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Showing papers by "San Diego State University published in 1988"


01 Jan 1988

904 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For all subgroups, fitness was strongly and significantly correlated with virtually all risk factors and with HDL/LDL in female adults and male adults and the pattern of association was similar for adults and children.
Abstract: The associations of physical activity and cardiovascular fitness with cardiovascular disease risk factors were studied in 88 male adults, 180 female adults, 148 male children, and 142 female children. Subjects were families recruited from elementary schools in San Diego, California. Fitness (VO2 max) was measured by a submaximal cycle ergometer test. Physical activity was assessed by seven-day recall interview, yielding caloric expenditure, and by a simple self-rating of activity level. Risk factors included blood pressure, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, the ratio of high density lipoproteins to low density lipoproteins (LDL), and body mass index. For all subgroups, fitness was strongly and significantly correlated with virtually all risk factors. After adjustment for body mass index, most fitness-risk factor associations were no longer significant. Seven-day caloric expenditure was significantly correlated with HDL/LDL only in female adults and children. The activity rating was significantly correlated with body mass index in all subgroups and with HDL/LDL in female adults and male adults. The simple activity rating tended to be correlated with fitness. The pattern of association was similar for adults and children.

308 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Cette etude a pour but de construire une mesure des pensees positives afin de completer le «Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire» ou seules, les pensee negatives sont evaluees.
Abstract: Cette etude a pour but de construire une mesure des pensees positives afin de completer le «Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire» ou seules, les pensees negatives sont evaluees. Cette nouvelle echelle revele utile et de bonne qualite psychometrique

243 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: This paper explored the robustness of hedonic pricing estimation, focusing on four areas: variable selection and treatment, measurement error, functional form, and error distribution, and provided insights to guide the future conduct of environmental benefit studies.
Abstract: The paper did not originally have an abstract. It explores the robustness of hedonic pricing estimation, focusing on four areas: 1) variable selection and treatment, 2) measurement error, 3) functional form, and 4) error distribution. The paper offers insights to guide the future conduct of hedonic environmental benefit studies.

212 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the temporal and spatial structure of the lower atmosphere, and their relation to the strong upwelling of coastal waters in a region extending up to 40 km offshore and 100 km along the coast.
Abstract: During the spring and summer, northerly winds driven by the North Pacific high pressure system are prevalent over the Northern California continental shelf, only interrupted for periods of a few days, when weak or southerly winds occur. In the course of the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment (CODE), fixed station and observations were made to describe the temporal and spatial structure of the lower atmosphere, and their relation to the strong upwelling of coastal waters in a region extending up to 40 km offshore and 100 km along the coast. These observations suggest that atmospheric conditions during the spring and summer usually fall into one of three categories: the surface wind can be everywhere weak (Pattern 1), it can blow at large speeds in a uniform pattern (Pattern 2), or finally the structure of the northerly surface wind can be complex, with large changes in the wind speed and corresponding changes in the surface pressure over short spatial scales (Pattern 3), The latter pattern, which o...

208 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Touch appeared to be major component of the pet effect, while cognitive factors contributed to a lesser degree, and implications for coping with hypertension are discussed.
Abstract: Recent research on human-dog interactions showed that talking to and petting a dog are accompanied by lower blood pressure (BP) in the person than human conversation. To clarify whether cognition, conditioning, or tactual contact exerted the major influence in this so-called “pet effect,” 60 male and female undergraduates with either positive or neutral attitudes toward dogs interacted with a dog tactually, verbally, and visually while BP and heart rate were recorded automatically. Results revealed that (a) subjects' BP levels were lowest during dog petting, higher while talking to the dog, and highest while talking to the experimenter and (b) subjects' heart rates were lower while talking or touching the dog and higher while both touching and talking to the dog. Touch appeared to be major component of the pet effect, while cognitive factors contributed to a lesser degree. Implications for coping with hypertension are discussed, and suggestions for futher research are stated.

194 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the size structure of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was sampled from central California to central Oregon (36°-45°N).
Abstract: Size structure of the purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus was sampled from central California to central Oregon (36°– 45°N). Size frequency and inferred recruitment events are correlated with major topographic features. Capes and headlands—predictable sites of upwelling and locations of cold water plumes— show size frequencies indicative of low recruitment rates. Sites without predictable upwelling or regions that are between headlands have size frequencies that indicate substantial annual recruitment.

178 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicated a moderate degree of aggregation of physical activity in both samples, and adjustment for body mass index was inc insignificant.
Abstract: It is believed that families are important influences on the development of health habits, and the purpose of the present study was to examine the familial aggregation of physical activity. Physical activity habits were assessed by standardized interview in adults and children in 95 Anglo families and 111 Mexican-American families. The results indicated a moderate degree of aggregation of physical activity in both samples, and adjustment for body mass index was inconsequential. Intrafamily correlations tended to be higher in Mexican-Americans. Mother-child correlations usually were higher than father-child correlations. These findings support the hypothesis that the family is a significant influence on physical activity.

171 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that physical training improves the secretory activity of the human sweat gland and supports previous findings that have suggested that the potentiation in sweating seen after training is achieved via a peripheral mechanism.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the in vivo secretory activity of sweat glands from sedentary and trained subjects. Peripheral sweat production was determined using pilocarpine iontophoresis in 40 volunteers (10 sedentary men, 10 endurance-trained men, 10 sedentary women, 10 endurance-trained women). Peripheral sweat rate was significantly (P less than 0.05) greater in trained men [6.9 +/- 0.6 (SE) g.m2.min-1] and women (6.1 +/- 0.7) compared with sedentary men (3.1 +/- 0.5) and women (2.5 +/- 0.4). Furthermore, peripheral sweat rate was significantly correlated (r = 0.73) with maximal O2 uptake. The above two findings would suggest that physical training improves the secretory activity of the human sweat gland. Such a result supports previous findings that have suggested that the potentiation in sweating seen after training is achieved via a peripheral mechanism. In addition, several gender-related differences were found in the sudorific response of men and women. Specifically, women have a significantly greater sweat gland density, whereas men have a greater sweat production per gland.

160 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus luminescens produces a red pigment and an antibiotic in insect carcasses in which it grows and in axenic cultures and the pigment was purified and identified as the anthraquinone derivative 1,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-9,10-anthraquin one, which exhibits a pH-sensitive color change.
Abstract: The entomopathogenic bacterium Xenorhabdus luminescens produces a red pigment and an antibiotic in insect carcasses in which it grows and in axenic cultures. The pigment was purified and identified as the anthraquinone derivative 1,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxy-9,10-anthraquinone, which exhibits a pH-sensitive color change, i.e., it is yellow below pH 9 and red above pH 9. The antibiotic was also purified and identified as the hydroxystilbene derivative 3,5-dihydroxy-4-isopropylstilbene.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The presence of varied precision grips in capuchins and no form of precision grip in squirrel monkeys leads to two conclusions: first, a thumb classification of “opposable” (vs. “pseudo‐opposables”) is not essential for precision gripping; and second, the anatomy of the spinal pyramidal tract and neuromuscular interfacing in the hands may be more sensitive gauges of manual dexterity than the anatomyof the thumb.
Abstract: Prehension was examined in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Individual subjects were videotaped from frontal and sagittal planes while they grasped small objects presented in several ways (in view, out of view, embedded, moving). Capuchins used a precision grip in 30% of trials and in more than half of trials with stationary objects. Most (54%) of the precision grips used were opposition of the thumb to the index finger; however, eight other forms were also observed. Squirrel monkeys never used a precision grip. Data on hand preference, preliminary data on movement velocity, and preliminary observations of movement trajectories (up to the time of hand shaping prior to contact with the object) do not indicate significant differences across genera in these aspects of prehension. The presence of varied precision grips in capuchins and no form of precision grip in squirrel monkeys leads to two conclusions. First, a thumb classification of "opposable" (vs. "pseudo-opposable") is not essential for precision gripping. Capuchins, with pseudo-opposable thumbs, use precision grips routinely. Second, the fundamental difference between these genera, which accommodates precision gripping in capuchins, is the capacity in capuchins (but not in squirrel monkeys) to produce lateral pressure between opposing digits. The anatomy of the spinal pyramidal tract and neuromuscular interfacing in the hands may be more sensitive gauges of manual dexterity than the anatomy of the thumb.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The rate of cognitive deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease is quite variable among individuals and is independent of the patient's age and whether the patient resides in the community or in a nursing home, and the average rate of change on the IMC and its variance can be used as the basis for designing studies of drugs or procedures that might alter the course of Alzheimer's Disease.
Abstract: Longitudinal studies of subjects with autopsy-proven Alzheimer's disease in one skilled nursing home and of clinically diagnosed cases (NINCDS/ADRDA criteria) in three community cohorts are compared with regard to the annual rate of change in the error score of the Blessed information-memory-concentration test (IMC) in which the maximum number of errors possible is 33. The four cohorts differed significantly from each other in regard to age, education, sex, and the degree of dementia as measured by the initial IMC score. Subjects spanned the age range of 52 to 96 years and had 2 to 20 years of education. The rate of change in error score per year was similar whether the initial error score was 0 to 7, 8 to 15, or 16 to 23; however, the rate was reduced when the initial error score was 24 or above, due to a ceiling effect of the test. Among subjects with initial IMC scores less than 24, the annual rate of change varied considerably. However, the mean annual rate of change, 4.4 errors (SD 3.6, SEM 0.3) per year, was independent of residence in a nursing home, location of the study site, and of the patient's sex or education. Of particular importance was the finding that the rate of change in mental test score was independent of age. It can be concluded that the rate of cognitive deterioration in patients with Alzheimer's disease is quite variable among individuals and is independent of the patient's age and whether the patient resides in the community or in a nursing home. More importantly, the rate of change of the IMC test provides no evidence for a difference between early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. The average rate of change on the IMC and its variance can be used as the basis for designing studies of drugs or procedures that might alter the course of Alzheimer's disease.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: CO2 tended to stimulate seed production at high nitrogen and to decrease it at low nitrogen, and water use efficiency was increased in enriched plants at both nitrogen levels.
Abstract: The effects of CO2 enrichment on the growth, biomass partitioning, photosynthetic rates, and leaf nitrogen concentration of a grass, Bromus mollis (C3), were investigated at a favorable and a low level of nitrogen availability. Despite increases in root: shoot ratios, leaf nitrogen concentrations were decreased under CO2 enrichment at both nitrogen levels. For the low-nitrogen treatment, this resulted in lower photosynthetic rates measured at 650 μl/l for the CO2-enriched plants, compared to photosynthetic rates measured at 350 μl/l for the non-enriched plants. At higher nitrogen availability, photosynthetic rates of plants grown and measured at 650 μl/l were greater than photosynthetic rates of the non-enriched plants measured at 350 μl/l. Water use efficiency, however, was increased in enriched plants at both nitrogen levels. CO2 enrichment stimulated vegetative growth at both high and low nitrogen during most of the vegetative growth phase but, at the end of the experiment, total biomass of the high and low CO2 treatments did not differ for plants grown at low nitrogen availability. While not statistically significant, CO2 tended to stimulate seed production at high nitrogen and to decrease it at low nitrogen.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the rootless Ventura Avenue anticline is a fold that has been shortening at a relatively constant rate of about 9 mm/yr since its inception.
Abstract: Upper Quaternary terraces of the Ventura River, California, are uplifted, tilted, and folded over the Ventura Avenue anticline. Rates of uplift and tilting have decreased since inception of the structure over the past 200 ka. Assuming that the chronology, based on amino-acid racemization, 14C dates, and soils correlation, is approximately correct, then the minimum possible average rate of uplift in the axial region of the fold has decreased from ∼14 mm/yr to 2 mm/yr during the past 200 ka. Interval rates of uplift for the periods 200 ka to 80 or 105 ka, 80 or 105 ka to 30 ka, and 30 ka to present are, respectively, about 20 mm/yr, 9 mm/yr, and 5 mm/yr. The rate of tilting shows a similar trend, decreasing from ∼5.8 urad/yr, 2.5 urad/yr, and 1.2 urad/yr for the same time intervals, respectively. Based on the mechanics of flexural slip folds in stratified sedimentary rocks, these data suggest that the rootless Ventura Avenue anticline is a fold that has been shortening at a relatively constant rate of about 9 mm/yr since its inception.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Findings are interpreted in terms of a tendency to self-focus that might prime feminine people to experience depression, or alternately, as a lack of self-focusing that may insulate masculine individuals from the experience of depression.
Abstract: Research has independently shown that both gender and self-focused attention are linked to depression. In this article, we report a series of studies investigating the relation between these variables. Using a standard self-focusing manipulation, Study 1 suggested that women evidence a greater propensity to self-focus than men. We replicated these findings in Study 2. In Study 3, we conducted an experiment to determine if sex role in conjunction with experimentally increased self-focused attention would lead to more emotional distress after a negative event had occurred. Results suggested that feminine individuals who received a self-focusing manipulation responded with greater levels of self-focused attention and negative affect than did any other group. We interpreted findings in terms of a tendency to self-focus that might prime feminine people to experience depression, or alternately, as a lack of self-focusing that may insulate masculine individuals from the experience of depression.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article found that adults from divorced families of origin hold relatively complex views of marriage; they value marriage but are aware of its limitations and are tolerant toward its alternatives, while those from intact families hold more negative attitudes toward their families of origins.
Abstract: Respondents from a national survey of Australians between the ages of 18 and 34 who experienced parental divorce as children were compared with respondents who grew up in continuously intact families or who experienced parental death as children on 8 measures of attitudes toward marriage and family life. Compared with respondents from intact families those from divorced families hold more negative attitudes toward their families of origin. Few differences emerged between groups in their attitudes toward the advantages and disadvantages of marriage living together or singlehood once other family-of-origin variables were statistically controlled. Examination of individual items from a family values scale reveals that adults from divorced families of origin hold relatively complex views of marriage; they value marriage but are aware of its limitations and are tolerant toward its alternatives. (authors)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The presence of CR2 on human thymocytes is reported and several questions regarding the biologic role ofCR2‐EBV receptor on cells of the T lineage are raised.
Abstract: The biologic effects of the third component of complement, C3, are mediated via receptors which specifically bind the enzymatic degradation products resulting from the cleavage of C3. One of the products, C3d, has been associated with binding to the second complement receptor CR2 (CD21). This receptor, which is identical to the receptor for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), has been primarily found on cells of the B lineage, but not on mature T cells or other cells of erythroid or myeloid lineages. In the present investigation, we report the presence of CR2 on human thymocytes. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis employing monoclonal anti-CR2 antibodies revealed a range of thymocyte reactivity from 15% to 63% in thirteen experiments using cells of different donors. Reactivity was always greater with the monoclonal anti-CR2 (CD21) antibody HB-5 than with two other antibodies which recognize distinct epitopes on the CR2 molecule. Two-color immunofluorescence analysis indicated that the brightest of the HB-5-stained thymocytes also reacted with the monoclonal anti-CD1 antibody T6 (immature thymocyte marker) while some of the duller HB-5-staining cells reacted with the monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody Leu-4 (mature thymocyte marker). Immunoprecipitation of CR2 on thymocytes with antibody HB-5 and polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis revealed a protein of 145 kDa molecular mass which is consistent with the size of CR2 found on B lymphocytes. These findings raise several questions regarding the biologic role of CR2-EBV receptor on cells of the T lineage.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The first ultrastrutural characterization of a completely MHC- null muscle is presented and it is suggested that the differential sensitivity of muscle function to the Mhc1 mutation is a consequence of the unique myofilament arrays in each of these muscles.
Abstract: We have determined the molecular defect of the Drosophila melanogaster myosin heavy chain (MHC) mutation Mhc and the mutation's effect on indirect flight muscle, jump muscle, and larval intersegmental muscle. We show that the Mhc1 mutation is essentially a null allele which results in the dominant-flightless and recessive-lethal phenotypes associated with this mutant (Mogami, K., P. T. O'Donnell, S. I. Bernstein, T. R. F. Wright, C. P. Emerson, Jr. 1986. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83:1393-1397). The mutation is a 101-bp deletion in the MHC gene which removes most of exon 5 and the intron that precedes it. S1 nuclease mapping indicates that mutant transcripts follow two alternative processing pathways. Both pathways result in the production of mature transcripts with altered reading frames, apparently yielding unstable, truncated MHC proteins. Interestingly, the preferred splicing pathway uses the more distal of two available splice donor sites. We present the first ultrastrutural characterization of a completely MHC-null muscle and show that it lacks any discernable thick filaments. Sarcomeres in these muscles are completely disorganized suggesting that thick filaments play a critical role in sarcomere assembly. To understand why the Mhc1 mutation severely disrupts indirect flight muscle and jump muscle function in heterozygotes, but does not seriously affect the function of other muscle types, we examined the muscle ultrastructure of Mhc1/+ heterozygotes. We find that these organisms have a nearly 50% reduction in the number of thick filaments in indirect flight muscle, jump muscle, and larval intersegmental muscle. In addition, aberrantly shaped thick filaments are common in the jump muscle and larval intersegmental muscle. We suggest that the differential sensitivity of muscle function to the Mhc1 mutation is a consequence of the unique myofilament arrays in each of these muscles. The highly variable myofilament array of larval intersegmental muscle makes its function relatively insensitive to changes in thick filament number and morphology. Conversely, the rigid double hexagonal lattice of the indirect flight muscle, and the organized lattice of the jump muscle cannot be perturbed without interfering with the specialized and evolutionarily more complex functions they perform.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that seeds of A. fasciculatum will increase in the soil bank for at least 85 years after fire in chaparral where it is dominant, and seed reserves of C. greggii appear to be influenced primarily by site-specific patterns of seed production and by the intensity of post-dispersal seed predation.
Abstract: The composition and density of soil seed banks beneath co-occurring Adenostoma fasciculatum and Ceanothus greggii shrubs from three chaparral stands last burned 9, 35 and 85 years before 1986 were investigated. The overall density of seeds in the soil, as estimated by germinations under greenhouse conditions, increased with time since fire (ca. 8000 to 25000/m2). However, this increase was due entirely to the accumulation of A. fasciculatum seed in the soil (ca. 2000 to 21000/m2). In contrast, the density of C. greggii seed was different in each of the three stands, but was not correlated with time since fire: maximum densities were recorded from the 35 year old stand (ca. 2000/m2). A total of 31 taxa germinated and 17 occurred in sufficient numbers to be analyzed statistically. Germinable seed densities of three herb species were not influenced by soil source (beneath A. fasciculatum or C. greggii), time since fire, or the direct effects of a controlled fire treatment. Germinable seed densities of a further nine species were significantly influenced by the elapsed time since stands last burned. The densities of four decreased and five increased. Four of the species that increased in seed density over the three stands were annuals, suggesting that the chaparral sub-canopy habitat is not as unfavorable for annuals as is often assumed. The fire treatment decreased germinable seed densities of four annual species by 40–70%, but increased the germinable seed densities of the shrubs A. fasciculatum and C. greggii, and the annual Phacelia brachyloba. Our results indicate that seeds of A. fasciculatum will increase in the soil bank for at least 85 years after fire in chaparral where it is dominant. In contrast, seed reserves of C. greggii appear to be influenced primarily by site-specific patterns of seed production and by the intensity of post-dispersal seed predation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify and describe cognitive and behavioral coping strategies used by siblings of pediatric oncology patients using open-ended interviews using psychosocial assessments through puppet play, kinetic family drawings, cartoon story telling, a sentence completion test, and a limited number of direct questions.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to identify and describe cognitive and behavioral coping strategies used by siblings of pediatric oncology patients. Fifteen families with 26 siblings between 7 and 11 years of age were studied. Parent data were obtained from an open-ended interview and a questionnaire. Sibling data included open-ended interviews using psychosocial assessments through puppet play, kinetic family drawings, cartoon story telling, a sentence completion test, and a limited number of direct questions. Content analysis of sibling data revealed major stressor themes of loss, fear of death, and change. Further analysis of sibling data pertinent to coping efforts led to the development of a taxonomy of cognitive and behavioral coping efforts.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The passive biomechanical response of intact cylindrical rat carotid arteries is studied in vitro and compared with the mechanical response of rubber tubes, showing that while rubber response can be adequately represented as linearly elastic and isotropic, the overall response of vascular tissue is highly non-linear and anisotropic.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the long-term financial performance trends of firms engaged in T tendering offers and presented a comparison of the results of firms involved in T tender offers with those obtained by those that did not.
Abstract: The article analyzes the long-term financial performance trends of firms engaged in tender offers.The author presents a comparison of the results of firms engaged in tender offers with those obtain...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data support the use of inhaled β-agonist bronchodilators as part of the management of asthma during pregnancy, with little evidence of human gestational safety for alternative asthma medications.
Abstract: To assess the safety of inhaled beta-agonist bronchodilators during pregnancy, perinatal outcomes in 259 prospectively managed women with asthma using these medications during pregnancy were compared to perinatal outcomes in 101 concurrently followed pregnant subjects with asthma not using inhaled bronchodilators and to perinatal outcomes in 295 concurrently followed pregnant control subjects without asthma. No significant differences between women with asthma using inhaled bronchodilators and subjects not receiving inhaled bronchodilators were found in the following parameters: perinatal mortality, congenital malformations, preterm births, low birth weight infants, mean birth weight, small for gestational age or low ponderal index infants, Apgar scores, labor/delivery complications, or postpartum bleeding. Increased incidences of maternal chronic and pregnancy-induced hypertension and transient tachypnea of the neonate were observed in the pregnancies of subjects with asthma using regular inhaled bronchodilators compared to control subjects, but a logistic regression analysis within the sample of subjects with asthma did not significantly associate the use of inhaled bronchodilators with these outcomes. In the light of the known substantial perinatal risks of severe, uncontrolled asthma and the relatively sparse evidence of human gestational safety for alternative asthma medications, these data support the use of inhaled beta-agonist bronchodilators as part of the management of asthma during pregnancy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of nearly hydrostatic pressure to 20 kbar on the superconducting transition temperature Tc of (Y1−χPrχ)Ba2Cu3 O7−δ compounds with 0.5 was determined by means of low frequency ac electrical resistivity measurements.
Abstract: The effect of nearly hydrostatic pressure to 20 kbar on the superconducting transition temperature Tc of (Y1−χPrχ)Ba2Cu3 O7−δ compounds with 0⩽χ⩽0.5 was determined by means of low frequency ac electrical resistivity measurements. The application of pressure to this system reveals striking effects which appear to be associated with the hybridiazation between Pr 4f and valence band states. In this range of pressure P, Tc increases with P for 0⩽χ⩽0.2, exhibits a maximum at ∼6 kbar for χ=0.3, and decreases rapidly with P for χ⩾0.4, while the initial rate of increase of Tc with pressure (dTc/dP)P=0, increases with χ for 0⩽χ⩽0.3. These results suggest there is a pressure-induced electronic phase transition at ∼6 kbar foir χ=0.3 that shifts to lower values of P for higher values of χ.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A general health policy model is offered as a method for comparing program options in cardiovascular disease that may have very different objectives and methods for measuring the cost/utility of alternative procedures are discussed.
Abstract: Early mortality and reduced quality of life in the years prior to death are the most important health outcomes associated with cardiovascular disease. Other measures of cardiovascular status, including blood pressure, ejection fraction, and electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, are only of interest because of their known association with poor health outcomes. Quality of life measures have gained increasing attention as outcome variables in studies of cardiovascular disease. This article reviews several current approaches to the assessment of health outcomes. A general health policy model is offered as a method for comparing program options in cardiovascular disease that may have very different objectives. Examples taken from the evaluation of hypertension screening and troatment, of heart transplantation programs, and of primary prevention of heart disease are offered. Methods for measuring the cost/utility of alternative procedures are also discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the perceived importance of expenditure budget control in research and development (R&D) work groups is explained empirically by organizational context and management control system (steps in the control process, social control).
Abstract: . This paper extends the prior empirical research that explains the perceived use or importance of budget control or both, with organizational context and structure in manufacturing organizations. In this paper, the perceived importance of expenditure budget control in research and development (R&D) work groups is explained empirically by organizational context (R&D work group size, source of R&D funding, and size of R&D budget) and the management control system (steps in the control process, social control). Data obtained from 76 R&D work groups in ten organizations support the five hypotheses. Generally, there is an interaction between the steps in the control process and each of the other independent variables on the perceived importance of expenditure budget control for management control of the R&D work group. Resume. Le present article s'inscrit dans le prolongement des travaux de recherche empiriques precedents visant a expliquer l'utilisation percue du controle budgetaire ou son importance - sinon les deux - dans le contexte et la structure d'organisation des entreprises manufacturieres. Dans cet article, l'importance du controle du budget des investissements percue par les groupes de travail en recherche et developpement (R & D) s'explique concretement par le context organisationnel (la taille du groupe de travail en R & D, la source de financement des activites de R & D et l'importance des credits affectes a ces activites) et par le systeme de controle de gestion (etapes du processus de controle, controle social). Les donnees obtenues aupres de 76 groupes de travail en R & D dans dix organisations viennent confirmer les cinq hypotheses des auteurs. L'on releve, de facon generale, une interaction entre, d'une part, les etapes du processus de controle et chacune des autres variables independantes et, d'autre part, l'importance percue du controle du budget des investissements aux fins du controle de gestion du groupe de travail en R & D.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1988-Geobios
TL;DR: The fossiliferous beds of Las Hoyas (province ofCuenca, Spain) are composed of limestones (probably Late Hauterivian), and the fishes are the main component of the vertebrate fauna both in number of individuals and diversity (13 different taxa).