Showing papers by "San Diego State University published in 1991"

Critical theory of technology

Abstract: Feenberg discusses the possibility of a radical reform of industrial society. He challenges the assumption that modern society, with its emphasis on technological reasoning, has condemned its members to mindless work and subservience to the dictates of management. In doing so, he presents a new interpretation of the relationship between technology, rationality, and democracy.

Sleep-disordered breathing in community-dwelling elderly.

Abstract: These are the final results of a survey of sleep-disordered breathing, which examined objective and subjective information from a large randomly selected elderly sample. We randomly selected 427 elderly people aged 65 yr and over in the city of San Diego, California. Twenty-four percent had an apnea index, AI, greater than or equal to 5 and 62% had a respiratory disturbance index, RDI, greater than or equal to 10. Correlates of sleep-disordered breathing included high relative weight and reports of snoring, breathing cessation at night, nocturnal wandering or confusion, daytime sleepiness and depression. Body mass index, falling asleep at inappropriate times, male gender, no alcohol within 2 hr of bedtime and napping were the best predictors of sleep-disordered breathing. Despite statistical significance, all of the associations between interview variables and apnea indices were small. No combination of demographic variables and symptoms allowed highly reliable prediction of AI or RDI.

Physical Education's Role in Public Health

Abstract: The public health community is becoming increasingly interested in the potential contributions of school physical education to child health. School physical education is seen as an ideal site for the promotion of regular physical activity because up to 97% of elementary school children participate in some sort of physical education program. For maximal public health benefit, school physical education programs should prepare children for a lifetime of physical activity. This public health goal for physical education may require some changes in current approaches. Physical educators are challenged to collaborate with public health professionals in developing and evaluating school physical education programs that will improve the health of the nation's youth.

Periodic limb movements in sleep in community-dwelling elderly.

Abstract: The prevalence of periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) in a randomly selected elderly sample is reported. In San Diego, 427 elderly volunteers aged 65 yr and over were recorded in their homes. Forty-five percent had a myoclonus index, MI greater than or equal to 5. Correlates of PLMS included dissatisfaction with sleep, sleeping alone and reported kicking at night. Although statistically significant, the strengths of the associations between interview variables and myoclonus indices were all small. No combination of demographic variables and symptoms allowed highly reliable prediction of PLMS.

Handbook of Research on Teaching the English Language Arts

Abstract: Contents: J. Flood, D. Lapp, J.R. Squire, J.M. Jensen, Preface. Part I:Historical and Theoretical Perspectives for English Language Arts Teaching and Learning. J.R. Squire, The History of the Profession. J. Dixon, Historical Considerations: An International Perspective. P. Menyuk, Linguistics and Teaching the Language Arts. D.L. Schallert, D.B. Martin, A Psychological Analysis of What Teachers and Students Do in the Language Arts Classroom. M.M. Clay, Child Development. D. Bloome, Anthropology and Research on Teaching the English Language Arts. L.M. Rosenblatt, Literary Theory. L. Baines, E.J. Farrell, The Tao of Instructional Models. L.P. Ruth, Who Has the Power? Policymaking and Politics in the English Language Arts. K. Smith, P.L. Stock, Trends and Issues in Research in the Teaching of the English Language Arts. Part II:Methods of Research on English Language Arts Teaching. S. Stotsky, C. Mall, Understanding Research on Teaching the English Language Arts: An Introduction for Teachers. A. DiPardo, Teacher Professionalism and the Rise of "Multiple Literacies": How to Describe Our Specialized Knowledge? R.C. Calfee, M. Chambliss, The Design of Empirical Research. R.J. Tierney, M. Sheehy, What Longitudinal Studies Say About Literacy Development/What Literacy Development Says About Longitudinal Studies. J. Birnbaum, J. Emig, D. Fisher, Case Studies: Placing Literacy Phenomena Within Their Actual Context. J.L. Green, C.N. Dixon, A. Zaharlick, Ethnography as a Logic of Inquiry. F.R. Burton, B.L. Seidl, Teacher Researcher Projects: From the Elementary School Teacher's Perspective. B. Fecho, J. Allen, Teacher Inquiry Into Literacy, Social Justice, and Power. C.B. Smith, S.S. Klein, Synthesis Research in Language Arts Instruction. D.E. Alvermann, G.G. Hruby, Fictive Representation: An Alternative Method for Reporting Research. M.C. Wittrock, Contemporary Methodological Issues and Future Directions in Research on the Teaching of English. Part III:Research on Language Learners. R.S. Brause, J.S. Mayher, Who Really Goes to School? Teaching and Learning for the Students We Really Have. E. Sulzby, W.H. Teale, The Development of the Young Child and the Emergence of Literacy. K.L. Dahl, P.L. Scharer, L.L. Lawson, P.R. Grogan, Student Achievement and Classroom Case Studies of Phonics in Whole Language First Grades. D.S. Strickland, J.T. Feeley, Development in the Elementary School Years. J. Simmons, P.S. Carroll, Today's Middle Grades: Different Structures, Students, and Classrooms. T. Newkirk, The Learner Develops: The High School Years. R.L. Venezky, Literacy Learning After High School. J.S. Chall, M.E. Curtis, Children With Reading Difficulties. S. Hudelson, L. Poyner, P. Wolfe, Teaching Bilingual and ESL Children and Adolescents. A.F. Ball, M. Farr, Language Varieties, Culture and Teaching the English Language Arts. C.H. Brock, F.B. Boyd, J.A. Moore, Variation in Language and the Use of Language Across Contexts: Implications for Literacy Learning. M. Myers, Issues in Teacher Preparation and Staff Development in English Language Arts. S. Fitzgerald, Teacher Evaluation. J.C. Hartse, R.F. Carey, Pursuing Diversity. Part IV:Environments for English Language Arts Teaching. G.E. Tompkins, E. Tway, The Elementary School Classroom. A.A. Glatthorn, D.L. Shouse, Secondary English Classroom Environments. D.B. Yaden, Jr., J.R. Paratore, Family Literacy at the Turn of the Millennium: The Costly Future of Maintaining the Status Quo. C.K. Kinzer, K. Leander, Technology and the Language Arts: Implications of an Expanded Definition of Literacy. J.R. Paratore, R. Indrisano, Grouping for Instruction in Literacy. C.W. Peters, K.K. Wixson, Unifying the Domain of K-12 English Language Arts Curriculum. R. Farr, M.D. Beck, Evaluating Language Development. Y.M. Goodman, Informal Methods of Evaluation. N. Frey, E.H. Hiebert, Teacher-Based Assessment of Literacy Learning. J.V. Hoffman, S.G. Paris, E. Patterson, R. Salas, L. Assaf, High-Stakes Assessment in the Language Arts: The Piper Plays, the Players Dance, but Who Pays the Price? J.A. Dole, J. Osborn, Elementary Language Arts Textbooks: A Decade of Change. L. Galda, B.E. Cullinan, Literature for Literacy: What Research Says About the Benefits of Using Trade Books in the Classroom. B. Bruce, J. Levin, Roles for New Technologies in Language Arts: Inquiry, Communication, Construction, and Expression. C. Cox, The Media Arts. A.E. Cunningham, K.E. Stanovich, Reading Matters: How Reading Engagement Influences Cognition. A.N. Applebee, Balancing the Curriculum in the English Language Arts: Exploring the Components of Effective Teaching and Learning. Part V:Research on Teaching Specific Aspects of the English Language Arts Curriculum. R.J. Marzano, Language, the Language Arts, and Thinking. J.W. Ney, Teaching the Roots of Modern English: The History of the Language in the Language Arts Class. G. Hillocks, Jr., M.W. Smith, Grammars and Literacy Learning. S. Templeton, Spelling. J.F. Baumann, E.J. Kame'enui, G.E. Ash, Research on Vocabulary Instruction: Voltaire Redux. N. Nelson, J.L. Kinneavey, Rhetoric. M. Martinez, N.L. Roser, Children's Responses to Literature. R.E. Probst, Response to Literature. V.J. Harris, A.I. Willis, Multiculturism, Literature, and Curriculum Issues. S.L. Sebesta, D.L. Monson, Reading Preferences. A.C. Purves, G.M. Pradl, The School Subject Literature. L.M. Morrow, Motivating Lifelong Voluntary Readers. B. Edmiston, P.E. Enciso, Reflections and Refractions of Meaning: Dialogic Approaches to Classroom Drama and Reading. G.S. Pinnell, A.M. Jaggar, Oral Language: Speaking and Listening in Elementary Classrooms. J.M. Mason, S.A. Stahl, K.H. Au, P.A. Herman, Reading: Children's Developing Knowledge of Words. J. Flood, D. Lapp, D. Fisher, Reading Comprehension Instruction. T.G. Devine, J.S. Kania, Studying: Skills, Strategies, and Systems. K.H. Au, Balanced Literacy Instruction: Implications for Students of Diverse Backgrounds. A.H. Dyson, S.W. Freedman, Writing. N. Farnan, K. Dahl, Children's Writing: Research and Practice. B.J. Wagner, Imaginative Expression. J. Hansen, The Language Arts Interact. D.M. Ogle, S.I. McMahon, Curriculum Integration to Promote Literate Thinking: Dilemmas and Possibilities. R.E. Hodges, The Conventions of Writing.

The Spread of Va Mycorrhizal Fungal Hyphae in the Soil: Inoculum Types and External Hyphal Architecture

Abstract: Different forms of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculum are found in soil patches with differing histories. These inoculum types include spores, infected root fragments, and extramatric...

English for Specific Purposes: International in Scope, Specific in Purpose

Abstract: Over the past 30 years, English for specific purposes has established itself as a viable and vigorous movement within the field of TEFL/TESL. In this paper, English for specific purposes is defined and its distinguishing features examined. The international nature and scope of the movement are particularly emphasized. Finally, questions and controversies surrounding the movement are discussed.

An improved model of C3 photosynthesis at high CO2: Reversed O2 sensitivity explained by lack of glycerate reentry into the chloroplast

Abstract: Current models of C3 photosynthesis incorporate a phosphate limitation to carboxylation which arises when the capacity for starch and sucrose synthesis fails to match the capacity for the production of triose phosphates in the Calvin cycle. As a result, the release of inorganic phosphate in the chloroplast stroma fails to keep pace with its rate of sequestration into triose phosphate, and phosphate becomes limiting to photosynthesis. Such a model predicts that when phosphate is limiting, assimilation becomes insensitive to both CO2 and O2, and is thus incapable of explaining the experimental observation that assimilation, under phosphate-limited conditions, frequently exhibits reversed sensitivity to both CO2 and O2, i.e., increasing O2 stimulates assimilation and increasing CO2 inhibits assimilation. We propose a model which explains reversed sensitivity to CO2 and O2 by invoking the net release of phosphate in the photorespiratory oxidation cycle. In order for this to occur, some fraction of the glycollate carbon which leaves the stroma and which is recycled to the chloroplast by the photorespiratory pathway as glycerate must remain in the cytosol, perhaps in the form of amino acids. In that case, phosphate normally used in the stromal glycerate kinase reaction to generate PGA from glycerate is made available for photophosphorylation, stimulating RuBP regeneration and assimilation. The model is parameterized for data obtained on soybean and cotton, and model behavior in response to CO2, O2, and light is demonstrated.

Marijuana and cocaine effect expectancies and drug use patterns.

Abstract: Self-reports from 704 college students were content analyzed and used to develop the Marijuana Effect Expectancy Questionnaire and Cocaine Effect Expectancy Questionnaire. Responses were examined using exploratory and confirmatory principle components analysis. Six marijuana expectancies (34.6% of variance) were identified: (a) cognitive and behavioral impairment, (b) relaxation and tension reduction, (c) social and sexual facilitation, (d) perceptual and cognitive enhancement, (e) global negative effects, and (f) craving and physical effects. Five cocaine expectancies (32.5% of variance) consisted of (a) global positive effects, (b) global negative effects, (c) generalized arousal, (d) anxiety, and (e) relaxation and tension reduction. Drug effect expectancies distinguished between patterns of nonuse and varying degrees of use of these two drugs.

Evidence for non-Fermi liquid behavior in the Kondo alloy Y1-xUxPd3.

Abstract: We present measurements of electrical resitivity \ensuremath{\rho}(T), specific heat C(T), entropy S(T), and magnetic susceptibility \ensuremath{\chi}(T) as functions of temperature T for the alloy system ${\mathrm{Y}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{U}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Pd}}_{3}$. For x=0.2, \ensuremath{\rho}(T)/\ensuremath{\rho}(0) is almost linear in T for 0.2\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}20 K, and C(T)/T\ensuremath{\sim}-ln(\ensuremath{\alpha}T) for 0.6T16 K. Also, the added molar entropy per U, \ensuremath{\Delta}S(T)-\ensuremath{\Delta}S(0) appears to saturate to (R/2)ln(2), suggesting that \ensuremath{\Delta}S(0)\ensuremath{\approxeq}(R/2)ln(2). We argue that our data provide comprehensive evidence in a dilute alloy for the two-channel quadrupolar Kondo effect (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{K}}$\ensuremath{\approxeq}42 K) with concomitant ``marginal Fermi liquid'' phenomenology.

BEACHES: an observational system for assessing children's eating and physical activity behaviors and associated events.

Abstract: An integrated system for coding direct observations of children's dietary and physical activity behaviors was developed. Associated environmental events were also coded, including physical location, antecedents, and consequences. To assess the instrument's reliability and validity, 42 children, aged 4 to 8 years, were observed for 8 consecutive weeks at home and at school. Results indicated that four 60-min observations at home produced relatively stable estimates for most of the 10 dimensions. Interobserver reliabilities during live and videotaped observations were high, with the exception of "consequences" categories that occurred in less than 1% of observed intervals. Evidence of validity was provided by findings that antecedents were associated with respective dietary and physical activity behaviors. The five physical activity categories were validated by heartrate monitoring in a second study. The Behaviors of Eating and Activity for Children's Health Evaluation System is appropriate for studying influences on diet and physical activity in children in a variety of settings.

Social Networks, Social Support, and their Relationship to Depression among Immigrant Mexican Women

Abstract: This empirical study uses data derived from a community survey of women of Mexican descent in San Diego County in order to identify characteristics of immigrant social networks, and determine how these characteristics are related to emotional support and personal distress. Correlational and chi-square analyses were used to manipulate aggregate data. Major findings are that social networks, including both friends and family, are available from the early stages of immigration. Interaction patterns indicate that friendship contacts are stable over time, and that family contacts increase with time. The most important source of emotional support is among relatives of the family of origin. In contrast, adult children living in independent households, despite high contact levels with mothers, were not found to be a source of emotional support. Higher levels of contact with friends are related to increased emotional support from those friends, but friend contact is not as salient as family contact for emotional s...

The Interactions between the Investment, Financing, and Dividend Decisions of Major U.S. Firms

Abstract: This paper uses 114 responses to a June 1988 mail questionnaire survey of the financial managers of the 1,000 largest U.S. firms to examine Modigliani and Miller's “separation principle”. The opinions of practicing financial managers were found to be consistent with Modigliani and Miller as well as with the work of other empirical researchers. Almost without exception, the direction of causality between investment and financing decisions was found to run from the former to the latter, and dividend decisions were found to be driven by profits and prior year's dividends rather than by the firm's investment and financing actions. Clearly, the beliefs of practicing financial managers seem to reflect acceptance of Modigliani and Miller's “separation principle.”

Fault steps and the dynamic rupture process: 2-D numerical simulations of a spontaneously propagating shear fracture

Abstract: Fault steps may have controlled the sizes of the 1966 Parkfield, 1968 Borrego Mountain, 1979 Imperial Valley, 1979 Coyote Lake and the 1987 Superstition Hills earthquakes. This project investigates the effect of fault steps of various geometries on the dynamic rupture process. We have used a finite difference code to simulate spontaneous rupture propagation in two dimensions. We employ a slip-weakening fracture criterion as the condition for rupture propagation and examine how rupture on one plane initiates rupture on parallel fault planes. The geometry of the two parallel fault planes allows for stepover widths of 0.5 to 10.0 km and overlaps of −5 to 5 km. Our results demonstrate that the spontaneous rupture on the first fault segment continues to propagate onto the second fault segment for a range of geometries for both compressional and dilational fault steps. A major difference between the compressional and dilational cases is, that a dilational step requires a longer time delay between the rupture front reaching the end of the first fault segment and initiating rupture on the second segment. Therefore our dynamic study implies that a compressional step will be jumped quickly, whereas a dilational step will cause a time delay leading to a lower apparent rupture velocity. We also find that the rupture is capable of jumping a wider dilational step than compressional step.

A Drosophila mutant defective in extracellular calcium-dependent photoreceptor deactivation and rapid desensitization

Abstract: CALCIUM is involved in the adaptation of vertebrate photoreceptors to light1,2 and may have a similar role in invertebrate phototransduction3,4. But the molecular mechanisms mediating this stimulus-dependent regulation are not well understood in any G protein-coupled transduction system. We have developed a preparation of isolated Drosophila photoreceptors that has allowed us to carry out an electrophysiological characterization of the light-activated response in these sensory neurons using patch-clamp techniques. We report here that extracellular calcium entering through the light-activated conductance is a key regulator of both the activation and deactivation phases of the phototransduction cascade, and that inaC mutant photoreceptors5 are specifically defective in the calcium-dependent deactivation mechanism. These data suggest that the light-dependent calcium influx inactivates this cascade through a biochemical pathway that requires the inaC gene product, and that this mechanism represents a molecular basis for stimulus-dependent regulation of visual transduction in Drosophila photoreceptors.

The effects of management controls and national culture on manufacturing performance: An experimental investigation☆

Abstract: The increasing dominance of Asian manufacturing firms in the global economy has raised an important issue: whether these firms’ superior manufacturing performance is caused by their management control systems, the national culture of their employees, or the interaction of these two factors. This experimental study provides a direct test of the effects of national culture and management control system on manufacturing performance. The dimension of national culture studied was individualism ( vs collectivism ) because this work-related attribute has been noted as a major difference between Asian and Western cultures. In turn, the focus on cultural individualism motivated a study of two aspects of management controls: work flow interdependence and pay interdependence. The results are consistent with cultural individualism and management controls having independent, but not interactive, effects on manufacturing performance. The potential implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Sensory and semantic factors in recognition memory for odors and graphic stimuli: elderly versus young persons.

Abstract: In four experiments, young (18-26 years, M = 21) and elderly (over 65 years, M = 72) people were compared for recognition memory of (a) graphic stimuli (faces of presidents and vice presidents, engineering symbols, and free forms) and (b) everyday odors. On graphic stimuli, the elderly consistently matched the young, but on odors the performance of the elderly was worse. Their poorer olfactory performance was observed after only 26 s, but became truly marked after 1 hr or more. Somewhere between 1 hr and 2 weeks, their odor performance fell to chance, but their graphic performance remained well above chance. Although the young did forget both graphic and odor materials progressively, their performance always stayed above chance over a 6-month period. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that the elderly are less sensitive to odors than the young (with thresholds about 10-fold higher), which may explain, in part, their poorer olfactory memory performance. Knowledge that the subjects brought to the tasks by way of familiarity with and ability to name odors and faces played a positive role in recognition memory. Because of this positive role, together with the negative role played by verbal distraction, we conclude that odor recognition memory depends, perhaps heavily, on semantic processing. Impaired semantic processing may result even when odors are simply rendered desaturated, or pastel because of the weakening of olfactory sensitivity with aging.

Infection of human thymocytes by Epstein-Barr virus.

Abstract: The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) causes infectious mononucleosis, and has been strongly associated with certain human cancers. The virus is thought to exclusively bind to B lymphocytes and epithelial cells via receptors (CR2/CD21) that also interact with fragments of the third component of complement (C3). Recent evidence, however, has challenged this belief. We have used two-color immunofluorescence analysis using biotin-conjugated EBV and streptavidin-phycoerythrin along with fluorescein-conjugated anti-T cell antibodies and demonstrated that CD1-positive, CD3-dull (immature) human thymocytes express functional EBV receptors. In four replicate experiments, the binding of EBV to thymocytes ranged between 8 and 18%. This interaction is specific as evidenced by inhibition with nonconjugated virus, anti-CR2 antibodies, aggregated C3, and an antibody to the gp350 viral glycoprotein that the virus uses to bind to CR2. EBV can infect the thymocytes as evaluated by the presence of episomal EBV-DNA in thymocytes that had been incubated with the virus as short as 12 days or as long as 6 weeks. Episomal DNA analysis was performed by Southern blotting with a EBV-DNA probe that hybridizes to the first internal reiteration of the viral DNA. The presence of the EBV genome is also supported by the detection of EBV nuclear antigen 1 in infected thymocytes, assessed by Western blotting with EBV-immune sera. The EBV infection is specific as determined by blocking experiments using anti-CR2 and anti-gp350 antibodies. Finally, virus infection of thymocytes can act synergistically along with interleukin 2 and induce a lymphokine-dependent cellular proliferation. In view of previously reported cases of EBV-positive human T cell lymphomas, the possibility is raised that EBV may be involved in cancers of T lymphocytes that have not been previously appreciated.

Spatial Interaction and Spatial Autocorrelation: A Cross-Product Approach

Abstract: A cross-product statistic is used to demonstrate that spatial interaction models are a special case of a general model of spatial autocorrelation. A series of traditional measures of spatial autocorrelation is shown to have a cross-product form. Several interaction models are shown to have a similar form. A general spatial statistic is developed which indicates that the relationship between the two types of models is particularly strong when the focus is on measurements from a single point.

Intact priming of words and nonwords in amnesia

Abstract: Amnesic patients and control subjects studied words and nonwords and were then given a perceptual identification test involving briefly presented new (i.e., unstudied) and old (i.e., previously studied) items. Perceptual priming was measured as an increase in the probability of identifying previously studied items in comparison with new items. Amnesic patients exhibited entirely normal priming for both old words and old nonwords. The amnesic patients were significantly impaired, however, in recognizing the items that had appeared on the perceptual identification test. The priming of nonwords did not appear to be based on the activation of words that were phonologically or orthographically similar to the nonwords (i.e., the effect was not based on neigh-borhood effects). The results for nonwords therefore suggest that priming can involve the acquisition of new information, not simply the activation of preexisting representations. Perceptual priming is proposed to reflect specific changes in early-stage processing systems that operate prior to and independently of the systems required for establishing declarative memory.