhat low. These results are several times higher than previously reported values. It is concluded that ordinary mesophytic and xerophytic leaves will not develop large gradients in temperature between the surfaces.
TL;DR: Puerulus stage individuals of Panulirus interruptus from coastal waters off San Diego, California, were cultured through juvenile stages at constant temperatures of 22 and 28 °C in closed-system aquaria and accelerated growth at elevated temperatures was associated with increased moulting rates (reduced intermoult periods) rather than with greater increments per moult.
TL;DR: In this paper, the role played by Wu San-kuei during the 1644 Manchu conquest of China is discussed. But the conventional wisdom has instead preserved the following now well established account of Wu's place in the Manchu Conquest of China.
Abstract: This essay is an attempt to reassess the role played by Wu San-kuei during the crucial year of 1644.1 Traditionally ignored by historians or relegated to a minor role, the conventional wisdom has instead preserved the following now well established account of Wu's place in the Manchu conquest of China. When the rebel Li Tzu-ch'eng was marching eastward and advancing toward Peking, Emperor Ch'ung chen finally realized the danger of the threat. In early April he conferred upon Wu San-kuei and other able generals the title of earl; Wu was designated P'ing-hsi po (Earl who Pacified the West). The emperor further ordered Wu both to abandon the land east of the Shan-hai pass and to move the troops back to Peking to meet the threat posed by Li's advance toward Peking. Nevertheless, Wu temporarily ignored the order and delayed his march. When his troops eventually marched halfway to Feng-jun, on the 26th of April, Peking had already fallen into the hands of the rebels. Consequently, he marched back to the Shan-hai-kuan, a vital strategic town located at a pass at the east end of the Great Wall, to contemplate the next move. Meanwhile, Li Tzu-ch'eng sent a delegate to demand Wu's surrender, holding his father, the retired commander Wu Hsiang, as hostage. Wu considered complying with the demand but changed his mind upon learning that his favorite concubine, Ch'en Yuan-yuan, had also been seized. Outraged, he surrendered to the Manchus and invited them to suppress the rebellion.
TL;DR: In this article, transition probabilities for the Ne i transition arrays 2p53p-2p54s, 2p54p -2p5 5s and 2p3p-1.5s have been computed using the Coulomb approximation.
Abstract: Transition probabilities have been computed for the Ne i transition arrays 2p53p–2p54s, 2p53p–2p5 5s, 2p54p–2p55s, and 2p53s–2p54p. Intermediate-coupling theory, including an effective correction for configuration interaction, has been used. An absolute scale is obtained by use of the Coulomb approximation. The eigenvectors obtained in this manner give a better fit to the observed energies and Lande g values than eigenvectors obtained without configuration interaction. There is also a significant improvement of agreement of the calculated transition probabilities to the few experimental values for these arrays.